UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Dark Side of Rome: A Social History of Nighttime in Ancient Rome Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0391011q Author Linn, Jason Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara The Dark Side of Rome: A Social History of Nighttime in Ancient Rome A dissertation submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Jason Linn Committee in charge: Professor John W.I. Lee, Co-Chair Professor Beth Digeser, Co-Chair Professor Claudia Rapp, Universität Wien Professor Michael A. Osborne, Oregon State Univeristy September 2014 The dissertation of Jason Linn is approved. __________________________________________________________ Professor John W.I. Lee, Co-Chair __________________________________________________________ Professor Beth Digeser, Co-Chair __________________________________________________________ Professor Claudia Rapp _________________________________________________________ Professor Michael A. Osborne September 2014 The Dark Side of Rome: A Social History of Nighttime in Ancient Rome Copyright © 2014 by Jason Linn iii Jason Linn Department of History 849 Higuera St. Apt 237 California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 [email protected] (847) 650-3387 Education Ph.D. History, University of California at Santa Barbara, 2014 Qualifying fields: Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Byzantium, History of Science M.A. Classics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2007 Post-Bac Classics, University of Pennsylvania, 2005 B.A. Political Science, Western Michigan University, magna cum laude, 2002 Dissertation The Dark Side Of Rome: A Social History Of Nighttime In Ancient Rome Committee: John W.I. Lee, Beth Digeser, Claudia Rapp, Michael A. Osborne Publications “Roman Grain Supply from 442 to 455” Journal of Late Antiquity 5.2 (Fall 2013): 322-345 Review of Sparta: Comparative Approaches, S. Hodkinson (ed.) Classical Review 62.1 (2013): 156-158 Teaching Lecturer California Polytechnic State University, 2013-14 World History: 1000 to 1800 World History: Antiquity to 1789 Western Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance UC Santa Barbara, 2012 The Greek World: 323-30 BC iv Teaching Assistant UC Santa Barbara Environmental Studies Program, 2012-13 Introduction to Environmental Studies, 2 quarters Introduction to Social and Cultural Environments, 1 quarter UC Santa Barbara History Department, 2009-12 World History: Prehistory-AD 1000, 6 quarters World History: 1000-1700, 1 quarter World History: 1700-present, 1 quarter Western Civilization: 1050-1715, 3 quarters University of Colorado-Boulder Classics Department, 2007 Bread & Circuses, 1 semester Conference Presentations “Is It Morning Yet?: Nocturnal Boredom in Ancient Rome” Friends of Ancient History, Pomona College, November 2013 “Can You Hear Me Now?: Rome’s Nocturnal Soundscape” Nox erat: Night and Nocturnal Activities in the Ancient World, University of Virginia, March 2013 “Snuggling With Your Identity: Beds in Ancient Rome” Private and Public in the Roman house, New York University, October 2012 “Julian’s Laws: The Pagan Counteroffensive” North American Patristics Society, Chicago, May 2012 “Booty Calls and Ambushes: The Nocturnal Mirage in Classical Sparta” Rocky Mountain Interdisciplinary Graduate Student History Conference, University of Colorado at Boulder, September 2010 “Roman Grain Supply: 442-455” Ancient Borderlands Graduate Student Conference, UCSB, April 2010 Awards UCSB History Department outstanding TA (J. Bruce Anderson Memorial Award 2013) UCSB Academic Senate outstanding TA award (2011) North American Patristics Society Outstanding Student Paper (2012) v Mark Denenfeld Memorial Endowed Scholarship: Western Michigan Political Science Department (2001) Service to UC Santa Barbara Summer Teaching Associates Peer Advisor (2013) Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Board (2010-13) Borderlands Conference Planning Committee (2010, 2012) Chancellor’s Search Advisory Committee for the University Librarian (2010-11) Community Outreach Guest lecturer on “Ancient Greece” April 5, 2014 Las Brisas Retirement Community San Luis Obispo, CA Guest lecturer on “England” June 7, 2014 Las Brisas Retirement Community San Luis Obispo, CA Professional Memberships American Historical Association Association of Ancient Historians vi Abstract The Dark Side of Rome: A Social History on Nighttime in Ancient Rome by Jason Linn This dissertation explores nighttime in Ancient Rome. Although several monographs on the history of night have appeared in the last two decades, no one has focused on antiquity. Through the examination of literary sources from the second century BCE to late antiquity from histories, biographies, plays, novels, laws, art, archaeology, and