Transmission Diagnosis | Glue & Stick |

NissanTechNewsSummer2012:MarchStarTuned2005 9/14/12 5:22 PM Page 1

Summer 2012 | Volume 5 | Issue 2

Brought to you by your local Wholesale Mechanical and Collision Repair Network Dealers NissanTechNewsSummer2012:MarchStarTuned2005 9/14/12 5:22 PM Page 2 NissanTechNewsSummer2012:MarchStarTuned2005 9/14/12 5:22 PM Page 3

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | Summer 2012 | Volume 5 Issue 2 ®

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News is a publication of Nissan North America. No part of this newslet- ter may be reproduced without the express writ- ten permission of Nissan North America. |Contents Group Publisher Christopher M. Ayers Jr. [email protected] Features Editorial Director Bob Freudenberger 04 | Leaf [email protected] Nissan’s all-electric LEAF incorporates both Managing Editor new and existing technologies. This article will Tom Nash [email protected] familiarize readers with the unique features and design of this car, and provide insight into its Contributing Editors expected maintenance and service needs in the Bob Chabot [email protected] future. Paul Cortes [email protected] 14 | Automatic Phil Fournier Transmission Failure [email protected] Christian Strohm Diagnosis [email protected] Modern automatic transmission failure diagnosis can Art Director be daunting. Use these easy methods for testing the Jef Sturm suspected component or system, research the [email protected] specific service information – and apply a little Nissan North America logic – and you’ll get the job done faster and more Project Manager accurately. Don Meier [email protected] 20 | Glue & Stick Nissan North America Technical Content Advisors Hot on the heels of advanced high-strength steels and Edwin J. Hibma alloys, vehicle structures are now incorporating more [email protected] thermoplastic, carbon fiber and other composite mate- James Von Ehr rials. The ongoing quest for lighter vehicle weight, per- [email protected] formance without compromise, improved safety and Editorial and lower manufacturing costs is driving the shift to these Circulation Offices: new materials. 134B River Road Montague, NJ 07827 26 | Electronic Power Phone: 330.620.3929 Website: www.mastertechmag.com Assist Caution: Vehicle servicing performed by untrained persons Electronic power steering systems (EPS) are could result in serious injury to those persons or others. now more common than ever on newer Nissan Information contained in this publication is intended for use by trained, professional auto repair technicians ONLY. This infor- vehicles. This article covers the three types mation is provided to inform these technicians of conditions Nissan uses for its EPS, a discussion of its which may occur in some vehicles or to provide information advantages, and tips for diagnosis and repair. which could assist them in proper servicing of these vehicles. Properly trained technicians have the equipment, tools, safety instructions, and know-how to perform repairs correctly Department and safely. If a condition is described, DO NOT assume that a topic covered in these pages automatically applies to your | 27 Nissan & Infiniti Dealer Listings vehicle or that your vehicle has that condition.

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Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature

| New Growth: The Nissan LEAF

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The LEAF was introduced in 2011 as Nissan’s pio- Nissan’s all-electric neer vehicle for the future of electric cars. It has a dis- tinctive body design not based on any other platform in LEAF incorporates the Nissan fleet, giving it a road presence unlike any other compact car. Prominent LED headlights and a long LED cluster tail light, coupled with blue-chrome both new and existing accents make the LEAF impossible to confuse with other vehicles. plus, once you pop the hood, nearly the technologies. only thing that looks normal is the faux “valve cover.” Let’s take a closer look at the features of the new This article will LEAF to try to strip away some of the mystery. familiarize readers with the unique features and design of this car, and provide insight into its expected maintenance

and service needs The stylish faux valve cover is set on top of the inverter unit and creates a traditional engine in the future. bay appearance.

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Nissan & Infiniti The NIssan LEAF

