oqNomilIErro luorstH o 'T roldeqc 32. CHAPTERL Historyof taekrcndo

1. Taekwondoin AncientTimes

'ihe historicalbackground of Iaekrvondo rlcvelopmentwill be explaineclfultowing rhc chronologicalorderol4 diliirent agcs; ,{ncientTimes, N,IiddleAecs, I{odcrn Ages and Prescnt'lirnes.

A. The Origin of

X{an bv nature has rhe instind to prescr-v.-his own lifc as well as hh race, ancl ttrcrerore engagerhimself in doing phvsical acLi'itiesall rhe Linrecither consciouslvor .ncnnscio'sly. Nfan cannor do r,irhout phrs;cai nolions an.l he grorusand dcvelopeson thern, rcgardless of time an.l space ln a'cient rimes peopre hacrno meansother trnn Lh,-bare haros ana bodv to delind thcnrselves;so they narurallv dcvelopedrhe bare.handlighting techniques. Evcn at the times \'hen arms $ere rlevelopedas thc delensiveor oliensiverneans, peopte connnued to euio,vthc barc.hard fighting rcchniquesfir rhc pLrrposeof bujlding phlsjcat sLr"nglhas wcll as shordng.lIthr.ugh matchesar the rituals of rribal communitics. In the earl,vhisrofv of rhe Korean pcninsula, therc $ere lhree tribes dllelline there, each enloying rvarrior.'smar.tial art contestsduring rhc ritual seavrns. At that timc peoplelearned t.-chniqLres liom rheir experierccsolfighring againstthe bcasrs rvhosedclansive aud ollbnsir,c (,.erc rnotions also the subjectofanal\,sis. Ir is believedthat u'o was exacdy lhc tfrc groundiug of roday'sTackrvoncro, whose " ",r,;1i,..-. 'ame has clescendedfrom rn"^ . iak^, ,n . ro u rn. Lalcr in the lafter pafi ofancient limes on the Koreau ferillsula, t]rrec kinEdomscame inro cxistcnce,alw?,vs riyaling amolg thcmselvesfur thc heecmonv.fl"y *".. f"g*ro, Packjeand Silla. ail indutged in grorvingnational srrengdrwifi tfained warriors. Therefbre, the Kofcln histofy tells rhat there wcre mi]itary personalitiesanong the well_knownpromr. nenr natiornl lcaders01 fie rhree kingdoms,r|hich provcsthe milirar,v tcndercy olaruhllg hiefarch,v. r\s.a result,youih warrior's .hwaranedo" "cnours c,:rrpslcre oreanizcd.such as in Silla and oniri' in Kogurvo. $hich both adopledthe martiat art tninins as oneof rhc irnportantsurlccts-. 01 learning.A renownedmir iai art book)ook nf rh" ,r;,.. ".,,,-, "mu,vcdobo-ton&ii".,*:. , ; .." ..TackwondLr{the ol the days' called said; arr of hand.lo.hanci build strengthb.vmcans o,.using ,,,",,",j':i'j ;:5::ii llJ'lT]l],,.,,;*lTljlli l: pr.r.rorsrps5urlurrd p,n rqt (q pr.ro:d;q uuc su\tre Ixrtr r Jo srs?(Laqt rt,r tlrrq,\\uoi)i 'rloJJr:tll.l, 'Ir€t )rlt uo slsa:a1ur1; ,(1r.ror:d:qr 1ndoi.rnSoy tr:rltllluru .reqn5o1r:sr rr

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Et. s€url ru€cuY u opuwtea1 | 34 . CNAPTERI . Historyof Taekwondo

.\ muralpaintnrg ofone ol rheRolal lonibsdePi(ri,,g Ihcsccnc ofa !wresll;is b.uI at severalrombs ol Kogur,voda,-s. A nural painlingat thc SamsilTomb shows t$o warri,r, \ engagedin a Iacc.(o.fuccm:rlch in rakkron iTaekwondo] stance,ancl a ihird at thc iiane tomb shotn the sccnt olKorean nrestling bout, clearlr distingulshing^it liom thc laekk,von It can be assumedliom lhc pai ling of taekl)on nratch that thc dead $as eithcr a Lrck' kyon practiccr or thc subjerrofcondolence rvith danccsard martial art "Ilwarang" C, Silla's and Taekkyon