theological treatises, this dissertation examines how Romans experienced and thought about night. Chapters one and two argue that night intensified emotions. The first chapter examines how Romans constructed the nocturnal soundscape. The change from day to night altered the meaning of some sounds. Other sounds induced more anger, fear, excitement, and even divine transcendence than they did during the day. The second chapter explores a reoccurring complaint Romans made about nighttime: it imprisoned them. The chapter charts how nocturnal boredom divided Romans: virtuous from reproachable, literate from illiterate, laborer from leisured. Nocturnal boredom led to creativity for some and trouble for others. Chapters three and four explore how night separated people by status and identity. The third chapter considers the slave experience at night. Sketching the problems night posed to masters, I argue that slaveholders were more concerned about where their slaves were than keeping them busy. Because masters desired to keep their human property accessible at all hours, many slaves spent their nights inactively confined. The fourth chapter examines how beds marked Roman identity. Where one slept separated the civilized from uncivilized, the rich from the poor, and the manly from the effeminate. vii Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Rome’s Nocturnal Soundscape 12 III. Nocturnal Boredom in Ancient Rome 36 IV. Slavery at Night 64 V. Beds in Roman Culture 94 VI. Conclusion 127 VII. Bibliography 132 viii List of Images Image 1: Mosaic from Carthage 19 Image 2: House of Triclinium, Pompeii 70 Image 3: House of the Chaste Lovers, Pompeii 71 Image 4: House of the Chaste Lovers, Pompeii 78 Image 5: House of the Chaste Lovers, Pompeii 79 Image 6: Casa della Farnesina, cubiculum D, Rome 80 Image 7: Casa della Farnesina 82 Image 8: Layout of a Roman house, from A. Wallace-Hadrill (1988) 84 Image 9: Rural slave sleeping quarters, from J. Rossiter 89 Image 10: House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii 98 Image 11: Love Scene Mosaic, Centocelle 112 Image 12: The Horse Mosaics, Carthage 113 ix Introduction Ammianus disliked Gallus. In a character sketch of Rome’s junior emperor, the fourth- century historian portrayed Gallus as a cruel despot, driven by temper and paranoia, who exacted punishments without due process. He sent spies into wealthy homes, and even acted so audaciously that (XIV.1):1 …[he] dared to undertake a serious disgrace, which Gallienus is said to have attempted at Rome with extreme shame. He used to wander through taverns at night with a few men, who were secretly equipped with a sword, and would ask people in Greek, which he spoke well, what they thought of Caesar. Gallus pulled this stunt with confidence in a city where nightlong light usually resembles the brightness of daylight. Finally, after having been recognized so many times, Gallus concluded that he would be seen if he ventured outside, except when he openly went out to do things which he thought would be considered serious. His activities led to much deep-seated groaning. We are supposed to feel appalled at Gallus, who abused his power and acted in ways unbecoming of a Roman emperor. Ammianus’ character sketch conveys how Romans thought darkness affected people, namely that night intensified preexisting daytime attributes. Gallus had already demonstrated his audacity during daytime by ignoring judicial protocol and invading privacy. By increasing Gallus’ confidence that he could conceal his identity, night exacerbated the emperor’s boldness. Ammianus accomplishes this by noting the emperor did this in a city well-lit during the night. In addition to showing how darkness increased Gallus’ boldness, this passage also conveys how night altered the meanings of actions. Ammianus expects our interpretation of Gallus’ subterfuge to change based on whether it was day or night. At first, we are supposed to think Gallus has an untrustworthy character because he exploits the cover of darkness to dupe his interlocutors into letting down their guards and divulging their true opinions. However, when 1All translations are my own except where noted otherwise. Gallus ausus est inire flagitium grave, quod Romae cum ultimo dedecore temptasse aliquando dicitur Gallienus, et adhibitis paucis clam ferro succinctis vesperi per tabernas palabatur et conpita quaeritando Graeco sermone, cuius erat inpendio gnarus, quid de Caesare quisque sentiret. et haec confidenter agebat in urbe ubi pernoctantium luminum claritudo dierum solet imitari fulgorem. postremo agnitus saepe iamque, si prodisset, conspicuum se fore contemplans, non nisi luce
Recommended publications
  • Noted Previously, Was an Archaic Form of Marriage in Which the Woman Passed from Her Natal Family to Her Husband’S
