[MAY 2009]
UMHLABUYALINGANA
MUNICIPALITY HOUSING
SECTOR PLAN
MR E. MANQELE UMHLABUYALINGANA MUNICIPALITY
PREPARED BY:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION: ...... 1
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 1
2.1 approach ...... 1
2.2 methodology ...... 2
2.3 structure of the report ...... 3
3 POLICY REVIEW ...... 4
3.1 THE CONSTITUTION ...... 4
3.2 national housing code ...... 4
3.3 comprehensive plan for the development of human settlements ...... 5
3.4 expanded public works program ...... 6
3.5 Housing Programmes and Subsidies ...... 7
3.6 national environmental management act ...... 8
4 LOCAL CONTEXT ...... 10
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT: ...... 10
4.2 socio-economic profile ...... 11
4.3 ECONOMIC CONTEXT ...... 16
4.4 INFRASTRUCTURAL CONTEXT ...... 17
4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ...... 19
4.6 Spatial Structure ...... 20
4.7 implications for the housing plan ...... 23
5 CURRENT HOUSING DEMAND:...... 26
6 LAND SUITABLE FOR FUTURE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ...... 27
7 CURRENT HOUSING DELIVERY...... 29
7.1 URBAN AREAS ...... 29
7.2 RURAL AREAs ...... 29
7.3 LAND REFORM PROGRAMME ...... 29
8 PLANNED PROJECTS ...... 30
8.1 MUNICIPALITY’S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN (IDP) ...... 30
8.2 PROVINCIAL PRIORITY HOUSING PROGRAMMES ...... 30
8.3 PRIORITY ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ...... 30
8.4 PLANNED HOUSING PROJECTS 2008/09 TO 2012/13 ...... 33
9 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SECTORS ...... 34
10 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...... 36
11 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 38
11.1 housing unit ...... 38
11.2 STAKEHOLDERS ...... 39
12 CONCLUSION ...... 41
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1 INTRODUCTION:
Section 9(1) of the National Housing Act, Act 107 of 1997, requires every municipality, as part of its integrated development planning process, to take all reasonable and necessary steps to ensure that the inhabitants within its area of jurisdiction have access to adequate housing on a progressive basis by: o setting housing delivery goals; o identifying suitable land for housing development and planning; and o facilitating, initiating and coordinating housing development in its area of jurisdiction.
In line with this legislated mandate, this report presents a Housing Sector Plan for Umhlabuyalingana Municipality. It forms part of the Integrated Development Planning process and reflects the commitment to the responsibilities identified within the Housing Act.
The aim of Umhlabuyalingana Housing Plan, 2007 is to assist with strategic planning and management of the Housing Department within the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality and as a result, to achieve a better standard of living for the people of Umhlabuyalingana and progressively move towards the creation of sustainable and integrated human settlements.
A Housing Sector Plan directs objective setting and resource allocation, and provides a basis for decision making, in this case within a five year time frame. The plan thus attempts to address the questions of: o Where are we? o Where do we want to be? o How do we get there? o How do we resource and implement? o How do we measure?
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The Guideline Document: Starter Requirements in Support of Provincial Housing Development Plans, Version 1.0 published by the National Department of Housing and the CSIR describes a Housing Development Plan to:
“…have a strategic emphasis and include analysis, prioritization, objective setting, strategy formulation and the definition of broad programmes for housing…”
The Umhlabuyalingana Housing Sector Plan aims to assist with strategic planning and management functions of the Housing Department within the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality over a period of 5 years and as a result, to achieve a better standard of living and sustainable, integrated residential settlements for the people of Umhlabuyalingana.
The Guideline Document: Starter Requirements in Support of Provincial Housing Development Plans, Version 1.0 published by the National Department of Housing and the CSIR confirms that the main focus of a housing plan is to:
“…overcome problems emerging from the ad hoc approach to housing of the past, where housing delivery has occurred in inappropriate locations with poor access to employment opportunities, services and other physical and social infrastructure. “
Therefore a Housing Sector Plan is a tool for planning at a strategic level and aligning project delivery at a local level and provincial budgets.
Housing refers to an integrated approach to development with the primary focus being on the delivery of shelter. It includes, among others, the development of housing units, service delivery, the upgrading of land tenure rights, social and community development and planning policy issues. Future housing projects should therefore aim to achieve all of these development goals.
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Housing delivery within the Umhlabuyalingana Municipal Area occurs mainly in the form of state funded, low cost housing in which the municipality serves as a developer.
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2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 APPROACH
The process to compile the Housing Sector Plan included the actions as contained in the figure on the next page: o Desk-top research o Project Steering Committee meetings o Stakeholder workshops.
2.1.1 DESKTOP RESEARCH
Secondary data was collected for the compilation of the internal/external analysis and analyzed by means of a desktop exercise. Information was gathered from: o 2001 and 1996 Census data; o All relevant documentation including the current IDP, Development Plans and existing Policies available from the Municipality; o Discussion with relevant stakeholders; and o Other National and Provincial legislative and policy documents.
2.1.2 HOUSING STEERING COMMITTEE MEETINGS
Steering Committee Meetings were held with relevant stakeholders within the Municipality to: o Discuss and manage information dissemination; o Provide strategic guidance on Departmental requirements; o Manage quality control; and o Plan the way forward.
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2.1.3 STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
A strategic workshop was held to discuss and debate the current vision, mission, principles, issues, as well as objectives strategies, key performance indicators and spatial requirements of the Department. The outcomes of the workshop are contained in the Housing Plan.
2.2 METHODOLOGY
The methodology that was adopted for the project was divided into three phases: - o Phase 1: Project Set – Up and Data collection o Phase 2: Data analysis and formulation of a housing sector plans o Phase 3: Approval
2.2.1 PHASE 1: PROJECT SET-UP
This phase involved setting – up the project by: o Preparing a project inception report. o An initial meeting with the client to formalise the contractual arrangements and confirmation of the scope of work o The first phase was concluded by the collection of all relevant data with respect to housing.
