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The Making of a Modern Myth: Inventing a Tradition for Taekwondo*
Korea Journal, vol. 56, no. 1 (spring 2016): 61-92. © Korean National Commission for UNESCO, 2016 The Making of a Modern Myth: Inventing a Tradition for Taekwondo* Steven D. CAPENER Abstract In their recent article entitled “Evidence of Taekwondo’s Roots in Karate: An Analysis of the Technical Content of Early Taekwondo Literature” published in the Korea Journal, Udo Moenig, Cho Sungkyun, and Kwak Taek-Yong present compelling empirical evi- dence that taekwondo originated from Japanese karate in the mid-twentieth century. The present article aims to discuss the implications of that assertion in the context of the nationalist project to invent a tradition for taekwondo. This article postulates that such myth-making is possible even in the face of strong empirical evidence to the con- trary due to an anti-intellectual and anti-empirical nationalism that operates in the production/suppression of knowledge, especially in regard to issues that involve Korea’s complicated historical relation with Japan. This article discusses the process of the con- struction of an indigenous origin narrative for taekwondo and the response to that nar- rative in the form of a counter-narrative that postulates the role of karate in taekwon- do’s formation. The construction and rationale of the indigenous origin narrative is then examined through the lens of the modern phenomenon of the invented tradition. Keywords: taekwondo, indigenous origin, anti-intellectual, anti-empirical, national- ism, Japanese karate, invented tradition * !is article was supported by research funds from Seoul Women’s University. Steven D. CAPENER is Associate Professor of Literature and Translation Studies at the Department of English Language & Literature of Seoul Women’s University. -
Item 3B. LBR-2017-18-003 Hwa Rang Kwan.Pdf
CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO EDWIN M. LEE, MAYOR OFFICE OF SMALL BUSINESS REGINA DICK-ENDRIZZI, DIRECTOR Legacy Business Registry Staff Report HEARING DATE NOVEMBER 13, 2017 HWA RANG KWAN MARTIAL ARTS CENTER Application No.: LBR-2017-18-003 Business Name: Hwa Rang Kwan Martial Arts Center Business Address: 90 Welsh Street District: District 6 Applicant: Master Steve Rapport, Owner Nomination Date: July 5, 2017 Nominated By: Supervisor Jane Kim Staff Contact: Richard Kurylo [email protected] BUSINESS DESCRIPTION Hwa Rang Kwan Martial Arts Center (Hwa Rang Kwan), founded in 1973, is a local martial arts center serving both youth and adults alike and is believed to be the oldest Korean martial arts center on the West Coast. The origins of Hwa Rang Kwan can be traced back to the Korean United Methodist Church (constructed in 1928), the first Korean Church to be constructed in the United States by and for Koreans. In 1969, Pastor Song offered the name “Hwa Rang Kwan” to a Korean Youth Group at 712 Polk Street that was run by the former Korean Association President Min Hee Rhee, father of Taekwondo legends and actors Masters Phillip and Simon Rhee. During this same time, a man by the name of Master Dong Kie Shin opened a Hwa Rang Kwan dojang (martial arts’ school) in the Miadong district of Seoul, Korea. In 1971, Master Shin moved to San Francisco and continued his training at the Polk Street school and in 1973, he opened a Hwa Rang Kwan of his own, the Hwa Rang Kwan Martial Arts Center, on Fillmore Street. -
History of Tae Kwon Do.Pdf
Tae Kwon Do History Introduction: Although modern Taekwondo has actually only existed for about 50 years (the martial art known Tae Kwon Do was developed between 1945 and 1955 and only became known as Tae Kwon Do in 1955.), it is based upon Shotokan Karate, another 20th century martial art, and ancient Korea martial arts, such as Taekkyon and Subak, that have lost favor in modern times. Tae Kwon Do is a martial art that means "The Way of the Feet and Hands". Writings on Taekwondo history usually portray Taekwondo as an unique product of Korean culture, developed over the long course of Korean history since the Three Kingdoms Era. However, Taekwondo's primary influence came from Japanese Karate that was introduced into Korea during the Japanese occupation of Korea during the early 1900s. Few written records on ancient Korean history exist, so factual information on Korean martial arts is scarce and sketchy. Because of this, most Korean martial arts writers find something in Korean history to support their claims; writers on Tae Kwon Do included. If one researches the history of Tae Kwon Do, in the research they will find differing and sometimes contradictory information. Majority of this information is a summary taken from Reference 1. For more details, please review the entire material on history of Tae Kwon Do from Reference 1. Origins of Tae Kwon Do: Empty-hand fighting did not originate wholly in only one country, but it developed naturally in every place humans settled. In each country, people adapted their fighting techniques to deal with the dangers in their local environments. -