    GAIUS’ INSTITUTES – PERSONS – PART 2 – OF ONE’S OWN RIGHT vs. SUBJECT TO THE RIGHT OF ANOTHER (GI.1.48–200) 1. There follows a massive graphic on those of their own right (sui iuris) and those subject to another’s right (alieno iuri subiecti, normally shortened to alieni iuris): B sui iuris 1,13 vs. A alieni iuris 1,8 __________|________________ ________|_________ | | | | | | totally tutela 6,10,11 cura 12 in potestate 6 in manu 7 in mancipio __________|______ _____|_____ ___|______ | | | | | | | | | | testament legit fiduc dat pro min fur dominica patria 2 | 5 | 2 | _______| |____________ |__________________ | | | | | | | | children freedmen wom. litig. sine iust. nupt. mixed adoptivi 3 4 7 8 9 3 4 5 a. The numbers indicate the order in which Gaius takes up the topic. The combination of the Latin and the abbreviations necessary to get this all into one graphic make the specifics hard to follow. The point of the graphic is not the specifics, it’s the structure. b. (On the slide A and B are reversed; this follows the order of the graphic above.) Both sides of the dichotomy have four levels. Levels 1 and 2 deal with categories of persons: level 1 those sui iuris and those alieni iuris, level 2 those totally sui iuris, those in tutelage (tutela), those in another form of guardianship (cura), those in power (in potestate), those literally ‘in hand’ (in manu), those in ‘hand-capture’ (in mancipio). Levels 3 and 4 are mixed dealing sometimes with categories of persons and sometimes with ways of acquiring the status.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage-Making and the Language of Auctoritas and Potestas (Cultura
    CULTURA CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE CULTURA AND AXIOLOGY Founded in 2004, Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of 2014 Culture and Axiology is a semiannual peer-reviewed journal devo- 2 2014 Vol XI No 2 ted to philosophy of culture and the study of value. It aims to pro- mote the exploration of different values and cultural phenomena in regional and international contexts. The editorial board encourages the submission of manuscripts based on original research that are judged to make a novel and important contribution to understan- ding the values and cultural phenomena in the contempo rary world. CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY CULTURE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL ISBN 978-3-631-66062-1 www.peterlang.com CULTURA 2014_266062_VOL_11_No2_GR_A5Br.indd 1 03.12.14 12:11 CULTURA CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE CULTURA AND AXIOLOGY Founded in 2004, Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of 2014 Culture and Axiology is a semiannual peer-reviewed journal devo- 2 2014 Vol XI No 2 ted to philosophy of culture and the study of value. It aims to pro- mote the exploration of different values and cultural phenomena in regional and international contexts. The editorial board encourages the submission of manuscripts based on original research that are judged to make a novel and important contribution to understan- ding the values and cultural phenomena in the contempo rary world. CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY CULTURE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL www.peterlang.com CULTURA 2014_266062_VOL_11_No2_GR_A5Br.indd 1 03.12.14 12:11 CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology E-ISSN (Online): 2065-5002 ISSN (Print): 1584-1057 Advisory Board Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Augustus: the Eternal Emperor
    Augustus: The Eternal Emperor Sarah REY Augustus, the founder of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, was a thoroughly ambiguous man: At once a republican and an autocrat, a conqueror and a peacemaker, he was the inventor of a tradition who governed like a sphinx. A biography has just come out that emphasizes the topicality of his reign. Review of Frédéric Hurlet, Auguste. Les ambiguïtés du pouvoir, Paris, Armand Colin, 2015, 296 p., 24, 90 €. Augustus has always discouraged his biographers. From Velleius Paterculus, his contemporary, to Claude Nicolet (1930-2010), a specialist in ancient Rome, many renounced writing the life of the first Roman emperor. For Augustus, who was a master of ambiguity, has largely eluded historians: He was a sphinx, and he governed as such. At most we can say he was the man of the “permanent coup” who took care not to define the regime he helped to establish. Another emperor, Julian the Apostate (4th century AD), who was as unpredictable as his distant predecessor, characterized Augustus in these words: “His color changed like that of the chameleon, in turns pale, red, black, brown, and dark, and then charming like Venus and the Graces; he wanted to have eyes as piercing as the rays of the great Sun, such that nobody could withstand their gaze.”1 The emperor often changed faces, but also names: He was born Octavius, became “Octavian” after his adoption by Caesar, and then “Augustus” by decision of the Roman Senate. With him, duplicity was embodied in power: He was at once a republican and an autocrat, a conqueror and a peacemaker, as well as the inventor of a tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of the Ornamental and Building Stones of Volubilis Ancient Site (Morocco) Final Report