2.2.2 PHASE 2: DATA ANALYSIS AND MUNICIPAL HOUSING PLAN FORMULATION
This phase involved the completion of the following activities: o Assessment and analysis of data collected. o The formulation of the Draft Municipal Housing Plan will be prepared and will cover all aspects contained in the housing guidelines. o A steering committee meeting was held to consider the draft plan. o The plan was then be amended as per input received from the steering committee and key role-players.
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2.2.3 PHASE 3: APPROVAL
This phase entailed obtaining approval of the plan, prior to its incorporation into the Umhlabuyalingana Integrated Development Plan (IDP) as a sector plan. This phase involved the following: - o Advertising of plan for public comment; o Affecting any amendments to the plan arising out of its submission to Council and public advertisement and ensuring incorporation of the plan into the IDP; and o Submission of plan to EXCO for adoption.
2.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
Finally, it is noted that this plan has been prepared strictly in accordance with the guideline document issued by the provincial Department of Housing to municipalities. The plan accordingly provides the following: o an overview of the local context (section 2); o information regarding current housing demand (section 3); o identification of land suitable for future housing development (section 4); o an overview of the current housing situation (section 5); o information regarding planned projects (section 6); o information regarding integration of housing with other sectors (section 7); o reference to the Umhlabuyalingana Integrated Development Plan’s Spatial Development Framework (section 8); o a set of performance indicators (section 9); o information regarding housing institutional arrangements (section 10); and o a conclusion (section 11).
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3 POLICY REVIEW
3.1 THE CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) is the supreme law of the country. The sections/schedules of the Constitution that are relevant with respect to the delivery of housing are the following: o Sections 26, 27 and 29 of Chapter 2 - Bill of Rights states that everyone has the right to access to adequate housing, health care services, social security and education. o Schedules 4 and 5, states that the Province has legislative competence in regard to (inter alia): Environment; Urban and Rural Development; Welfare; Housing, Health Services; Regional planning and development; (concurrent competence with national) and Provincial Planning and Provincial Roads and traffic (exclusive competence).
3.2 NATIONAL HOUSING CODE
The National Housing Code (March 2000: 29UF) identified the primary role of the municipality as taking all reasonable and necessary steps, within the framework of national and provincial legislation and policy, to ensure that the inhabitants within its area of jurisdiction have access to adequate housing. This entails the following: o Initiating, planning, facilitating and co-ordinating appropriate housing development. o Promoting private sector development and playing the role of developer. o Preparing a housing delivery strategy and setting up housing development goals. o Setting aside, planning and managing land for housing. o Creating a financially and socially viable environment for housing delivery. o Facilitating the resolution of conflicts arising from housing delivery initiatives. o Facilitating the provision of bulk services. o Administering national housing programmes.
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o Expropriating land for housing development.
The aim of this plan is to assist the municipality in fulfilling the abovementioned role assigned to it in terms of the National Housing Code.
3.3 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
The Comprehensive Plan for the Development of Sustainable Human Settlements (August 2004) and the Guidelines for the Implementation of Labour-Intensive Infrastructure Projects under the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) need to also be taken into account. The Comprehensive Plan provides detailed information on the programmes identified by the National Department of Housing. It provides clear indicators of deliverables, time frames and estimated resource requirements. The new “Human Settlements Plan” promotes the achievement of a non-racial, integrated society through the development of sustainable human settlements and quality housing. Housing is to be utilized for the development of sustainable human settlements in support of spatial restructuring.
The aim is to move beyond the provision of basic shelter towards achieving the broader vision of sustainable human settlements and more efficient towns, cities and regions. The following factors will be taken into consideration in order to achieve this vision: o Progressive Informal Settlement Eradication: These settlements must be integrated into the broader urban setup so as to overcome spatial, social and economic exclusion. The plan encourages the eradication of informal settlements through in-situ upgrading in desired locations coupled with the relocation of households where development is not possible or desirable. o Promoting Densification and Integration: The aim is to integrate previously excluded groups into the city so as to enable them to enjoy the benefits it offers and to create more integrated, functional and environmentally sustainable human settlements, towns and cities. o Enhancing Spatial Planning: Greater co-ordination and alignment of various planning instruments and economic policies lies at the heart of sustainable human settlements.
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This requires more than mere co-ordination between departments but there needs to be a single overarching planning authority and/or instrument to provide macro-level guidance to support the development of sustainable human settlements. o Enhancing the Location of New Housing Projects: The location of past housing projects was said to reinforce apartheid spatial settlement patterns. Spatial restructuring aims to achieve a more decisive intervention in land markets. The following interventions are envisaged viz. accessing well located state-owned and para-statal land: acquisition of well-located private land for housing development, funding for land acquisition and fiscal incentives. o Supporting Urban Renewal and Inner City Regeneration: Urban renewal and inner city regeneration often result in the current inhabitants being excluded as a result of the construction of dwelling units they cannot afford. Some municipalities are trying to avoid this by promoting affordable inner city housing. The “Human Settlements Plan” will support this by encouraging social housing. o Developing Social and Economic Infrastructure: The need to move away from a housing– only approach towards a more holistic development of human settlements which includes the provision of social and economic infrastructure is emphasized. o Enhancing the Housing Product: The aim is to develop more appropriate settlement layouts and housing products and to ensure appropriate housing quality.
3.4 EXPANDED PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM
The EPWP involves creating temporary work opportunities for the unemployed using public sector funding through existing government infrastructure and social programmes. The emphasis is on relatively unskilled work opportunities and the work opportunities therefore generated by the programme are combined with training, education and skills development. The infrastructure sector is one of the sectors in which the EPWP principles will be applied. The aim is to increase the labour intensity of government funded infrastructure project which includes the construction of housing.
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3.5 HOUSING PROGRAMMES AND SUBSIDIES
Housing Programmes Beneficiary Ownership or Kind of Assistance Features of the Subsidy Amount and Subsidies Income rental, rent-to- Subsidy (2008/09) buy, etc
Individual Subsidy R0 -3500 Ownership Assistance to buy a Persons earning R 43 506 stand and a house in R1501-3500 must an approved project pay a financial or from a seller in the contribution of market. R2479.
