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Aelius Aristides, 3, 10, 51 Antiochia-ad-Cragnum, Baths I-2A (“hall aleipterion, 16, 245 type”), 178 Alexander Severus, 12, 26, 33, 107, apodyterium, 13, 15, 46, 53, 71, 76, 113, 125 169, 182, 196, 245 Alexanria Troas, Large Apollodorus of Damasacus, 104, 109–10, Bath-Gymnasium, 167–9 112, 125, 155 Allianoi, 50–1, see also thermal baths Aquae Sulis (Bath, England), 2, 14, 89, Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence, 6, 8, 27, 29 223 Alonnes (Le Mans, France), 32 aqueducts, 8, 92, 98–100, 219, 246 Alousia, or “the state of being Arycanda, Large Baths, 174–7 unwashed,” Christian concept, 206, Asclepius, 50, 76, 128 220–1, 245 Asia Minor, 44, 134, 154–6, 176, ambulacrum, 76–7, 168–9, 180, 245 180 Anemurium baths and gymnasia in, 154–80 Large Baths (III-2B), 176–7 bath-gymnasium type, 155–8 Baths II-11B (“hall type”), 178 Kaisersaal (imperial hall) and Imperial Baths II-7A (“hall type”), 178–9 Cult, 160, 164–7, 176, see also Ankara (Ankyra, Turkey), Hadrianic- ‘bath-gymnasium’ Cankirikapi Baths, 83, 85, 90 assa sudatio, 46, 246 Anonymous Destailleur, 112 Augustus, 11, 42, 44, 58, 121–2, 188, Antioch, 3, 18, 33, 49, 98, 179, 181–2, 219, 248 188–9, 196 Aulus Gellius, 38 “baths of the eighteen clans,” 189 Bath C, 189–91, 195–6 Babiska, Syria, Large and Small Baths, Bath E, 190–92 191, 193–5, 207, 210 Baths of Ardaburius, depiction in a Baden-Baden, Germany, 223 mosaic, 189 Baiae, spa and thermal complex, 27, Commodiana (Baths of Commodus), 49–51, 189, 204, 223, see also 188 thermal baths “social halls” in baths, 182, 190–92 balaneion, 44, 52, 157, 246

251

252 index

ball games (pilae, pila paganica, pila Boscoreale, Villa Rustica, 47, 92 trigonalis, follies, harpastum), 15–6, Bosra, Syria, South Baths, 190, 196–7 102 Brad, Syria, Small Baths, 194–5, 207, 210 balneae and (or versus) thermae, 9, 48–9, 67, 101–2, 184 Caliph al-Walid II, 212, see also, balneae pensiles “hanging ﬂoors,” 82, Khirbat al-Mafjar 246 Caliph Hisham, 210 balneae versus thermae, 48–9, 101 Carthage, Tunisia, Antonine Thermae, Barsanuphius on bathing, 204 138–9 basilica thermarum, 63, 76, 142, 146, castellum aquae, 99–100, 246 246 Celsus, 77, 94, 222–3, 246 bathing, 1–4 Cemenelum (Nice, France), North Baths, eating and drinking, 19–20, 26 East Baths and West baths, 60–1 ethical and moral concerns about, Cherchel (Iol, Algeria), Small Baths, 146 22–7, 38 Christianity and bathing, 171, 188, exercise as a prelude to, 14–6, 120–2 201–204, 206, 220–22 games, 14–5 transformation of baths, 197–99, see garments of, 12, 28–9, 225 also, alousia luxuries of, 8–9, 23–4 Cicero, 29–30, 40, 224 mixed bathing (women), 33–4 Cilicia (Rough Cilicia), baths, 158, night bathing, 12 176–80, 182, 188, 196 nudity, 6, 27–9, 30–1, 33, 37, 41, 182, cleanliness and bathing, see Postclassical 214, see also nudity bathing in Europe objection to by the Early Church, 182, Commodus, 25, 188 202–4 Conimbriga (near Coimbra, Portugal), order (routine) of, 12, 17–8 South Baths, 64–5 paraphernelia of, 12–3 Constantine the Great, 117, 119, 171, popularity of, 2, 5, 9, 37, 41 183–4, 186 Seneca’s criticism (moralizing), 23–7, Constantinople (Istanbul) 41, see also Seneca baths general, 183–4 sunbathing, 18 Baths of Helena, 186 swimming, 8, 16, 21, 121, 182, 223–4 Baths of Oikonomon, 186 time of, 11–12, 33–4 Kalenderhane Camii Baths, 183, 185 baths neighborhood baths, 186–8 “People’s Palaces,” 8, 102 Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae business venture, 9 (Regionary Catalogues), 3, 183 cultural institution, 1–5 Thermae of Zeuxippos, 183–7, 200 democratic institution, 34–9 Curia Athletarum (Curia of the Athletes), doctors in, 9 in the Thermae of Trajan, 122–3 emperor visiting, 34–5 entertainment in, 18–9 De Balneis Puteolanis, 205, 247 lighting of, 24 De Nouy, Jean Lecomte, The White luxury of interiors, 7–8, 10, 23–4, 36, Slave, 1888, 227–8 126–7, 199, 214, 224 deforestation, caused by baths, 90 noises in (Seneca’s description), 20–1 Delphi, Hellenistic Gymnasium, 42–3 origins and development of, 40–7, 50, Demetrius the Cynic, 24, see also Rome, 84–6, 96–7 Thermae of Nero sex and sexuality in, 24, 27–8, 30–3, Derventum (Drevant, France), Second 214–15, 224–30, see also nudity Baths, 59, 62 “single-row” type bath plan, 54–6, destrictorium, 16 68–9, see also Dio Cassius, 33, 105, 107, 109, 245 Pompeian/Campanian baths Djemila (Cuicul, Algeria), Large Baths, stealing in, 14 141–4 uncouth behavior in, 25–6 Dougga (Thugga, Tunisia), Baths of boilers, 46–7, 86, 91–4 Licinius, 98, 141–4