    Atlas of the ornamental and building stones of Volubilis ancient site (Morocco) Final report BRGM/RP-55539-FR July, 2008 Atlas of the ornamental and building stones of Volubilis ancient site (Morocco) Final report BRGM/RP-55539-FR July, 2008 Study carried out in the framework of MEDISTONE project (European Commission supported research program FP6-2003- INCO-MPC-2 / Contract n°15245) D. Dessandier With the collaboration (in alphabetical order) of F. Antonelli, R. Bouzidi, M. El Rhoddani, S. Kamel, L. Lazzarini, L. Leroux and M. Varti-Matarangas Checked by: Approved by: Name: Jean FERAUD Name: Marc AUDIBERT Date: 03 September 2008 Date: 19 September 2008 If the present report has not been signed in its digital form, a signed original of this document will be available at the information and documentation Unit (STI). BRGM’s quality management system is certified ISO 9001:2000 by AFAQ. IM 003 ANG – April 05 Keywords: Morocco, Volubilis, ancient site, ornamental stones, building stones, identification, provenance, quarries. In bibliography, this report should be cited as follows: D. Dessandier with the collaboration (in alphabetical order) of F. Antonelli, R. Bouzidi, M. El Rhoddani, S. Kamel, L. Lazzarini, L. Leroux and M. Varti-Matarangas (2008) – Atlas of the ornamental and building stones of Volubilis ancient site (Morocco). BRGM/RP-55539-FR, 166 p., 135 fig., 28 tab., 3 app. © BRGM, 2008. No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior permission of BRGM. Atlas of the ornamental and building stones of Volubilis Synopsis The present study titled “Atlas of the ornamental and building stones of Volubilis” was performed in the framework of the project MEDISTONE (“Preservation of ancient MEDIterranean sites in terms of their ornamental and building STONE: from determining stone provenance to proposing conservation/restoration techniques”) supported by the European Commission (research program FP6-2003-INCO-MPC-2 / Contract n° 015245).
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Woman, Culture, and Law by Heather Faith Wright Senior Seminar
    Roman Woman, Culture, and Law By Heather Faith Wright Senior Seminar: HST 499 Professor John L. Rector Western Oregon University June 5, 2010 Readers Professor Benedict Lowe Professor Laurie Carlson Copyright @ Heather Wright, 2010 2 The topic of my senior thesis is Women of the Baths. Women were an important part of the activities and culture that took place within the baths. Throughout Roman history bathing was important to the Romans. By the age of Augustus visiting the baths had become one of the three main activities in a Roman citizen’s daily life. The baths were built following the current trends in architecture and were very much a part of the culture of their day. The architecture, patrons, and prostitutes of the Roman baths greatly influenced the culture of this institution. The public baths of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire were important social environment to hear or read poetry and meet lovers. Patrons were expected to wear special bathing costumes, because under various emperors it was illegal to bathe nude. It was also very important to maintain the baths; they were, at the top of the Roman government's list of social responsibilities. The baths used the current trends in architecture, and were very much a part of the culture of the day. Culture within the Roman baths, mainly the Imperial and Republican baths was essential to Roman society. The baths were complex arenas to discuss politics, have rendezvous with prostitutes and socialize with friends. Aqueducts are an example of the level of specialization which the Romans had reached in the glory days of the Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes for the Teacher: Chapter 7 De Romanis Has Been Designed for a Selective Approach