Consolidation Subsidy R0 -3500 Ownership A top structure Subsidy to build a R 43 506 subsidy for the top structure on a construction of a piece of land house. acquired from a previous government programme. Persons earning R1501-3500 must pay a financial contribution of R2479.
Rural Subsidies R0 -3500 Informal land Subsidy for services Subsidy in rural R 43 506 rights as and houses with wide areas where land is security for discretion. state owned and occupation governed by traditional authorities.
Project Linked R0 -3500 Ownership Services and houses Houses are built by R 43 506 Subsidies in ownership. contractors which are employed by province or municipality for groups of people that qualify for subsidy.
People’s Housing R0 -3500 Ownership Technical assistance People are in charge R 43 506 Process and support plus of the building of services and building their own homes materials to construct supported by a houses. support organization.
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Housing Programmes Beneficiary Ownership or Kind of Assistance Features of the Subsidy Amount and Subsidies Income rental, rent-to- Subsidy (2008/09) buy, etc
Discount Benefit Irrespective of Ownership An amount as State financed rental Calculated on Scheme beneficiary discount on sales property will be sold individual subsidy income price of house or to tenants with a scheme. balance on loan. fixed discount.
Community Residential R0 -3500 Rental Subsidy amount Redevelopment of Amount varies and Units based on the project former hostels into is based on policy. development costs. low cost rental units.
Institutional Subsidies R0 -3500 Rental/Rent-to- Fixed subsidy amount The subsidy is given At least R 43 506 Buy per household (R41 to the institution 027 for 2008/09). doing the project for Institution needs to every household add R2479 per unit. earning below R3500 per month.
Social Housing Subsidy R1500-7500 Rental Variable subsidy Subsidy for amount depending on restructuring of the income groups in urban areas, aiming the project. for economic, social and racial integration.
BNG Housing R0 -3500 Ownership Ownership of house Free housing for the R 43 506 (previously RDP) and plot. poorest of the poor
Source: SALGA, Housing Development Options: A Guide for Municipalities (2007) and updated subsidy amount as per National Dept of Housing website.
3.6 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT
The National Environmental Management Act No. 107 of 1998 was enacted to ensure that the Constitutional right of individuals, to live in an environment that is not harmful to his or her health or well being, is protected. It therefore purports that development should be undertaken in a sustainable manner. The regulations to the Act (Gazette 28938, Regulation Gazette 8488, 6 June 2006) regulates the procedures for the submission, processing, consideration and decision of applications for environmental authorization of identified activities. The regulations have distinguished between activities that require basic and
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detailed assessments. In terms of the activities identified the following activity would require a basic assessment to be undertaken viz.
“The transformation of undeveloped, vacant or derelict land to residential, mixed, retail, commercial, industrial or institutional use where such development does not constitute infill and where the total area to be transformed is bigger than 1 hectare”.
The development of a housing project would therefore require that an environmental impact assessment be undertaken as part of the project.
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4 LOCAL CONTEXT
Umhlabuyalingana is one of the five local municipalities located in the Umkhanyakude District Municipality (DC27) and is approximately 3 693 km2. It has Mozambique along its northern boundary, the Indian Ocean to the east and the local municipalities of Jozini to the west and The Big 5 False Bay and KZDMA27 to the south. The urban areas include towns such as Mbazwana, Sodwana Bay and KwaNgwanase (Manguzi). Ingonyama Trust land which members of the Tembe, Mashabane, Mabaso and Zikhali traditional councils dominates the area of jurisdiction of the municipal area. The Spatial Development Framework of the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality identifies three levels of investment points. These are: o Primary Investment Points: Manguzi and Mbazwana o Secondary Investment Points: Mseleni, Sikhemelele and Mboza o Tertiary Investment Points: Phelandaba, Manaba and Mozi
The main road structure is made up of the N2 which traverses the district in the southwest. To the east of the N2 is a main road which runs from the N2 through to Jozini and Manguzi into which the SDI road (MR 439) links from Hluhluwe and the N2 thus forming a circular route.
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT:
The demographic profile of the Umhlabuyalingana Municipal presented below is based on the 2001 Census and 2007 Community Survey (based on those aspects which were surveyed).
4.1.1 TOTAL POPULATION
The total population of Umhlabuyalingana in 2001 was 140 962 and increased to 163 692 by 2007. In 2001 the population was spread unevenly among the 13 municipal wards. Wards 7, 13 and 3 are the most populated and ward 1 had the least population.
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18000
15254 16000 14736 14145 14000 12738 12296 12000 10258 9889 9833 10155 10000 8755 8686 7686 8000 6526 6000
4000
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Source: 2001 Census 1
4.1.2 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS
In 2001 there were a total of 26 674 households within the municipality. This increased to 27 006 in 2007.
4.1.3 HOUSEHOLD SIZE
In 2001 the average household size was 5.28 persons and it increased to 6.06 in 2007. It is noted however that in 2001 approximately 41.14% of households in the municipal area comprise 6 persons or more.
4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
4.2.1 LABOUR FORCE
In 2001 of a total labour force of 23 038 persons (16.34% of the total population), 7 094 were employed and 15 944 were unemployed. 49 220 people were not economically active. The level of unemployment is an important indicator of the relative poverty and social well- being of a community. The census data indicates a relatively high level of unemployment within Umhlabuyalingana. However, the most worrying factor is an even higher representation of people who are not economically active.
4.2.2 INDIVIDUAL MONTHLY INCOME:
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R204801 or more 13
R102401-204800 36
R51201-102400 43
R25601-51200 31
R12801-25600 48
R6401-12800 307
R3201-6400 837
R1601-3200 2008
R801-1600 1898
R401-800 9721
R1-400 6178
No Income 119832
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Source: 2001 Census
In 2001 99% of individuals in the municipal area (139 637 people) have an income of less than R 3 200 per month – with the majority of these stating that they had no income at all (119 832 people or 81.54%). It can thus be deduced that the municipal area is characterized by high levels of poverty.