index 253

Dura Europos, Syria, Baths E-3,M-7, Herod’s Baths in the Winter Palace, E-3, 190–1, 196, 207 Jericho, 58 Herodotus and the ‘Baths of Scythians,’ Eastern baths, general, 182–3, 194–5, 94 199–201, 218, 228 Horace, 25, 40–1 Elizabeth of Valois, on medical bathing, hypocaust, 46, 52–3, 55, 81–7, 89, 94, 221–22 96, 209, 217, 248 Ephesus, 156–8, 160, 165, 170, 180, 200 East Bath-Gymnasium, 167–8 Imperial thermae, 7, 10, 16, 48, 96, 101, Harbor Bath-Gymnasium, 160–1, 171 103–05, 114, 126–32, 199 Kaisersaal (Imperial Hall), 163–6 art and artwork in, 123, 125, 128 Porticoes of Verulanus, 160, 171 athletic clubs in, 122–3 Scholastika Baths, 169 costs of building, 116, 118 Theater Baths, 167 experience and reception of, 126–32 Vedius Bath-Gymnasium, 161–4 gymnastic uses of, 120 Epiphanius, on bathing, 205 libraries in, 123–26 planning of, 96, 103–5 farm baths, Italy, 45–7, 50 see also Rome fashion and bathing, see Postclassical Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, The bathing in Europe Turkish Bath, 1862, 226, 229 Finnish sauna, 1 Isca (Caerleon, England), Legionary Fregellae, Republican Baths, xii, 32, Baths, 62–3 51–2, 54–5, 66, 84, 86–7 Islamic baths and bathing Frontinus and De Aquis, 99, 247 general, 191, 201, 206–11 transformation of baths, 197–99, 219 Galen, 15, 222–3, 247 Isthmia, Hadrianic Baths in the Sanctuary Gerome, Jean-Leon, The Bath,c.1880–5, of Poseidon, 178, 211 227 Iuventus, Collegio Iuventum, 121, 248 Gisacum (Vieil-Evreux, France), 32, 62 Glanum (Saint-Remy-de-Provence, Japanese sento, 1 France), 59 Jerash (Gerasa, Jordan), West Baths, 197 Greek baths, 41–5, 96 Juvenal, 16, 27 Greek gymnasium, 14–5, 29, 41–5, 120–22, 126, 155–7 Karanis, Egypt, South Baths, 146–7 gymnastics, 9, 15, 43, 120–1, 123, 182, Khirbat al-Mafjar, Syria, Umayyad 205, 230 palace and bath, 209–11, see also, majlis al-lahwa Hammam al-Sarah, Syria, Baths and Hunting Lodge, 207, 210 labrum, 29, 43, 47, 54–5, 248 hammam (hamam, inTurkish), 1, 188, laconicum, 17, 43, 46, 53, 55–6, 60, 229–30, 248 94–7, 159, 217, 248 “hall type” baths (bath plans), 178–80, Lambaesis, Algeria, Legionary Baths, 92, 182 95, 97 Hammat Gader (Golan Heights), thermal Lanciani, Rodolfo, 34 baths, 205 Las Vegas, comparison to Roman “hanging ﬂoors,” bath heating, see Imperial thermae, 130–1 balneae pensiles lavatrina, 46, 50, 248 heating systems of Roman baths, 41, 46, Lepcis Magna, Libya 49, 52, 80–94, 98, 217, see also Hadrianic Baths, 76, 100, 136–8 hypocaust Hunting Baths, 36, 93, 147–50 Herculaneum Nymphaeum, 138 Forum Baths, 32, 56–7 Libanius, 3, 189, see also Antioch Gymnasium, 16 libraries in baths, 2, 101, 112, 123–6, Suburban Baths, 19, 31–2 see also Imperial thermae and Rome Hermeneumata Ps Dositheana, 3–4, 16 loutron, 42–3, 248