    Notes for the teacher: Chapter 7 de Romanis has been designed for a selective approach. Students need to learn the new vocabulary and grammar from each chapter’s Core Language section, but teachers should select a suitable combination of introductory and practice material to suit the time available and the needs of their students. INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL The notes which follow aim to highlight areas of interest within the theme for each chapter; teachers are encouraged to be selective in accordance with the age and interest of their classes. Overview The theme of Book 2 is Roman history, from its mythical beginnings, to the reign of Augustus and the beginnings of empire. Knowledge of this content will provide helpful context for Latin texts studied at GCSE and A Level. Chapter 7 provides a broad overview of history from the time of Rome’s foundation to the troubled end of the Republic. The introduction encourages students to reflect on how the Romans told their own history, firstly by relating stories which they acknowledged were largely mythical, and later by referring to their own well-kept records. Even then, however, when Roman history was founded more firmly on facts, story-telling remained an essential element. Roman historians such as Livy and Tacitus were keen to create vibrant characters in their written history and scenes rich in emotions. It is partly for this reason that de Romanis aims to explore the past through telling stories in Latin. ​ ​ ​ ​ Chapter 7 starts with the Roman kings and explains how Rome was governed by them. It explains the evolution of the political structures which shaped Roman government, and why Rome developed from a monarchy into a republic.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Roman Frontier1
    Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gramscian Analysis of Roman Bathing in the Provinces Diana Danielle Davis University of South Florida, [email protected]
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-20-2015 A Gramscian Analysis of Roman Bathing in the Provinces Diana Danielle Davis University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Scholar Commons Citation Davis, Diana Danielle, "A Gramscian Analysis of Roman Bathing in the Provinces" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5465 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Gramscian Analysis of Roman Bathing in the Provinces by Diana Davis A thesis submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Humanities College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Brendan Cook, Ph.D. Daniel Belgrad, Ph.D. Benjamin Goldberg, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 20th, 2015 Keywords: cultural hegemony, Romanization, Roman baths, Gramsci Copyright © 2015, Diana Davis Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee, Brendan Cook, Daniel Belgrad, and Benjamin Goldberg, for their continuous guidance and patience through the thesis process. I would like to express my gratitude to Niki Kantzios for her encouragement and her awesome classes, which were the highlight of my college career. I would also like to thank my cohorts for the valuable discussions and constructive criticisms that helped me shape and improve my research.
    [Show full text]
  • Insanity in the Time of Rome UPDATED
    Insanity in the Time of Rome Credits Written & edited by Lauri Maijala Art by https://pixabay.com/ Additional Comments by Ville Halonen, Mikko Laitinen Proofreading by XXX XXXXX Play-testing by Mikko Laitinen, Akseli Leinonen, Ville Loponen, Lauri Maijala, Sami Villa Original Work by Matthjis Holter, Jason Morningstar Insanity in the Time of Rome by Lauri Maijala 2016 http://blog.guildredemund.net “To those the Fate has touched: many good wishes! First of all I hope you are in good health and that things are going well for you. I thank the Gods for saving me right off when I was in danger at sea but now the oracles have told me that I will pass from this realm. Please arrive to me, most trusted of Gods, for I will host one last banquet in Their name, and name my successor from amongst you before I perish. All my best!” W h i l e t h e hor de s of bar bar i an s advance to Rome strangers meet at the strangest villa for one final grasp for power. Alliances - intimate and political - must be forged. Who emerge victorious? ABOUT THIS GAME Insanity in the time of Rome is a story game for three to six players. Each player controls one of the characters in a maddening orgy at the end of the Roman Empire. The barbarians are at the gates of the eternal city but the characters are still grasping for personal gain and power. It is most likely that not all of the characters survive this story - but is up to the players to tell that story and find out what happens.