4.2.3 ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
R2457601 or more 19
R1228801-2457600 32
R614401-1228800 14
R307201-614400 35
R153601-307200 79
R76801-153600 410
R38401-76800 945
R19201-38400 2079
R9601-19200 2837
R4801-9600 6058
R1-4800 2186
No Income 11959
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Source: 2001 Census
In 2001 25 119 or 94.17% of households within Umhlabuyalingana have an annual household income of R 38 400 or less. 11 959 of these households (44.83%) recorded no income at all. This again highlights the high poverty rate citizens are living in.
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4.2.4 AGE GROUPS:
80 and over 1395 1168 70-74 2768 2290 60-64 2897 2259 50-54 3138 3684 40-44 5344 7029 30-34 7932 9001 20-24 12071 18380 10-14 21229 21101 0-4 1926 5 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Source: 2001 Census
80 and over 2424 2221 70-74 1956 3174 60-64 3110 3940 50-54 5122 5494 40-44 6097 9497 30-34 8645 9811 20-24 14566 20882 10-14 22738 23459 0-4 21056
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Source: 2007 Community Survey
In terms of age, the population is generally balance with the people below 14 years of age being estimated at being 43% in 2001 and 41% in 2007 of the total population. The labour force group, i.e., people falling within the working age cohort, accounted for 50% (2001) and 53% (2007) of the total population. Persons in the 65 years old and above category accounted for 7% (2001) and 6 % (2007) of the total population.
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4.2.5 GENDER:
56% 55% 60% 45% 44% 50%
40% Males 30% Females
20%
10%
0% 2001 2007
Source: 2001 & 2007 Statssa
Structure of the population in terms of gender reflects a relatively higher representation of females compared to their male counterparts. However, the there has been a decrease in the number of females (56% to 55%) between 2001 and 2007.
4.2.6 EDUCATION LEVELS
Description Number No Schooling 32745 Some Primary 9117 Complete Primary 2534 Some Secondary 9368 Std 10/Grade 12 5743 Higher 1470
Source: 2001 Census
A large number (54%) of people is functionally illiterate meaning that they either do not have school-based education or have not received sufficient school-based education to acquire marketable skills and engage in serious business ventures. Only a small fraction has secondary education and the representation of people with tertiary education is even more negligible.
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4.2.7 MODE OF TRAVEL FOR WORK OR SCHOOL:
80000 76946
70000 59163 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 281 275 622 1887 654 669 228 227 0
Bus Train Other On foot Bicycle
Motorcycle Minibus/Taxi Not Applicable Car as a DriverCar Passenger
Source: 2001 Census
The majority of people travel to work or school by foot (59 163 people). Others travel by bus (669 people); car passenger (1887 people); minibus/taxi (654 people); car driver (622people); bicycle (281 people); motorcycle (275 people) and “other” (227 people).
4.2.8 DISABILITY
Description Number No disability 155 519 Sight 336 Hearing 555 Communication 67 Physical 2 628 Intellectual 123 Emotional 2958 Multiple 200
Source: 2007 Community Survey
A total of 6 867 persons within the municipal area have some form of disability (i.e. 4.19% of the total population).
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4.2.9 DWELLING TYPE
In 2007 it was estimated that 13 489 households reside in traditional dwellings, 12 284 in formal houses, 597 in block of flats, 66 in town/cluster/semi-detached house, 49 in house/flat/room in back yard, 256 in room/flatlet on a shared property and 63 in a hostel.
In 2001 68.26% of households (18 208 households) in the municipal area have a dwelling comprising four rooms or less.
4.2.10 CITIZENSHIP
160000 140170 140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000 400 19 13 1 1
0 South Africa SADC Rest of Europe Asia North Africa America
Source: 2001 Census
99, 69% of people (140 170 people) in the municipal area are South African citizens. Given the location of the area in close proximity to Mozambique and Swaziland, there is a small representation of people from the SADC region. People coming from other areas are almost negligible.
4.3 ECONOMIC CONTEXT
According to Umhlabuyalingana Municipality Local Economic Development Plan completed in 2007, the municipal area has a poorly developed economy characterized by heavy reliance on community services. This occurs mainly in the form of civil servants and service delivery programs of the national, provincial and local government structures, and is the
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same throughout the district. Informal trading activities located mainly in Manguzi, Mbazwana, Sikhemelele, etc serves as a the main economic activity in the area, but there has also been remarkable growth in the retail and business services.
Unspecified 8036
Other 10321
Community 3976
Business Services 1681
Transport 215
Wholesale and Retail 2813
Construction 1859
Elec/Gas/Water 195
Manufacturing 3450
Mining 171
Agriculture 217
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Source: 2007 Community Survey
The LED sector plan also points out that the area has huge potential for eco-tourism given its location along one of the pristine world heritage sites – Isimangaliso Wetlands Park in close proximity to some of the prime tourist products including Tembe Elephant Park, Ndumo Game Reserve, etc. The area also forms part of the proposed Transfrontier conservation initiative involving South Africa, Mozambique and Swaziland.
Most individuals are employed in the Community Services sector. Despite the diversified nature of the local economy, unemployment in the municipal area is of concern as only 16.34% of the labour force is employed.
4.4 INFRASTRUCTURAL CONTEXT
In order to provide an overview of the current levels of basic infrastructural service provision in the municipal area, the 2001 Census and 2007 Community Survey results are provided for information below.
4.4.1 WATER
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The table below illustrates the main supply of water to households. There has been an increase in the number of households that have access to piped water, the majority of households still rely on natural resources for their water supply. Only 10% of households have access to piped water inside their dwellings.