Kumdo Grading Syllabus
Kumdo Grading Syllabus Ssang Head Joo Cutting Mok Soft Push Belt soo Extra strike kum Pattern Kum sword ups Pattern s Single Chakum 9 - 1 1 3 10 5 attacks 1 Defenc Chakum 1 2 2 3 e/Attac 20 5 8 2 k 1 Chakum 2 4 4 3 30 5 7 round 3 2 Chakum 6 3 6 6 6 40 10 rounds 4 2 Chakum 5 4 8 8 6 50 10 rounds 5 2 Chakum 5 10 10 6 60 10 4 rounds 6 3 Ball 3 6 12 12 12 70 20 rounds Cutting 3 2 7 12 12 12 Candle 80 20 rounds 3 1 8 12 12 12 Apple 90 20 rounds Matt Against bo 9, 10 12 12 12 cutting 100 30 2 1-4 Matt Against 11, 12 12 12 12 cutting 100 30 2 1-6 Kumdo Terminology 3rd Gup – Red Belt I General HANA ......................... 1, DUL ..................... 2 SET ............................ 3, NET ..................... 4 DASOT ...................... 5, YOSOT .................. 6 ILGOP ........................ 7 YODOL .................. 8 AHOP ........................ 9 YOL ..................... 10 CHARYOT . ...................... ATTENTION GYONGRYE ..................... BOW SABOMNIM ...................... INSTRUCTOR Basics PAL KUM ... ...................... DRAW SWORD CHAK KUM ...................... RETURN SWORD Stances KI MA SE ... ...................... HORSE RIDING STANCE Strikes JEONG MYUN BE KI ........ STRAIGHT CUT Kumdo Terminology 2nd Gup - Red Belt I I General GWAN JANG NIM ........... HEAD INSTRUCTOR DOJANG ........................... TRAINING HALL DOBOK ............................. UNIFORM JUNBI ............................... READY KYWON JYEOK ............... CENTRE AIM JI HA SE .... ...................... POINTING SWORD TO GROUND Strikes JWA WOO BE KI .............. LEFT RIGHT CUT SAM DAN BE KI ............... 3 CUTS Stance BOOM SE .. ...................... TIGER STANCE DAE DO SE ...................... LONG STEP PAK KU SEO ................... -
Sparta Tae Kwon Do Study Materials
SPARTA TAE KWON DO STUDY MATERIALS TAE KWON DO – A Brief History: Taekwondo or Tae Kwon Do is the national martial art of Korea. The literal Korean translation of Tae Kwon Do is: “Tae” means to kick, “Kwon” means to strike with the hand and “Do” means the “way”. Taken together, it means “the way of kicking and punching” or “the way of the hand and foot.” The earliest record of Tae Kwon Do dates back to more than 2,000 years of Korean history. At that time, Korea was divided into kingdoms: Silla (Cee-la), Koguryo (Ko-goor-yo) and Paekje (Peck-jay). As in all ancient kingdoms, each developed a warrior class, notably the “Hwarang” (Wa-rang) of the Silla and “Sonbae” (Son-bay) of the Koguryo kingdom. “Taeyon” the early name of Tae Kwon Do, first appeared in the Koguryo kingdom. It was then handed down to the “Hwarang”, credited for spreading the art throughout Korea during the reign of the Silla dynasty. The Koryo dynasty which reunified the Korean peninsula after the Silla developed Taekyon into a more systematic military training making it compulsory subject in the examination of military cadets. During this time “taekyon” became known as “Subak”. During the Japanese occupation of Korea in World War II, the practice of “taekyon” or “subak” was prohibited. The art was practiced in secret, and its popularity waned until in 1943, the first judo and then karate and kung fu were officially introduced. The following two years, there was a dramatic increase in the interest in the martial arts. -
Moo Duk Kwan
Tae Kwon Do Moo Duk Kwan A Review What is Tae Kwon Do? • Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and the national sport of South Korea. In Korean, tae means "to strike or break with foot"; means "to strike or break with fist"; and means "way", "method", or "path". Thus, taekwondo may be loosely translated as "the way of the hand and the foot.” Source: Wikipedia So, what is Tae Kwon Do? • "Traditional taekwondo" typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the South Korean military, and in various civilian organizations, including schools and universities. In particular, the names and symbolism of the traditional patterns often refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy. Today, the Kukkiwon, or World Taekwondo Headquarters is the traditional center for Taekwondo in Korea. Source: Wikipedia What are Original Tae Kwon Do Schools? • The Five Original Kwans (Schools) – Song Moo Kwan - founded March 11, 1944 by Ro, Byung Jick. – Chung Do Kwan - founded in 1944 by Lee, Won Kyuk. – Moo Duk Kwan - founded after 1946 by Hwang Kee. – Kwon Bop Bu/Chang Moo Kwan - founded in 1946 by Yoon, Byung-In. – Yun Moo Kwan/Jidokwan - founded March 3, 1946 by Chun, Sang Sup. • Later Kwans (derived from the original five) – Han Moo Kwan - founded in August 1954 by Lee Kyo Yoon. – Oh Do Kwan - founded in 1955 by Choi Hong Hi, Nam Tae Hi, and Han Cha Kyo. – Kang Duk Won - founded in 1956 by Park Chul Hee and Hong Jong Pyo – Jung Do Kwan - founded in 1956 by Lee Yong Woo. -
