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Sustainable Food Systems Through Diversification and Indigenous Vegetables an ANALYSIS of the SOUTHERN NAKURU COUNTY

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Sustainable Food Systems Through Diversification and Indigenous Vegetables an ANALYSIS of the SOUTHERN NAKURU COUNTY Making policies work SASS Sustainable food systems through diversification and indigenous vegetables AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTHERN NAKURU COUNTY REPORT I By Francesco Rampa and Hanne Knaepen July 2019 Sustainable food systems through diversification and indigenous vegetables: An analysis of southern Nakuru County SASS Report I by Francesco Rampa and Hanne Knaepen July 2019 SASS report I www.ecdpm.org/sass_i ii SASS report I www.ecdpm.org/sass_i Acknowledgements We are pleased to acknowledge our key partner, who provides the bulk of the funding for the “Sustainable Agrifood Systems Strategies (SASS)” programme: the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR). The conceptualisation of this report was led by Francesco Rampa and Hanne Knaepen (European Centre for Development Policy Management, ECDPM), based on the indispensable input from various subject-matter experts, who are members of the SASS consortium, including from the University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UNICATT), the University of Pavia (UNIPV) and the University of Gastronomic Sciences (UNISG). Within the framework of the SASS programme, these academic experts have published a number of academic papers that are referenced in this report (and more will be published in the near future). We would also like to thank the Naivasha Basin Sustainability Initiative (NBSI), in particular Nic Pacini, for their strong multi-tasking support on the ground and the provision of valuable feedback on this report, as well as the Feltrinelli Foundation. We also thank all stakeholders in the southern Nakuru region and in Nairobi, who provided valuable contributions to SASS through surveys, interviews, their participation in workshops, and other types of support, during the period 2017-2019. Lastly, we would like to acknowledge the great support of ECDPM colleagues, especially Paul Engel, Paulina Bizzotto Molina, Cecilia D’Alessandro, Koen Dekeyser, and Silas Wanjala for their useful comments and suggestions. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of ECDPM. iii SASS report I www.ecdpm.org/sass_i Executive Summary This report is a major output of the “Sustainable Agrifood Systems Strategies (SASS)” programme, aimed at building knowledge, policy dialogue and partnerships to contribute to sustainable food systems at national, regional and international levels, based on three research locations in Kenya and Tanzania. An enabling policy and investment environment that makes sustainable food production and diversity of diets both affordable and attractive to producers and consumers is particularly urgent in Africa, given not only the persistent problems of food and nutrition insecurity, but also the already serious depletion of Africa’s natural resources, increasing social and economic inequalities as well as the worrying effects of climate change. The report presents the results of SASS multi-disciplinary research and dialogue activities in Kenya, using a ‘food systems approach’: an assessment of the current performance of the southern Nakuru food system in terms of sustainability (social, environmental, economic) and outcomes (food quality, availability and access); a related governance analysis about the bottlenecks and drivers that make diversification of the food system difficult, with a focus on indigenous vegetables (given their great potential to improve nutrition, environmental and climate resilience, and smallholders’ profitability); the subsequent preliminary proposal of some ‘pathways to solutions’ to be followed for a more sustainable local food system, through increasing the production, distribution and consumption of indigenous vegetables. Research results show that the performance of the Nakuru County food system is poor in terms of economic, social and environmental sustainability. In the short term, jobs and incomes are being created in the county thanks to economic growth, especially in the horticulture (vegetables and flowers), tourism and real estate sectors; however; there are however significant medium-term economic risks. These arise from the inability of this system to allow the vast majority of smallholders to adequately invest to improve production and productivity, thus remaining financially vulnerable, and from the deterioration of natural resources linked to such growth, which can lead to the future loss of jobs, incomes, and investments. In terms of social sustainability, the exclusion of a significant part of the population from economic growth, coupled with little diversity and quality in food production and consumption, constitute a serious threat to the health, social cohesion, well-being and traditional values of citizens. The environmental status is also poor, and worsening with climate change: water and land degradation, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and so forth are likely to reach a scale that exceeds the absorption capacity of the ecosystem. Finally, the performance of the Nakuru food system is currently poor in terms of quantity and quality of food for the large majority of the local population. The SASS research shows this is also clearly related to the weaknesses in terms of economic, social and environmental sustainability, which moreover clearly reinforce one another. Drawing on this assessment of the local food system performance, the report presents a governance analysis of the related bottlenecks that make diversification of the food system difficult. The overall governance of the Nakuru food economy is characterised by incentives to produce, market and consume maize as well as horticultural and floriculture crops, mostly destined for export. With the economic power of these sub-sectors largely determining the decisions related to cropland allocation, water use, subsidies’ policies, and so forth, despite the government’s declared focus on supporting smallholders, diversification and sustainability. Indeed, the policy landscape is characterised by a multitude of well-conceived policies, but “the money is not put where the mouth is” and implementation tools and policy enforcement are often lacking, with national subsidies and other policy execution largely dedicated to maize and few other export-crops only. Local institutions that could stimulate a more diversified and sustainable food system are very weak, particularly farmer organisations, with the informality of smallholder business adding to this complexity and the difficulty to implement regulations and policies in their favour. iv SASS report I www.ecdpm.org/sass_i These governance features of the food system also contribute to a particular ‘system bias’ against the production, distribution and consumption of indigenous vegetables, which is investigated by SASS through mapping of relevant stakeholders and analysis of their agendas, arenas and alliances. The market power of the big parastatal seed company, as well as the bias of both laws and formal markets in favour of hybrid seeds and conventional crops, do not provide incentives to legally supply seeds of indigenous vegetables to small producers, nor protect their informal seed systems. Smallholder farmers (the most prominent producers of indigenous vegetables) are rather scattered and unorganised, hence poorly supported by weak alliances among themselves and ultimately driven by the agendas of the rest of the actors in the VC, especially input providers and middlemen. This also explains their reluctance to diversify their produce and grow more indigenous vegetables, which would in principle allow them to connect more effectively to processors and consumers in urban areas. Diverging agendas between few existing processors in Nakuru County and the many potential producers of these vegetables, together with current disconnect between supply and demand of processed indigenous vegetables, also add to the ‘system bias’. Given the currently unstable nature of the market demand also for the fresh vegetables (compared to other crops like maize or export vegetables), middlemen don’t find it worth investing in changing such bias; but they have an unexploited potential to connect smallholders to consumers, thus making the access of indigenous vegetables to markets more stable and profitable for the benefit of the whole food system. Finally, the consumers’ arena of influence towards more sustainability can be large as they are in a position to set, increase or lower demand and therefore drive producers’ and distributors’ choices; but this would require much stronger alliances between consumers and the other actors in the food system, which in turn would entail much stronger consumers organisations. The report puts forward a package of preliminary ‘pathways to solutions’ to address such governance bottlenecks and this system bias against indigenous vegetables, and ultimately improve the sustainability of the southern Nakuru food system. The seeds system for instance should be improved through: subsidies for the distribution of indigenous vegetables seeds; technical assistance for smallholders and community- based seed banks; specific regulations to gradually shift towards an open source seed system that allows the multiplication, processing, marketing, and distributing of a wide variety of seeds by smallholders. The production system should be strengthened through: better extension services promoting safe, environmentally friendly and nutrition-effective production techniques for indigenous vegetables; public
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