WATER SOURCE 2001 2007 Piped water inside dwelling 462 2723 Piped water inside yard 3265 5147 Piped water on community stand: less than 200m from dwelling 986 - Piped water on community stand: greater than 200m from 3957 - dwelling Piped water from access point outside the yard - 5159 Borehole 5553 6620 Spring 2726 1906 Rain water tank 697 579 Dam/pool/stagnant water 2445 1115 River/stream 6069 2909 Water vendor 1084 623 Other 139 225
Source: 2001 & 2007 Statssa
4.4.2 SANITATION
The table below illustrates the type of sanitation facility utilized by households. There are very few households which have access to the flush toilet sewer (including flush septic tank). A positive trend between 2001 and 2007 has been the decrease in the number of individuals who do not have access to any form of sanitation facility.
SANITATION FACILITIES 2001 2007 Flush toilet (connected to sewerage system) 1122 547 Flush toilet (with septic tank) 417 631 Chemical toilet 1839 658 Pit latrine with ventilation 2297 11 617 Pit latrine without ventilation 2439 2585 Bucket latrine 225 0 Dry toilet facility - 1594 None 18335 9373
Source: 2001 & 2007 Statssa
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4.4.3 ELECTRICITY
The tables below illustrate the energy source used by households for cooking and lighting purposes.
Energy Source 2001 2007 Electricity 1709 2480 Gas 2027 1692 Paraffin 337 188 Wood 22161 22 483 Coal 80 0 Animal Dung 137 58 Solar 67 39 Other 155 66
Energy Source 2001 2007 Electricity 1887 3474 Gas 109 0 Paraffin 176 57 Candles 24008 21 535 Solar 189 1368 Other 306 572
Source: 2001 & 2007 Statssa
It is estimated that only 2480 and 3474 households have a supply of electricity for cooking and lighting purposes respectively.
4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
There are a number of environmentally sensitive areas (protected and unprotected) in the Umkhanyakude Municipality. It includes the areas surrounding Lake Sibaya, the Tembe Elephant Park, Sand Forest Zone and the Pongola River Floodplain. Lake Sibaya is the country’s largest freshwater lake and is the source of water for birds and mammals during dry seasons and also provides water to Mseleni and Mbazwana. The municipality can be
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divided into 3 ecological zones i.e. Sand Forest Zone (tropical dry forest, Sandveld thicket, savannah is of the silver terminalia type and Termitaria thicket); Palm Zone (Zululand palm veld, dambo grasslands, coastal evergreen thickets, aquatic grasses and swamp forest) and Coastal Lakes Zone.
The high levels of biodiversity in the area are attributed to the fact that uMkhanyakude is part of the Indian Ocean phytogeographic region. The flora consists of a mixture of several floristic elements and communities and differs from the surrounding regions. It consists of forests, thickets, woodlands, grasslands and swamps. The fauna consists of fish, birds, hippopotami, crocodiles and rhino. In addition, the Mbazwana Forest Reserve, due to its biodiversity value and it being a resource area, needs to be carefully managed. The key physical and environmental features include the following: o Coastline – beaches and the protected cove at Sodwana Bay contain some of the southernmost coral reefs which are popular diving sites. o High dunes along the coast. o Coastal lake system. o Wetlands – around the lakes and large pan/vlei area between the Mbazwana River and the coast. o A high diversity of biotic and abiotic environments. o Diversity of plants and animals. o The relatively pristine nature of many ecosystems. o Its international prestige and an increase in local people’s awareness of the cultural and natural history.
4.6 SPATIAL STRUCTURE
The spatial pattern of the area has developed as a result of various factors including its settlement pattern, natural features and infrastructure.
4.6.1 SETTLEMENT PATTERN
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Umhlabuyalingana is generally rural in character. It is characterized by expansive low density settlements occurring on Ingonyama Trust land. However, over the last few years there has been an increase in density in some areas along the main roads, with conurbation of commercial activities occurring in strategic points thus giving rise to development nodes. This pattern is a result of the unfortunate history of the area. The previous (apartheid) government discouraged development in the area as a means to control movement of the freedom fighters between South Africa and Mozambique in particular. Prevalence of malaria in the area also contributed to the lack of development. This is despite the area having received significant attention in terms of development planning since the 1990s (Vara, Wendy Force and Associates, etc).
4.6.2 CONSERVATION
Umhlabuyalingana is generally environmentally sensitive and dominated by protected areas with national and international significance. These include the Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park, Tembe Elephant Park, Coastal Forestry Reserve, etc. It also forms part of the proposed Transfrontier Conservation Area being established between Swaziland, South Africa and Mozambique. A number of community based conservation initiatives have been or are in the process of being established and integrated into the existing conservation areas and tourism development opportunities.
4.6.3 DEVELOPMENT NODES
Umhlabuyalingana Municipality IDP adopts a system of the hierarchy of nodes and accordingly identifies Manguzi as the primary node and main economic hub within the area. Mbazwana is identified as a secondary centre while tertiary nodes include Sikhemelele, Phelandaba and Mseleni.
4.6.4 MANGUZI VILLAGE
Manguzi Village grew around the former mission hospital which brought with it a certain level of essential infrastructure and which, in turn, attracted other developments and services such as the police station and associated staff housing, the Magistrate’s Court and
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the Tribal Court and its administrative offices. From this beginning, a town slowly evolved, but one without the formal administrative structures and planned land development and management which is traditionally consistent with urban areas. To-date, Manguzi is developed with a range of shopping facilities and is attracting major chain stores. This small service centre has, thus, experienced rapid but uncoordinated growth over a number of years. However, future development of the town is facing major issues including: o Lack of structure and form given the fact that the town lacks formal planning and does not have a recognized land use control system. o Lack of appropriate infrastructure in the form of roads, reliable source of water, sewerage system and unreliable electricity. o Confusion around the allocation of land tenure and land development rights. o Lack of dialog and common vision between the municipality and KwaTembe Traditional Council about the future development of the land. o Overlapping land rights in the form of PTOs which are not surveyed.
4.6.5 MBAZWANA
Like Manguzi, Mbazwana has developed in an arbitrary manner without the benefit of any formal planning. The town developed around a traditional meeting place with the first shop being built in the early 1950s. The development of a Multi-Purpose Community Centre (MPCC) and the Ithala Centre in the mid 1990s and the recent development of the Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) road have served as a catalyst for further development. To- date, the town is abuzz with formal and informal commercial activities, and is generally well developed with public facilities. Mbazwana is strategically located to benefit from the passing traffic and tourism facilities within the protected areas along the coast particularly Sodwana Bay. Its threshold covers the vast rural settlement scattered in a traditional fashion within an area of appropriately 40km radius.