'fhc Kingdomof Silla nas founrltrd,rndte south€aslcrnpan ofthc KoreanI'eninsrrlr under the circumslancesofno imnrecliatethrcal from ouisidc, bur along t'ith lhe birth ol PaekjeKingdom Lrnils west llank and lhe stan of invasionsb,v Kogurlo fiom thc north, Sillarvas impelled to arm itselllith thc developmentofmatial aris "hr'arangdo" In lict, is the t,vpicalcxlnple of Silla's martirl afts, which h an assrnr' "sonbae" lalion of Kogurvo s s1'stem.Thc merrrbersof thc \oulh eroup o1h*aranQdo rvcrc $'ell traincd rvith the sensesof lilial pierv, lolrlll lo the kingdom and sacrilicialdcvotlor to societvto bccome important pcrsonalitiesfor thc rein of kingdom. Notable among lhenl were Kim YuSin and Kim Uhun.Chrrrvho madc a definirecontribuLion tcr the unilicdtion oi thoscrhrce klngdonx. The Chronicle o1 Old Chosun describedthe life of hrvarangs.mctrbcrs ol huarangdo: "hruarangs "'e.. selcrtcd bv the kingdom rhrough contcslsardi after sclcction,thev livcd togclher in a group. indulgi g themsehcsi learning, trcrclsing subakiokl lorm of Trck' rvondo).linclng and horsc.riding.and sonetimesthc,v rnioyed various samesincluding the Korcan wrestlingiSsirum).In peacclime, hrarangs sened for thc bcnefitsol commu"it es working on emergcncvaids and corsifuction of for'tressesand roids. and thcv $ere alwa,vs 'rrqp LlreJ 'Zl qtr{\ irntrruls lxrrqrlnrJlrl pu€ suolt?7lur:ro rurs lql P I .niquosPur:irltrnrq q}og 'suo-rro lerr8opuril::oqr uu4 sdrors,ror::r.11 rpno'i rql qlotlSurtorputiq o,tn3o) ror,,8u?Ir,\\H, ur (requosr Pro,r II1 qrr,n iiunrtrur :rurs .rLllstx{ €llIS ur isw:no' Il :.!!rr,\Joslurocl 5ur,\\olloJ rqr iq prursnt sI q.Iq.'! 'or(rnSo){ 'xlIs or urlop p.rpulq os|r s!.!! lt rrr przr:qndod sx.!\ rroi)PJirl Io 1rs aqi sV

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9t . sa0[ tuacuv u opuodlea.LI 35. CHAPTERI . Historvof Taekwondo

(3) According to historicalrccords, as sonbaesin Koglryo usedlo compete in taekkyon gamesat thc time of their national lbstivals, in Silla also played taekkyongames "palkwanhoe" "hantawi" (subak, doklyoni or taekkoni) at such fcstivalsas and thus sFtematicallydeveloping the ancienl fight;ngtcchniques into the taekkyon(orsonbae) as the basisol mafial arts by around A. D. 200 From the 4th century the hwarangslook the tak- kyon leson as a systemizedmafiial art at their learning housesto make it also popular' ized among ordinary people.so much so that their tcchniqueswere dcpicted on thc mural paintingsofancicnt warior tombs. Again, it is also true that taekkyonicoming down to Silla, was iurther developcdinto a schoolof martial art with the divisionof techniques,i.e ,bare hand techniquesand ldol t"h- niques, which {:an bc proved by the lact that both hand and lbol techniquesare ciearly shownin the ancientsculptures and Buddhrstrcstalues. tooq irorsrH oirot aqr u p.urqdx. uoifl.xl

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€. saFvappl,! aqt u opumleol z 38. CHAPIERI . Hstoryof Taek\40ndo

3. Taekuondoin ModelnTimes

In the Modern Times ol Korea, which cover thc Chosun lor Yil D,vnast,v11392- 1910i, thc lmperial Korea and the JapaneseColonial Rule until 1945.l arkuondo nas rather call- 'subakhui" "laekk,von" ed than and ii sullbr€dan cvcntualloss ofolticial support liom the centralgovermneni as rhe weaponsucrc mldcrniz.,l f"r nrir"n.rl.lch n", dlrlru,rqlrthc su- bakhui was still popular in the earlv da,vsol Ohosun. The Yi Dynasty (Chosunl was founded on the ideolog,vol , hich resultecl in rcjccting all tsuddhisticlislivals and givirrg lnore impo anceon literary art tharr martial a . Nonetheless.the Annals of ClhosunDynasl_v tcll slroics about lhc contcstsofsubakhui ordered by 1oca1ollicials Ibr thc purposc of selcctingsoldicrs and others ordcrcd b,r,thc kings who enjoved*atching subakhuiconlcsls ar lhc timc offcasts.lt wasalso rulcd b,vthc Dcfclse Departnent rhat a soldiershould be cmplo,vcdwhen he won out thref othei-contes. tants in the subakhuibouts. However, as the s)stcmaticorganization ofgov"-rnmenr prosrcsscd, the governmentolnc. iah began to ia,vmore importanceon power srrueelesthan on thr inrercstof deftnsf) lar urally neglectingpromolion ol . Then. it las only h thc davs of King Jungjo after lhe disgracefulinvasion of Ko- rea by the Japancsc{in 1592)that the foyal eover meltl revivcd strong delinse measuresb,v strcngtheningmilitary rrainine and maftjal art pr.rctice.Around this period lhcrc was a publication of the so.callrdMLrvcdobo-rongji. a book of manial arl illustr?1lions,whose 4th 'hand-lighting volume entitled tcchniques"conrained the illustration of38 moti(nN,eracrl\ resembrlngtodar's Tachrondo poomsacand basic nrovements.Of coursc. those motrons can Dol bc comparcd with today's Taekwondo pr:romsae.which has been modernized through scicntificstudies. [vcn under thr Japanesecolonial ru]c, somc linrcus Korean rvriters, sLrchas Shin "Present Chac-Hoand Choi NamSun. mentionedaLrout lreku'ondo, sai.ing subak prcvail- "Subak ing in Seoul carnc ftom the sonba.-in the Koeur,voDvrnstv," and is like todav's takkr.onwhich was originall,vpracticed as marrial an but is rron,playcclmostly bl children " as games. Ho*'ever, thc Japancsccolonial governmentrorally prr-rhibircdall ldlkloric $nres irclud- ing takkvon in thc proccs ol suppressingthe Kofear pcoplc. lhc martial ar taekkyondo ('lackwondol had beensrcretl) handcd do$'n only by the nrastersof thc art until the libef, ation ofthe countr) in 1945.Sc,ng Duk.Ki, onc ofrhe then masters,is still alivc with rhe :qr Suout przr:rlndodsl.r opuor'\rtrrJif96l- 0S6I)r"M unlro) Jo pr:r rrll rrlx pur: .irtunor Jqt rr.\o ll? sunrsruu,t5opuoM{JeJ.rroqr Suruaclo u?seq Eredxa ue l?uetr\l