254 index

Lucan, 121 Oued Athmenia, Algeria, Baths of Lucian and Baths of Hippias, 14, 74–9, Pompeianus, 151–3 248 Ovid, 32, 40–1 Lugdunum Convenarum (Saint-Bertrand- de-Comminges, France), North Paris Baths, 59 baths, postclassical, 217, 218, 223–5 Lycia, asymmetrical bath plans, 155, Bains Tivoli, “prenuptial baths,” 224 158, 173–6, 178 Bains Vigier, 224 Gymnase du Champs Elysees, 224, Mactar (Mactaris, Tunisia), Large East 229–30 Baths, 140–1 Hotel Lambert pool and baths, 224–5 Magnesia-on-the-Meander, 19, North (Cluny) Baths, 36, 200 158 River Baths at Pont Royal, 224 majlis-al-lahwa, 211–12, see also Islamic Pergamon baths and bathing East Baths, 83–4 Malalas, 3, 188–9, see also Antioch Hellenistic Gymnasium, 44 Martial, 5, 8, 11, 14–5, 19–20, 25–6, 30, Peter of Eboli and De Balneis Puteolanis, 36, 48, 74, 106–7, 121 205, 247, see also thermal baths and men’s baths (balneum virile), 33, 38 Baiae Metallum Vipascen se, see Vipascum Petronius and Satyricon, 14 Miletus Philip the Arab, Roman emperor, 197 Baths (Thermae) of Faustina, 157, Phinehas ben Yar, Hebrew Father, on 168–71, 184 cleanliness as godliness, 222 Baths of Vergilius Capito, 157–60 pilae (pillars), 82–4, 249, see also Hellenistic Gymnasium, 120, 156, hypocaust 159–60 Pisanella, Villa of Poppidius Florus, 47 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 228–30, Plautus, 32, 40, 216 see also, Orientalism Pliny the Elder, 24–6, 30, 50, 84 Musa, Antonio, 219 Pliny the Younger, 12, 25–6, 77–8, 155, 157 natatio, 16, 53, 57, 59, 64, 98, 100, 106, Plutarch, 29–30 109, 112, 114–8, 131, 138, Pompeii 140–1152, 248, see also bathing, Campanian bath type, 32, 47, 52, 55, swimming, swimming pool 58–64, 120, see also ‘single-axis North Africa type’ bath types, 134–6 Central Baths, 32, 57–8 creative plans of baths, 145–6, 150–3 Forum Baths, 23, 32, 55–6, 86 nudity in baths, 6, 27–33, 37, 41, 120, House of the Labyrinth, baths, 46 214 House of the Faun, 46 Christian opposition to, 182, 206 Republican Baths, 32, 55 paintings from the balneum in Piazzale Stabian Baths, 13, 17, 23, 32, 52–4, Cinquecento, Rome, 28–30, 31 82, 84, 86, 92–4, 96–8 Nymphaea (and water shows) in baths, Suburban Baths, 57 98, 115, 131 Pope Gregory IV, Lateran Baths, 202 Pope Gregory the Great, 204 Oenoanda, Large Baths MK1, 174–5 Pope Hadrian I, 203 Orientalism, baths and bathing, 225–30, Postclassical bathing in Europe, general, see also Montagu, Lady Mary 213–25 Wortley cleanliness and bathing, xii, 219–22, Ostia 230 baths general, 69–71 fashion and bathing, 219–20, 223 Baths of the Swimmers, 69–70 hygiene and bathing, 214, 218–21, Forum Baths, 68–70, 78, 140 230 Mithras Baths, 98 Middle Ages and Renaissance, bathing, Neptune Baths, 70–1 214–22