Over the last few years, the traditional authority has issued a large volume of commercial Permissions to Occupy (PTO). While some of these have resulted in some development and are clearly demarcated, others are neither marked on the ground nor linked to any survey
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diagram. This has given rise to a situation of overlapping land rights and has potential to stifle development in the area. The Municipality has initiated a process towards the formalization of the town as a means to address some of these issues. It is however, noted that a PTO can only be withdrawn by the Minister of Land Affairs with the consent of the rights holder.
4.6.6 DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS AND ACCESS ROUTES
Umhlabuyalingana Spatial Development Framework identifies the following as major investment routes: o Lebombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI) linking South Africa with and Mozambique. Development nodes located along this road within the municipal area include Mbazwana, Mseleni, Phelandaba and Manguzi. The SDI was intended to open the area and create investment opportunities. o Dirt road linking Jozini and Mbazwana/Sodwana Bay. This has potential to serve as a tourist route but requires substantial upgrading. o Road linking Jozini and Manguzi running along the Phongola River. This road has been identified as a tourism corridor in the Provincial Spatial Economic Development Framework.
4.7 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HOUSING PLAN
The implications of the abovementioned demographic profile for housing in the Umhlabuyalingana Municipal Area are as follows: o Focus should be paid to areas where the population densities are the highest as the demand for housing is likely to be highest in these areas. o The Umhlabuyalingana area has a relatively young population and the demand for housing is likely to be higher in the future in order to cater for their housing need. o The average household size is a fairly low 6.06 persons.
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o 16.34% of the labour force is employed – this has serious implications for the sustainability of housing projects in the future and the ability of household heads to pay for municipal rates and services. o There are an extremely high proportion of individuals in the municipal area who have low-income levels (99% of individuals). This, coupled with the high proportion of households who fall into the low-income bracket (i.e. 94.17% of households), again highlights the inability of households to afford municipal services. o The majority of people travel by foot to school and work. This has implications for the delivery of future housing – which should be located in close proximity to existing work opportunities and education facilities. o A fair proportion of persons in the municipal area have some form of disability (4.91%). This is important to note as the subsidy makes provision for additional funds to be allocated to cater for an individual’s disability such as paving and ramps to their doors, grab rails in bathrooms, kick plates to doors and visible door bells for the deaf. o A high proportion of households in the municipal area reside in traditional houses i.e. 13 489(2007). The housing development focus should therefore be on improving the conditions of these rural households. o Almost all residents of the area (99, 69%) are South African citizens – one of the criteria for qualifying for a housing subsidy.
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5 CURRENT HOUSING DEMAND:
The housing demand within municipalities can be determined in two ways viz. statistical calculations or the establishment of housing waiting lists. Despite their shortcomings (e.g. applicants putting their names down on more than one municipal housing waiting list) housing waiting lists remain the most accurate way of determining housing demand.
However, the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality does not have a housing waiting list in place. It is however important that an indication of the potential demand be determined. The 2007 Community Survey statistics has therefore been used to estimate the demand as it is the most up to date data available.
In the absence of housing waiting lists the Department of Housing utilizes the information relating to individuals residing in traditional dwellings, house/flat/room in backyard, informal dwelling/shack in backyard and informal dwelling/shack not in backyard to estimate the demand for housing.
It is estimated that there are 13 489 traditional dwellings and 49 house/flat/room in backyard.
In regard to the demand for medium to upper income housing, no calculations have been done for the purposes of this plan. Supply and demand for such housing is determined by the market. The municipality has however indicated that there is a demand for rental stock dwellings within the municipality. This is required to accommodate the various professionals employed in the municipal area from other areas.
The backlog in terms of sanitation and water provision within the municipality is estimated at being 85.4% and 44.7% respectively (WSDP, 2007). An average of the two figures provides a percentage of 65.05% and based on this percentage the backlog is estimated at being approximately 8806 housing units. It should however be noted that the Department of Housing has initiated a process to establish housing demand databases within municipalities. The aim of the database is to assist municipalities in determining the demand for housing within their area of jurisdiction more accurately.
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6 LAND SUITABLE FOR FUTURE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
The Umhlabuyalingana Municipality’s Spatial Development Framework (see section 8) ranks areas/towns as different types of investment points. These include the following: o Primary Investment Points – Manguzi and Mbazwana o Secondary Investment Points – Mseleni, Sikhemelele and Mboza; and o Tertiary Investment Points – Phelandaba, Manaba and Mozi.
Sites at which housing delivery can take place and which have been identified include the following: o Site 1: Madonela and Welcome o Site 2: Mbangweni o Site 3: Bhekabantu o Site 4: Hangaza o Site 5: Zama Zama o Site 6: Olakeni o Site 7: Kwa Sonto
It should be noted that all of the above sites are located on tribal/traditional authority land (in-situ upgrade). The following information is provided in relation to each of the abovementioned sites (see Annexure 1): o location; o ownership; o access to community and social services; o availability of bulk and/or connector services;
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o accessibility in terms of transport and economic opportunities; and o linkage to Spatial Development Framework.
Land for medium density housing should be located within the Manguzi and Mbazwana towns. The project dealing with the formalization of the towns should identify potential sites within the town.
In addition, a negative mapping exercise was undertaken (refer to map2a and 2b). Negative mapping is a process which is undertaken in a Geographical Information System (GIS) or computer mapping package, whereby areas within the study area are identified as being unsuitable for development and these unsuitable areas are demarcated or ‘blocked out’, resulting in the formation of ‘window areas” or areas within which potentially suitable land parcels may be identified. The information utilized related to high and good agricultural potential areas, areas with slopes of >20%, indigenous forests, KZN Wildlife and other environmentally sensitive areas. The results of the negative mapping process is dependent on the availability and accuracy of digital data for the study area and the negative mapping should be considered a dynamic process which is refined throughout the project, as more detailed and accurate information becomes available.