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6E. opuoMiiP31lep,lu€sard t 40.CHAPTERl,Hstory of Taekwondo

Dan.gradeblack-bcltcrs rlithin the countn, alsodispatching about 2,000Taekrvondo masters ro more thin 100tlunrrics ior lirreignerslfaining. Alicr all, foLLoll'nrgihe nominirtion of Taektondo as a national marlial arl iu 1971.the presdrt Kukklwor ri'as loundedin 1972lo be usedas the ccntral s\mnasiLrmas well as th.' site of various lacl$ondo competirions.Thcn a ,vearlater on Nla.- 2U, 197i1thc \\orld 'lac*rvondo Feclerationcarre into exisrencc,currcntlv hrving 108countries as its mcmhers. ln 1973the biennial \forld lackwondo Champi(nshipsrlas organized,the linal rcsultsol whichup to 19115afe shownlable L i\eain in 1974,Tackwondo !!as admitted i{r thc Asi:rnGancs as an olficjil e|eui- Thr res. ultsof AsiadTaekwondo Championships are sholn in Table2. ln 1975Taekwondo wasaccepied as an olllcial sport bv lhe U. S. Amareur AthletcsUnion iAALll ind also.rdmillcdro the (lcncralAssociittion ofInlcrnalirral SportsFederatrons lG-\lSIrl, Ibllolred b,v thc edoption oi oliicial sportse\,enl bv the lntcrnalional Courcil oj Nfilitan SprLrrrslCISfIl nr 1976.Ir 1979Prcsidcnr of lhe \lorld lackwondolrederation 11qpl n'as eleciedchairmar ofthe \{orld lcderation of Non Ol,vnlPicSPorls. The WTF becamean IOCrecogmizedspofls lederation in 1980,making Taeknondo an Olympic sporl 'l hcn rhe adoption of Taekr,ondo as an olllcial event was llllorlcd br the World Canresin 1981.rhe Pan.AmcrirelrCames in 1986.ard finalh b,r the 2000Ohmpiad lo bc hcld in ,\us'

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Bibliography: "HisLorv Ra H)on'soeng. ofKoreanSports ,4th cd. (1975) "Thc ShinClhar.ho, \{hole ColicctionofTarjc ShinChae'}ro", Part I (1972) "History (1959) .|inrlarrlcadcmic Society, ofKorca-AncientTimes" .Hankuk l-eeRan.yor.:ng ed., Keumsokmunchubo (Korea's O1d and Modem Literary wor ks)" (1968) "Study Choo,Silito, ofKoreanCulture in AncicnrTimes" (1940) "Palgu,an "A ,\n Kvc.hvon, Hoigo",parL lV of Study olthe EastNation" (1951) "Iht ChungChan.mo, Processof TaekNonrloDcvclopment in AncientKorea", doctoral rhesis(1972)

Historlcal Chronlcles of Korea "Ohroniclcs of Three.Kingdoms" "Muycdobo.Tongii(lltustration ofmartial art tcchniques)",Vol. fl "Histor,v of Kor,ro",Volumcs 126-129 "shinclongkul Yojiseungrarrr(New Gcographical Introduclion ofEast Narion)", Vol 34 "(lhronicles Lrl'KingScjong", Vols 9 and 51 "Chrunicles of King Taejong",Vols. 21 and 32