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Marine Pollution Dr. Geert Potters Marine Pollution 2 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution 1st edition © 2013 Dr. Geert Potters & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-0540-1 3 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution Contents Contents List of tables 7 List of figures 9 Foreword 12 1 What is pollution? 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.2 Definitions 16 1.3 Classification of pollution forms 16 1.4 Sources 19 1.5 Read more? 28 2 How to measure pollution 30 2.1 Measuring pollution is more difficult than you think 30 2.2 Measuring toxicity the classical way 40 2.3 Using biological responses as a marker for pollution 48 GET THERE FASTER Some people know precisely where they want to go. Others seek the adventure of discovering uncharted territory. Whatever you want your professional journey to be, Oliver Wyman is a leading global management consulting firm that combines you’ll find what you’re looking for at Oliver Wyman. deep industry knowledge with specialized expertise in strategy, operations, risk management, organizational transformation, and leadership development. With Discover the world of Oliver Wyman at oliverwyman.com/careers offices in 50+ cities across 25 countries, Oliver Wyman works with the CEOs and executive teams of Global 1000 companies. DISCOVER An equal opportunity employer. OUR WORLD 4 Click on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution Contents 2.4 Molecular effects: single biomarkers 49 2.5 Modern technology: ecotoxicogenomics 58 2.6 Modifications to tissues and organs 69 2.7 Biomarkers on the organismal level 73 2.8 Effects on ecosystems 86 2.9 Read more? 92 3 Inorganic pollutants 101 3.1 Inorganic nutrients and eutrophication 101 3.2 Carbon dioxide and ocean acidification 114 3.3 Metal pollution 118 3.4 Read more? 131 4 Oil and organic pollution 134 4.1 The polluting organic chemicals 134 4.2 Oil spills 134 4.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 150 4.4 Halogenated hydrocarbons 155 4.5 Read more? 175 5 Click on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution Contents 5 Newer forms of pollution 183 5.1 Plastics 183 5.2 Noise pollution: the death of a thousand cuts 191 5.3 Hitching a ride: invasive species 203 5.4 Read more? 209 6 Policy and pollution 212 6.1 The How and Why of pollution: The Tragedy of the Commons 212 6.2 The Oceans as Commons 213 6.3 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 218 6.3 MARPOL 73/78: it all started with oil pollution measures… 220 6.4 The MARPOL Annexes: beyond oil pollution 223 6.5 Read more? 229 7 Envoi 230 8 Endnotes 231 In the past four years we have drilled 81,000 km That’s more than twice around the world. Who are we? We are the world’s leading oilfield services company. Working globally—often in remote and challenging locations—we invent, design, engineer, manufacture, apply, and maintain technology to help customers find and produce oil and gas safely. Who are we looking for? We offer countless opportunities in the following domains: n Engineering, Research, and Operations n Geoscience and Petrotechnical n Commercial and Business If you are a self-motivated graduate looking for a dynamic career, apply to join our team. What will you be? careers.slb.com 6 Click on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution List of tables List of tables Table 1-1. Types, sources, and effects of marine pollution Table 2-1. Examples of the speciation of mercury(II)hydroxide and the associated equilibrium constant for each reaction Table 2-2. Dissociation constants of metal organic complexes in seawater Table 2-3 GESAMP evalution system for hazardous chemicals Table 2-4. Variation in biomagnification studies Table 2-5. Acute histological changes in the gills of Mytilus edulis Table 2-6. A summary of the reviewed histocytological biomarkers Table 2-7. A number of well-known examples of hormones. Table 2-8. Overview of potential pseudohormones and hormone antagonists Table 2-9. Tributyltin (TBT) – harmful effects on the environment (IMO,2002) Table 2-10. Sexual behaviour changes of male medakas treated with TBT and/or PCBs Table 2-11. Study of metal pollution and ecosystem structure in Seoul, Korea Table 3-1. Major forms of nitrogen in the ocean Table 3-2. pH changes since the Industrial Revolution Table 3-3. Essential metals for living organisms on Earth Table 3-4. Metal emissions into the atmosphere (in kiloton year-1) Table 3-5. Examples of smallest and largest concentrations of several non-essential metals Table 3-6. Mercury in tissue samples from Minamata. Table 4-1. Concentration ranges of some organic contaminants in marine organisms Table 4-2. Average composition of mineral oil Table 4-3. Types of oil and their physical properties Table 4-4. Major oil spills since 1967 Table 4-5. Incidence of spills