The negative mapping exercise revealed that with regard to low cost housing development the major part of the municipal is considered to be suitable for such development. Areas along the eastern boundary and some parts in the north are considered not suitable for housing developments. However, in the same light one should note that the majority of the municipal area comprises rural settlements with a few commercial centres. The focus on housing in the municipal area relates to rural housing provision which will take place as in- situ upgrades.
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7 CURRENT HOUSING DELIVERY
According to the 2007 Community Survey approximately 45% of households in the municipal area resided in formal houses.
7.1 URBAN AREAS
The housing projects that are currently underway in the urban areas of the municipality are as follows:
PROJECT REF WARD NO. PROJECT AMOUNT BUDGET BUDGET BUDGET BUDGET NAME OF VALUE SPENT 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 SITES
Kwangwanase 20010011 1,4,10, 2000 74 156 600 40 729 212 3 904 320 6 573 783 11, 12
Mabaso k04010009 5, 2 & 2500 108 261 875 111 736 27 037 534 28 049 670 29 519 190 30 701 200 half of 3
Mbazwana 2 500 16 516 010 15 236 532 1 279 478 0 0 0
TOTAL 5000 198 934 485 56 077 480 32 221 332 34 622 453 29 519 190 30 301 200
Source: Department of Housing – Ulundi Office (05/02/2008) & Head Office (20/10/2008)
7.2 RURAL AREAS
There is currently one housing projects in the rural area i.e. Mabaso. There are however plans for additional projects in the traditional authority areas.
7.3 LAND REFORM PROGRAMME
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With respect to the municipal area the Department of Land Affairs indicated that there are no land reform projects (DLA, 13/02/2008) in the area which may require attention in terms of housing outside of the general rural housing program. The land restitution claims that have been settled exclude the establishment of new settlements as the land remain earmarked for conservation and limited tourism purposes.
8 PLANNED PROJECTS
8.1 MUNICIPALITY’S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN (IDP)
The 2008/2009 IDP Review indicated that housing is one of the key performance areas of the municipality and as such its objective is “to increase the number of people who own houses and also provide land for sustainable housing.”
8.2 PROVINCIAL PRIORITY HOUSING PROGRAMMES
The Provincial Minister of Housing identified ten focus areas for the Department for the 2008/2009 financial year. The following focus areas are applicable to the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality viz. to eradicate all slums, ensure job creation by housing programmes, capacitation of municipalities and to accelerate development of houses in rural areas.
8.3 PRIORITY ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES
HOUSING FOCUS OBJECTIVE (S) STRATEGIES AREAS
Accelerate To provide housing to 1. Ensure Amakhosi involvement in process. development of people constituting the 2. Identify households for in-situ upgrade houses in rural rural housing backlog. projects and utilize Rural Housing areas. implementation guidelines.
3. Implement Greenfield projects where applicable.
4. EPWP concepts must be implemented.
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HOUSING FOCUS OBJECTIVE (S) STRATEGIES AREAS
Capacitation of To capacitate 1. Identify capacity constraints in terms of municipalities municipalities for the initiating and managing construction effective delivery of contracts. housing through 2. Revise municipal organogram to make integrated planning. provision for municipal housing component.
3. Source funding to deal with identified capacity constraints.
The focus area relating to job creation by housing programmes is taken into consideration in the strategies relating to the above focus areas in that it takes into consideration the implementation of the Expanded Public Works Programme. The EPWP aims to provide skills and opportunities to those people who have not yet been able to participate effectively in the economy. In essence, the programme entails the use of public funds to create temporary work opportunities (combined with training/education) for those who are unemployed. Funding for EPWP programmes is allocated to government departments and municipalities through existing budgeting processes (for example through the Municipal Infrastructure Grant). One of the sectors the EPWP targets relates to infrastructure development. This sector involves the use of labour-intensive methods for projects (with people living in proximity to such infrastructural projects being employed by contractors to carry out the necessary work).
The IDP of the municipality listed a number of proposed housing projects. However, for the purposes of this study the entire list could not be accommodated (these projects will form part of the housing delivery process in subsequent reviews/financial years). The projects were identified on the basis of need per traditional authority i.e. those traditional areas in which no housing projects were being undertaken were listed as a higher priority. An assessment of each proposed project was then undertaken to determine the current and planned infrastructure and other projects in these areas. The areas which have higher levels
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of services and current and planned projects were identified as the projects to be initiated as part of this plan.
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8.4 PLANNED HOUSING PROJECTS 2008/09 TO 2012/13
PROJECT NAME PROJECT TYPE TRADITIONAL PROJECT VALUE (R) NO OF PLANNED IMPLEMENTATION DATE AUTHORITY SITES
Madonela-Welcome Rural Mashabane R 43 506 000 1000 08/09
Mbangweni Rural Mashabane R 43 506 000 1000 08/09
Bhekabantu Rural Tembe R 43 506 000 1000 08/09
Hangaza Rural Mbila R 43 506 000 1000 10/11
Zama Zama Rural Tembe R 43 506 000 1000 11/12
Olakeni Rural Mbila R 43 506 000 1000 12/13
Kwa Sonto Rural Mabaso R 43 506 000 1000 12/13
Refer to Annexure 1 for information on each site.
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9 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SECTORS
In order to provide “total living environments”, it is vital that the delivery of housing occur in conjunction with other services and facilities (including health, education, sports, etc.). The housing proposals set out in this Municipal Housing Plan are all in accordance with the Umhlabuyalingana IDP, the Spatial Development Framework, Local Economic Development Sector Plan and the Umkhanyakhude Water Service Development Plan. As the IDP is the core document guiding all decision-making in, and with respect to, the municipal area, service providers responsible for the delivery of services and facilities integral to the creation of “total living environments” will be able to plan and budget for the provision of such services and facilities in an informed manner. Housing delivery will therefore be aligned to the various plans and programmes of the municipal area. The IDP has also identified local economic development as an important aspect. Development vision for Umhlabuyalingana Municipality does not specifically mention economic development. It, however, highlights the key development and public investment focus areas including employment and investment opportunities. Economic development, which includes LED, tourism and agriculture, is identified as one of the priority development programs alongside community facilities, infrastructure, land and housing, and institutional development. The following projects have been identified viz. formulation of a tourism strategy, vegetable projects, livestock farming, forestry, etc. The proposed projects will assist in providing/promoting LED in the municipal area and thus contribute to creating sustainable human settlements.
