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The Leaders of Bushido: a Study of the Leadership Practices of Black Belt Martial Artists

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The Leaders of Bushido: a Study of the Leadership Practices of Black Belt Martial Artists Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2009 The leaders of Bushido: a study of the leadership practices of black belt martial artists Maya Joko Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Joko, Maya, "The leaders of Bushido: a study of the leadership practices of black belt martial artists" (2009). Theses and Dissertations. 47. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/47 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology THE LEADERS OF BUSHIDO: A STUDY OF THE LEADERSHIP PRACTICES OF BLACK BELT MARTIAL ARTISTS A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership by Maya Joko December, 2009 Farzin Madjidi, Ed.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This dissertation, written by Maya Joko under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION _______________________________________ Farzin Madjidi, Ed.D., Chairperson _______________________________________ J.L. Fortson, Ed.D. _______________________________________ Cara Garcia, Ph.D. Eric Hamilton, Ph.D. Associate Dean Margaret J. Weber, Ph.D. Dean © Copyright by Maya Joko (2009) All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii DEDICATION................................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ x VITA................................................................................................................................. xii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter I: Introduction........................................................................................................ 1 What are the Martial Arts?................................................................................ 4 Philosophy......................................................................................................... 5 Martial Arts and Leadership ............................................................................. 6 Problem Statement............................................................................................ 8 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................... 10 Research Questions......................................................................................... 10 Significance of the Study................................................................................ 10 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................. 11 Definition of Key Terms................................................................................. 12 Organization of the Study ............................................................................... 15 Summary......................................................................................................... 15 Chapter II: Literature Review........................................................................................... 17 History of Martial Arts.................................................................................... 17 History of Martial Arts in Japan .................................................................. 18 History of Martial Arts in Okinawa............................................................. 20 History of Martial Arts in Korea.................................................................. 21 History of Martial Arts in China.................................................................. 23 Martial Arts Training and Its Benefits............................................................ 24 Styles of Martial Arts...................................................................................... 27 Aikido .......................................................................................................... 27 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu......................................................................................... 28 Hapkido........................................................................................................ 28 Judo.............................................................................................................. 29 Jujutsu .......................................................................................................... 30 Karate........................................................................................................... 30 Kendo........................................................................................................... 31 Kung-Fu ....................................................................................................... 32 Shorinji Kempo............................................................................................ 33 v Taekwondo................................................................................................... 34 Traditional Leadership Theories..................................................................... 35 Transformational Leadership....................................................................... 35 Contingency Theory..................................................................................... 37 Path-Goal Theory......................................................................................... 38 Leader-Member Exchange Theory .............................................................. 39 Servant Leadership....................................................................................... 40 Trait Approach............................................................................................. 42 Skills Approach............................................................................................ 43 Style Approach............................................................................................. 44 Situational Approach ................................................................................... 45 Martial Arts and Leadership ........................................................................... 46 Kouzes and Posner.......................................................................................... 54 Kouzes and Posner on Leadership ............................................................... 55 Kouzes and Posner’s Leadership Theory..................................................... 59 Kouzes and Posner on Leadership Context ................................................. 60 Kouzes and Posner’s Five Leadership Practices.......................................... 63 The Leadership Practices Inventory............................................................. 65 Summary......................................................................................................... 67 Chapter III: Research Design and Methodology .............................................................. 69 Research Questions......................................................................................... 69 Participants in the Study ................................................................................. 70 Research Instrument........................................................................................ 72 Instrumentation ............................................................................................ 72 Data Collection Procedures............................................................................. 75 Data Analysis.................................................................................................. 77 Research Question One................................................................................ 77 Research Question Two ............................................................................... 78 Assumptions of the Study ............................................................................... 78 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................. 79 Summary......................................................................................................... 81 Chapter IV: Research Results........................................................................................... 82 Purpose Statement........................................................................................... 82 Research Questions......................................................................................... 82 Data Collection Procedures............................................................................. 83 Characteristics of the Respondents ................................................................
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