index 255

praefurnium (furnace), 82, 89–90, 249, Sardis see also heating systems Imperial Bath-Gymnasium, 126–7, Punishment of Dirce (“Farnese Bull”), 157, 161–7, 170–2 128–9, see also Thermae of Marble Court (Imperial Hall), Caracalla 164–7, 172 PBS-Nova Baths, 80–1, 89 Qasr al-Amra, Jordan, Baths and Synagogue, 172 Hunting Lodge, 191, 206–8, Scipio’s Baths, 13–4, 23–4, 41, 46, 73 paintings in, 207–10, 249 Scriptores Historiae Augustae (Lives of Qasr al-Hayr East, Syria, Umayyad the Emperors), 25 Baths, social hall in, 207 Seneca, 5, 10, 20–1, 23–4, 26, 41, 74, 78, Quintilian, 30 86–7, 97–8, 106, 216 Septimius Severus, 110, 136, 138, 165 Rome Serdjilla, Syria, baths and inn, 191–5, Aqua Antoniana, 100, 115–16 210 Aqua Virgo, 8 Sergius Orata, 84–6, 249, see also Balneum Surae, 67–8 hypocaust and heating systems Balneum at Piazza Cinquecento Shehba (Philippopolis), Syria, Imperial (Esquiline), Rome, xii, 28–9, 31 Baths, 197 baths and thermae, general, 2–3, 8, Sidonius Apollinaris, 124 34–5, 40, 48, 66–9, 101–4, 200–1, social halls in baths, 190–5, 205, 207, see also Rome, Imperial thermae 210–2, see also “hall type” baths Baths of Claudius Etruscus, 8, 36, 76, Statius, 8, 36, 76 (see also Statius) Strabo, 42, 94 Forma Urbis (Marble Plan) baths, strigil, 12–3, 16, 123, 249 67–9, 108 sudatorium, 17, 249 Imperial thermae, general, 96, 101–5, Suetonius, 6, 35, 107 118, 120, 126–32, 147, 197 suspensurae, 82–3, 250, see also pilae Lateran Palace baths, 202 and balneae pensiles Notitia Urbis Regionum (Regionary swimming pool, 57, 62, 76, 109, 141, Catalogues), 3, 48 160, 168, 186, 202, 212, see also origins of baths in, 32, 40, 66 natatio Pope Hilary’s baths, 200 Syedra, Baths II-1A (“hall type”), 178, Stagnum, 106, Euripus Canal, 106 see also Cilicia Thermae (Baths) of Agrippa, 105–7, Syrian baths, general, 192–4, 196–8, 197 205–12 Thermae of Caracalla, 90, 100, early Islamic baths, 207–11 110–18, 123, 125, 128–9, 197 Thermae of Constantine, 117–19 tegulae mammatae, 46, 86–8, 250 Thermae of Diocletian, 117–18, 124, Termessus, bath-gymnasium complex 198, 202–3 (“gymnasium”), 173–4 Thermae of Nero, 24, 104, 107, testudines alveolorum, 92–4, 250 122–4 Thenae, Tunisa, Small Baths, 150–1 Thermae of Titus, 63, 107–8 Thermae, see, Rome, baths and thermae Thermae of Trajan, 99–100, 107–110, and Imperial thermae 122–23, 125 thermal baths, spas, 19, 49–51, 89, Thermae of Trajan Decius, 117 204–5, 223, 247, see also Baiae, Ulpian Libraries (in Trajan’s Thermae), Allianoi Hammat Gader, and De 124–5 Balneis Puteolanis Tiddis (Castellum Tidditanorum, Sagalassus, Large Baths Algeria), cisterns, 98–9 (bath-gymnasium), colossal imperial Timgad (Thamugadi, Algeria), 3, 102 portraits, 169, 176 Large North Baths, 90–1, 93 Saint Jerome, injunction against bathing, Large South Baths, 133–5 201, 206 Small Central Baths, 147

256 index

tintinnabulum, 17, 250 Vipascum, Portugal, mine town bath Tivoli (Tibur, Italy) inscription, 33–4, 250 Baths with Heliocaminus, 18 Vitruvius, 32, 42–4, 46, 54–5, 79, 82, Hadrians Villa, 71–4, 153 91–2, 94, 95–6, 220 Large Baths, 18, 71–2 Small Baths, 72–4, 140, 144, 148 wall heating systems of Roman baths, 55, Trajan, 99, 122, 155, 157 86–9 Trier (Augusta Treverorum, Germany) water supply systems of Roman baths, 9, Barbara Thermae, 83 54, 95, 97–100, 114–16, 181, Imperial Thermae, 90–1, 102, 118, 199 200 Wesley, John, Methodist sermon on tubuli (box tiles), 83, 87–9, 250 “cleanliness is next to godliness,” 222 unctorium, 16, 250 Wiesbaden, Germany, 223 women in baths, 27, 30–1, 33, Varro, 32, 66 separation of sexes, 32–5, see also, Velleia, Rebublican Baths, 32, 62 sex, nudity in baths Vichy, France, 223 women’s baths (balneum muliebre, Vindonissa (Windisch, Switzerland), balnea feminarum), 33, 54, 228–9, Legionary Baths, 62 246