The identification of sites for housing development has been aligned with the planned/proposed developments in the municipal area (as contained in the District and Local Municipality’s development plans). In relation to the IDP the sites which have been identified either already have access to services or there are plans in place
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to ensure that services are provided. These include future plans for water and electricity, community centres, etc.
Annexure 1 provides a detailed analysis of each site in terms of existing and proposed/planned infrastructure/services. This therefore ensures that housing development will be aligned with the provision of social, economic and infrastructural services.
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10 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
The following section provides some basic performance measures which should be put in place to enable evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of housing delivery in the municipality. The following performance indicators should be incorporated into the municipality’s Performance Management System:
PRIORITY STRATEGIES PERFORMANCE Target ASSUMPTIONS PROGRAMMES INDICATOR
Accelerate 1. Implement Number of in-situ 600 Funding and development of in-situ projects initiated. housing capacity available houses in rural upgrades units per to initiate areas. using the annum. projects. Rural Housing
guidelines.
2. Implement Number of Amakhosi willing Greenfield Greenfield Projects to be involved in projects using initiated. process in terms project linked of providing
subsidy. support and making land available.
3. Implement 100% of unskilled Local people EPWP aspects of project willing to be concepts in undertaken by employed in undertaking local people. projects. housing projects.
Capacitation of 1. Source Appointment of 2 Housing Funding available municipalities funding for Housing Officer/s. Officers to appoint programme. appointed housing personnel during and purchase 08/09
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PRIORITY STRATEGIES PERFORMANCE Target ASSUMPTIONS PROGRAMMES INDICATOR
financial equipment. year
Establishment of Capacity in place housing to establish and component within maintain demand municipality. database.
Purchasing of equipment.
Establishment of Housing Demand Database.
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11 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
The housing function in the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality currently falls under the Technical Services Department. There are no dedicated officials responsible for housing. The housing functions are currently undertaken by the town planner.
11.1 HOUSING UNIT
The municipal officials have indicated that the existing institutional arrangement is not working satisfactorily and that there is a need for the appointment of 2 housing officers. It is proposed that the function be moved to the Technical Service Component. The Organogram (below) proposes the appointment of a housing officer. In addition, funding would need to be provided for the appointment of the official and for the purchasing of equipment (such as computers and furniture).
Director: Technical and Planning
Secretary
IDP Officer Municipal Planning Project Manager Municipal Works 2 X Housing Officer Officer Officer
The Department of Housing’s Capacity Building Component to be approached to render assistance in procuring additional capacity. In order to transfer skills, the municipal official has been closely involved in the compilation of the plan (through attendance of all Project Steering Committee meetings). It is suggested that the official attend the training programmes and information sessions offered by the
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Capacity Building and Policy components of the Department of Housing, in order to continue to enhance the official’s capacity to perform the housing function.
The Housing Development Section has the following duties: o To facilitate the delivery of all types of housing opportunities. o To facilitate access to land and housing. o To plan for and manage housing backlogs within the Umhlabuyalingana Municipal area. o To monitor the illegal occupation of land. o To manage informal settlements and facilitate relocation or upgrading where required. o To promote the delivery of appropriate services for housing development. o To provide home owner education to beneficiaries of low cost housing units. o To facilitate the provision of information for housing development. o To maintain the housing database. o Packaging of housing applications.
11.2 STAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholders involved in housing within the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality include:
EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS National Department of Housing. Umhlabuyalingana Municipal Manager National Department of Land Affairs Umhlabuyalingana Town Planning Department Provincial Department of Housing Umhlabuyalingana Finance Department Implementing Agents IDP Office Umkhanyakude District Municipality Umhlabuyalingana Technical Services Department IDP Representative Forum
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12 CONCLUSION
Housing has been identified as a priority need within the Umhlabuyalingana Municipality. Projects have been planned to deal with the backlog in the rural areas which is one of the MECs priorities as well as to provide medium density housing.
As has been detailed in this plan, the remaining housing challenge is to initiate additional low cost housing projects to cater for the remaining households in the municipality. In addition, it is recommended that: o the Final Draft Municipal Housing Plan be advertised in the press, inviting comments on the plan, once it has been considered by Council; o the municipality initiate a process to determine the housing demand (in accordance with the requirements of the Department of Housing’s new housing demand database); o the municipality increase its in-house capacity to deal with the housing function; o the municipality review the Municipal Housing Plan on an annual basis (in conjunction with the annual IDP review).
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REFERENCES
1. Department of Housing. March 2000. National Housing Code. Pretoria.
2. Department of Housing. August 2004. Comprehensive Plan for the Development of Sustainable Human Settlements. Pretoria.
3. Department of Public Works.2004. Guidelines for the Implementation of Labour- Intensive Infrastructure Projects under the Expanded Public Works Programme. Pretoria.
4. http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/atlas_ward/index.html
5. Umhlabuyalingana Municipality. 2006. Umhlabuyalingana IDP: 2006/07 Review. Manguzi.
6. Umhlabuyalingana Municipality. 2007. Umhlabuyalingana IDP Review 2007/2008 Review. Manguzi.
7. Umhlabuyalingana Municipality. 2007. Umhlabuyalingana Municipality Local Economic Development Strategy. Manguzi.
8. Umkhanyakude District Municipality. 2006. Electricity Services Development Plan. Mkhuze.
9. Umkhanyakude District Municipality. 2007. Water Services Development Plan. Mkhuze.
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