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84032-3 - Bathing in the Roman World Fikret Yegul Index More information index Aelius Aristides, 3, 10, 51 Antiochia-ad-Cragnum, Baths I-2A (“hall aleipterion, 16, 245 type”), 178 Alexander Severus, 12, 26, 33, 107, apodyterium, 13, 15, 46, 53, 71, 76, 113, 125 169, 182, 196, 245 Alexanria Troas, Large Apollodorus of Damasacus, 104, 109–10, Bath-Gymnasium, 167–9 112, 125, 155 Allianoi, 50–1, see also thermal baths Aquae Sulis (Bath, England), 2, 14, 89, Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence, 6, 8, 27, 29 223 Alonnes (Le Mans, France), 32 aqueducts, 8, 92, 98–100, 219, 246 Alousia, or “the state of being Arycanda, Large Baths, 174–7 unwashed,” Christian concept, 206, Asclepius, 50, 76, 128 220–1, 245 Asia Minor, 44, 134, 154–6, 176, ambulacrum, 76–7, 168–9, 180, 245 180 Anemurium baths and gymnasia in, 154–80 Large Baths (III-2B), 176–7 bath-gymnasium type, 155–8 Baths II-11B (“hall type”), 178 Kaisersaal (imperial hall) and Imperial Baths II-7A (“hall type”), 178–9 Cult, 160, 164–7, 176, see also Ankara (Ankyra, Turkey), Hadrianic- ‘bath-gymnasium’ Cankirikapi Baths, 83, 85, 90 assa sudatio, 46, 246 Anonymous Destailleur, 112 Augustus, 11, 42, 44, 58, 121–2, 188, Antioch, 3, 18, 33, 49, 98, 179, 181–2, 219, 248 188–9, 196 Aulus Gellius, 38 “baths of the eighteen clans,” 189 Bath C, 189–91, 195–6 Babiska, Syria, Large and Small Baths, Bath E, 190–92 191, 193–5, 207, 210 Baths of Ardaburius, depiction in a Baden-Baden, Germany, 223 mosaic, 189 Baiae, spa and thermal complex, 27, Commodiana (Baths of Commodus), 49–51,
    [Show full text]
  • Augustus and Auctoritas
    Augustus and Auctoritas Lea Cantor University of Cambridge Classics Department Class of 2017 Abstract: This paper addresses the Republican precedent for Augustan auctoritas, with a particular focus on its role in legitimizing near-absolute rule in a State which continued to refer to itself as a res publica, and to its leader as an exceptionally authoritative princeps. If Augustan rule cannot reasonably be described as Republican in nature, much of the terminology used in the Res Gestae—be it in reference to the State (the res publica), to personal auctoritas, or to the role of a princeps—is strikingly Republican in origin. Although Augustus himself is careful not to use phrases such as res publica restituta or res publica reddita,1 the settlement of 13 January 27 B.C. was meant to convey a restoration of the res publica. Augustus’s intention to maintain at least an illusion of compliance with Republican principles2 starkly contrasts the lack of concern which Julius Caesar had shown as dictator for keeping up a pro-Republican profile. Instead, Augustus treads a careful line between expressing Republican sentiment and allowing such a political implication to be drawn from his actions. Even if one understands res publica as “the State,” “the Commonwealth” or, most literally, “the public thing,” the inevitable association of the term with a long tradition of Republican politics should not be downplayed. It was in looking to the past—to the mos maiorum (“nullum magistratum contra morem maiorum delatum recepi”)3—that Augustus claimed to have rebuilt a functional state, rooted out corruption, and put a definitive end to the chaos brought about by approximately 150 years of civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Select Republican Political Institutions in Outline
    ____ APPENDIX: SELECT REPUBLICAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN OUTLINE (300 before 81; 600 down to 45 Bc; then 900 until SENATE. The main consiliu,’n (“advisory body”) of magistrates, itself consisting mainly of ex-magistrates step aside for others. What the Senate decided Augustus reduced it again to 600). The most senior magistrate available in Rome usually presided, but could the Senate long guided state administration and policy e,zatu.s consultant, abbreviated SC) was strictly only a recommendation to magistrates. But in actual fact, of imperium, triumphs; also the state religion, finance, and preliminary iii almost all matters, including wars, allocation of provinces, (eventually) all extensions in which case it is called patrum auctoritas. The 1isiussion of legislative bills, A SC could be vetoed (by a consul acting against his colleague, or by a tribune), more than advice. SC riltirnurn, first passed in 121, was employed in cases of extreme crisis, but again technically was no ASSEMBLIES (U: POPULUS. COMPOSED OF BOTH PATRICIANS AND PLEBEJANS (NON-PATRICIANS). cum imperia. Gave “military auspices” to consuls, praetors once elected by the Centuriate Assembly; also to dictators, non-magistrates was a consul (or sometimes apparently a practor); in Aserubly Validated in some way the powers of lower magistrates (aediles, quaestors). Its president curiae (“wards”) of the city. (c mitia Cicero’s day, it was enough for a lictor symbolically to represent each of the 30 voting (‘101010) (“infantry”), the latter divided into five classes, Centuriate Originally the army, which had centuriae as its constituent units. Equites (“cavalry”) and pedites A of these 193 voting units, not absolute A ,seni hlv ranked by census wealth, totalled 188 centuries; added to those were five unarmed centuries.
    [Show full text]