The Necessity to Know History. in 1945, Moo Duk Kwan Was Found in Order to Spread, Prosper and Create Understanding of Soo Bahk
The necessity to know history. In 1945, Moo Duk Kwan was found in order to spread, prosper and create understanding of Soo Bahk Do (now called Tang Soo Do), which is the special martial art of Korea, and has a long history and tradition. The foundation of Moo Duk Kwan has remained unshakable by the cooperation and efforts of all members and persons who are interested. The fame of Moo Duk Kwan has grown not only in Korea, but all over the world. Now, although technique is very important, theory has to be taught for the purpose of the increase of Tang Soo Do and the martial arts. First of all, therefore, all members must perfectly understand the foundation theory of rational history about the art. From time to time some members who have excellent skills deviate from the right path because they do not know and understand it's true history and the foundation. So it is very important to study history and the foundation theory. The theory of it's origin. The exact origin of Tang Soo Do, as well as karate in general, is obscure. However, there are many equally beautiful theories. An argument continues to rage about the origin of both weapon using and weaponless fighting techniques. Some Japanese karate experts insist that the art is of Japanese origin; some say it came from Okinawa; others say it began in China and spread from there. Although there are various theories and views explaining it's history in Korea, we will consider the Moo Duk Kwan's assertion as described in Moo Duk Kwan's major text book Soo Bahk Do Dae Kam, written by Grand Master Hwang Kee, president. -
THE HISTORY of TAEKWONDO by Glen R
THE HISTORY OF TAEKWONDO By Glen R. Morris A Report for Recommendation Black Belt Testing 1994 Before I get into the history of Taekwondo, I would like to define what it means. I read the definition from many books and the one that I like best comes from the book Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts (1) written by Donn F. Draeger and Robert W. Smith. "Taekwondo is an empty-hand combat form that entails the use of the whole body. Tae means "to Kick" or "Smash with the feet," Kwon implies "punching" or "destroying with the hand or fist," and Do means "way" or "method." Taekwondo thus, is the technique of unarmed combat for self defense that involves the skillful application of techniques that include punching, jumping kicks, blocks, dodges, parrying actions with hands and feet. It is more than a mere physical fighting skill, representing as it does a way of thinking and a pattern of life requiring strict discipline. It is a system of training both the mind and the body in which great emphasis is placed on the development of the trainee's moral character." Taekwondo is a martial art that in "todays" form of self defense has evolved by combining many different styles of martial arts that existed in Korea over the last 2,000 years and some martial arts styles from countries that surround Korea. Taekwondo incorporates the abrupt linear movements of Karate and the flowing, circular patterns of Kung-fu with native kicking techniques. Over fifty typically Chinese circular hand movements can be identified in modern Taekwondo.(1) A few of the earlier martial arts styles that contributed to Taekwondo are: T'ang-su, Taek Kyon, also known as Subak, Tae Kwon, Kwonpup and Tae Kwonpup. -
Terminological Recommendations for Improving the Visibility of Scientific Literature on Martial Arts and Combat Sports
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Terminological recommendations for improving the visibility of scientific literature on martial arts and combat sports Authors’ Contribution: Mikel Pérez-Gutiérrez1ABCDE, Carlos Gutiérrez-García1ABCDE, Raquel Escobar-Molina2CDE A Study Design B Data Collection 1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León, León, Spain C Statistical Analysis 2 D Manuscript Preparation Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain E Funds Collection Source of support: Departmental sources Received: 9 June 2011; Accepted: 11 July 2011; Published online: 5 August 2011 Abstract Background Martial Arts and Combat Sports (MA&CS) terminology is diverse and heterogeneous, limiting the research visi- and Study Aim: bility and information retrieval. This study points out the different terms related to MA&CS names included in the scientific literature. From this basis, a set of recommendations are offered for improving publication visibility. Material/Methods: Web of Science (WOS) databases SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI for the period 2000-2009 were used for gen- erating the data. A list of 278 searching terms was compiled, each of them enter individually in WOS databases. Results were collected in reference management software and filtered manually. Statistical analysis was focused on precision, noise factor, recall and snobbery ratio indexes. Results: As far as 53.2% searching terms showed no result, 14.0% obtained some result but not related to MA&CS, and 32.7% showed results related to MA&CS. Specific terminology is quite standardized, although there are some MA&CS showing different names. Generally, a preferred and most common term is used by authors. -