Table 4-6. Classification of shorelines in order of increasing vulnerability to oil spills damage Table 4-7. Physio-chemical properties of selected PAHs Table 4-8. Half lifes of different PAHs under different conditions Table 4-9. The history of DDT: curiosity, common usage, catastrophe Table 4-10. The “Dirty Dozen” Table 4-11. Atmospheric and river input of different halogenated hydrocarbons into the ocean (in tons/year) Table 4-12. Persistence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in agricultural soils. Table 4-13. Concentrations of some polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides Table 4-14. Behavioural responses in Etroplus maculatus exposed to lindane Table 4-15. Correlation between parasitic infection and exposure to organohalogens Table 4-16. Organochlorine concentrations in organisms from the Barents Sea Table 4-17. Genes affected by two types of polychlorinated biphenyl exposures 7 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution List of tables Table 4-18. Thyroid hormones changes due to exposure to PCBs Table 5-1. Biodegradation time for frequently used objects. Table 5-2. Density of the Medium, Speed of sound, and acoustic impedance Table 5-3. Sound wave reflection coefficients (with respect to seawater) Table 5-4. Sounds from marine organisms Table 5-5. Distribution of commercial ships according to their type and size in 2011 Table 5-6. Summary of sound frequencies produced by shipping traffic and their source levels. Table 6-1. Borders at sea Table 6-2. Appendix to Annex III Table 6-3. MARPOL garbage disposal criteria (from 2013 onwards) Table 6-4. NOx limits in function of engine performance. Table 6-5. Special areas according to the different MARPOL Annexes. 8 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution List of figures List of figures Figure 1-1. Share of the different sources of pollution into the marine environment Figure 1-2. Inputs of pollution into the marine environment Figure 1-3. Biofouling organisms Figure 1-4. Pollution finds its way off the ship Figure 1-5. Imposex in dog whelks Figure 1-6. Hydrothermal circulation Figure 2-1. Processes influencing the availability of a chemical compound in an ecosystem Figure 2-2. Several physicochemical and biological transformations of As in a marine ecosystem Figure 2-3. Schematic representation of the process of biomagnification Figure 2-4. Biomagnification of DDT in an aquatic food chain Figure 2-5. The different biological hierarchical levels of impact of a pollutant Figure 2-6. Typical test organisms in a toxicological test Figure 2-7. The position of the LD50 or median lethal dose on a toxicity curve Figure 2-8. Definition for NOAEL and LOAEL on the basis of the toxicity curve Figure 2-9. Reaction path of the cytochrome P450 Figure 2-10. Cytochrome P450 is activated after hydrocarbon exposure Figure 2-11. Glutathione: the tripeptide γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine Figure 2-12. UDP-Glucose Figure 2-13. Expression of metallothioneins in gills of Sinopotamon yangtsekiense exposed to Cd Figure 2-14. Phytochelatin (n lies between 2 and 10) Figure 2-15. Effect of pollution on biomarkers in mussels collected in South Brazil Figure 2-16. The different metabolic pathways from dioxygen to water Figure 2-17. Molecular structures of ascorbic acid (top) and alpha-tocopherol (bottom) Figure 218. Malondialdehyde Figure 2-19. The different branches of ecotoxicogenomics Figure 2-20. Molecular structures of dyes cyanine-3 and cyanine-5 Figure 2-21. Schematic representation of a microarray experiment Figure 2-22. Example of a transcriptome study on a marine diatom Figure 2-23. Examples of protein phosphorylation Figure 2-24. Alternative protein modificators Figure 2-25. 2D gel electrophoresis Figure 2-26. Proteome study methods Figure 2-27. Ecotoxicological proteome analysis Figure 2-28 Healthy (left) and necrotic gill tissue in the crab Cancer irroratus exposed to sewage sludge. Taken from Young and Pearce (1975) Figure 2-29. Inflammatory responses in mussels living in polluted water 9 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Marine Pollution List of figures Figure 2-30. Hans Selye (left) and his General Adaptation Syndrome model (right) Figure 2-31. Hormesis: growth stimulation by stress Figure 2-32. SFG of mussels Figure 2-33. Scope for growth (SFG) and cellular energy allocation (CEA) of Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea) following exposure to chlorpyrifos Figure 2-34. Effect of pollution on Scope for Growth Figure 2-35. Atlantic salmon smolt with spinal deformities Figure 2-36. Action of hormones (left), pseudohormones (middle) and hormone antagonists (right) Figure 2-37. The typical female (left) and male (right) sex hormones in vertebrates Figure 2-38. Tributyltin Figure 3-1. The terrestric nitrogen cycle Figure 3-2.
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