Asian Traditions of Wellness
BACKGROUND PAPER Asian Traditions of Wellness Gerard Bodeker DISCLAIMER This background paper was prepared for the report Asian Development Outlook 2020 Update: Wellness in Worrying Times. It is made available here to communicate the results of the underlying research work with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. The ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this document and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or use of the term “country” in this document, is not intended to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this document do not imply any judgment on the part of the ADB concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. ASIAN TRADITIONS OF WELLNESS Gerard Bodeker, PhD Contents I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. -
Yongmudo by Dr. Ken Min, 9Th Dan YMD Introduction Training Value Of
Yongmudo By Dr. Ken Min, 9th Dan YMD Introduction The Martial Arts Research Institute of Yongin University, Korea developed a new name, mission, vision and technique called yongmudo on October 15, 1998. It is a discipline for the next millennium of martial artists. Yongmudo is a challenging martial art developed for the futuristic training method of Korean martial arts by adopting and enhancing the techniques of judo, taekwondo, ssirum and kumdo, along with hapkido, plus wrestling and boxing with emphasis on self-defense, self improvement, knowledge and techniques. Its mission is to incorporate up-to-date health and safety knowledge plus current technology of training in yongmudo for the mind and body. The Martial Arts College of Yongin University was established in 1953. Its mission: Justice, courage with courtesy for lifelong training, a positive contribution not only to society and country, but to humankind, through martial arts and sports education. Yongmudo strives to integrate techniques of Korean martial arts, not only the techniques of self-defense and self- improvement but also various forms of meditation, psychological and environmental health enhancement through training of the mind and body. The word Yong means “dragon”. The dragon was worshipped by many ancient Asian kingdoms as the most revered mystical being capable of unparalleled feats. Dragons were able to fly, breathe fire, live underwater or underground, conquer nature by causing tsunamis, earthquakes, floods and typhoons. It was glorified by painters, poets and writers as the most admired protector that could bring prosperity and good fortune to its worshipers. Mu means martial; combat and fighting, physical, mental and psychological warfare and strategy. -
Physed Basic Self Defense 1 Syllabus (PDF File)
PHYS ED 1 Basic Self-Defense Russell Ahn PHYS ED 1 Basic Self-Defense (0.5 units) Instructor: Dr. Russell Ahn Office hour: by appointment only https://pe.berkeley.edu/faculty/dr-russell-ahn or www.ucmap.org Phone (510) 388-6397 Location: TBA Email: [email protected] Time: Tu/Th 12-1pm Required Text: None Prerequisites: N/A Recommended Text: Yongmudo “A Korean Grade: Letter grade or P/NP Martial Art” English Version by UC Martial Arts Program Office: 145RSF (Martial Arts Room) Course Description Basic self-defense class is designed for students who wish to learn various self-defense techniques, including kicking, falling, punching, throwing, and other self-defense techniques from various styles of martial arts (Taekwondo, Judo, Yongmudo, Kumdo & Hapkido). Students will also foster physical fitness training, mental discipline, martial arts philosophy and culture. Objectives The goal of this class is to help students improve coordination, balance, endurance, agility, flexibility and overall fitness. Moreover, the class will guide students to learn various self-defense skills, build self-confidence, self- discipline, concentration/focus, coping strategies and it will help students to keep balance in life and is a great method of stress release for busy college lifestyle. • Learn and train Asian Martial Arts-based self-defense skills. • Learn up-to-date knowledge and various combination techniques of self-defense. • Develop physical and mental health as well as overall wellness. • Develop positive personal character which will contribute to students’ academic lifestyle. Overview of course I. Implementation a. Learn brief concept of self-defense and background of techniques. b. Learn proper callisthenic exercises.