Overview The traction motor takes the place of a conventional The LEAF is a front wheel-drive car, utilizing an all- engine, and generates torque from precisely-controlled electric three-phase traction motor and reduction gear electromagnetic fields. The motor is basically two pri- to drive the CV axles. The motor gets its power from a mary components: the permanent magnet rotor, and the lithium-ion battery pack composed of 48 modules in coil windings of the stator. Information about tempera- series, each containing four ture or speed sensor loca- laminated cells to produce a tions, cooling tubes, and total of 403V. A water- high-voltage connections, cooled inverter changes bat- or other specific compo- tery power as necessary nents can be found in the from DC to AC to drive the service manual. motor, and, likewise, from When three-phase AC motor-generated AC (from current is applied to the regenerative braking) to DC stator coil windings, a con- to charge the battery pack. trolled electromagnetic Regenerative battery charg- field is generated. This ing is achieved by converting field pulls on the perma- the kinetic energy of the nent magnet inside the already moving car into rotor, causing the rotor to power through induction chase the generated field. within the traction motor. The Vehicle Control The suspension is independ- Module (VCM) can create ent MacPherson struts in the a constantly rotating elec- front, and a solid I-beam in tromagnetic field using a the rear with shocks. rotor position (angle) sen- Steering input is rack and sor, much as an internal pinion, with an electronically- The traction motor consists of the combustion engine regu- controlled electric power stator core (1), coil windings (2), output lates ignition and fuel steering rack. It’s equipped shaft (3), rotor core (4) and permanent using crank and cam sen- with standard ABS using magnet (5). sors. The torque generat- four-wheel disc brakes. ed by the electric motor is Vehicle Dynamic Control approximately proportion- (VDC) is standard, and enhances safety and handling. al to the amperage of the current, whose frequency (or The instrument panel has two separate displays for pulse timing) affects the rotational velocity. Current the driver, showcasing unique LED styling for electric application is controlled by the VCM monitoring posi- power consumption, and Nissan’s usual dot-matrix infor- tion with the traction motor resolver and current flow mation screen. An integrated navigation unit comes from a sensor within the inverter. standard, using GPS and telematics to show the vehi- Some DTCs (Diagnostic Trouble Codes) will limit the cle’s estimated range and nearby quick charge locations. rotor rotational speed, the torque output of the motor, or both as a precaution. A P3240 “Drive Motor Current Powertrain Control Malfunction” may set if the VCM does not see expected changes in current application due to sensor The first description of the LEAF is invariably that it’s error or an internal problem. The LEAF requires a CON- “an electric car,” so we should begin with how it works SULT-III plus for diagnosis and repair. without an internal combustion engine. Like an internal combustion engine that performs

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differently according to changes in the intake charge modes, when the battery is at the fully charged state, and timing, an electric motor is dependent upon the fre- no regeneration is performed. This is to protect the quency and amperage of the supplied current. It is the battery from overcharging. job of the VCM and the inverter to create the equivalent The heart of the powertrain is the 403V Li-Ion battery of an intake charge for the traction motor. It does this pack, arranged beneath the floor of the leaf. Every cell of by adjusting voltage based the 48 modules is moni- on two calculated values: tored, and the CONSULT-III target force, and motor plus can display many rele- torque request signal. vant PIDs for the battery Because the resistance pack, such as module volt- within the system is con- ages, total voltages, charg- stant, changes in voltage ing/discharging voltage dif- affect amperage propor- ferences, and the four bat- tionally – think Ohm’s Law. tery temperature sensor Target force is based signals. Yes, if there is a upon sensor input from the battery cell malfunction, a accelerator pedal position, DTC will point directly at the vehicle speed, and shift problem cell. Considering position. Other systems like the pack weighs a total 648 ABS or VDC will send lbs., we should be thankful torque-down signals to the that any one of the modules VCM to reduce motor can be replaced in the torque output. Once deter- event of failure. mined, the VCM will com- The LEAF comes stan- mand the inverter to con- dard with two ways of vert DC from the battery charging the battery pack pack into AC of the specif- at home using domestic ic amperage (torque) and AC. The “Normal Charge” frequency (rotational This diagram indicates the location of the method requires profes- speed). Thanks to thermo- 403V lithium-ion battery pack (1) and the sional installation of a dynamics, this conversion service plug (2). 240V source at home, and work also generates heat achieving a full charge will which is transferred into take approximately six the cooling system and dissipated by the radiator in a hours. The “Trickle Charge” method will allow 120V traditional manner. household electricity to fully charge the battery in The LEAF also charges the battery by working in approximately 21 hours. The trickle charge method is the reverse of the above method. Instead of creating not recommended for normal use according to the synchronous electromagnetic fields, during regenera- Owner’s Manual, but can be useful when at a friend’s tion the outer field is maintained stationary. The rotor house. This charging method may use power a bit magnet moves through the field creating a current erratically, charging and discharging capacitors for flow by the electrical property of induction. This AC example, that may trip household breakers or cause current is captured by the inverter, converted to DC, other leaks to ground. Anecdotally, it appears that the and stored in the battery pack. The VCM performs the trickle charge is not recommended due to its unrelia- regenerative charge constantly at deceleration, effec- bility. Using the trickle charge method will not cause tively slowing the vehicle. In ECO mode, the LEAF will damage to the vehicle. It is best to follow Nissan’s rec- regenerate more aggressively; however, in both ommendation.

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Nissan & Infiniti The NIssan LEAF

The port on the left is for quick charge. Shown here, the LEAF is using the shop’s 240V to get a little charge while in for service.

An optional “Quick Charge” port can be installed in the Transmission and Drivetrain LEAF, allowing a zero to 80% State of Charge (SOC) in about 30 minutes. These high-powered stations are The LEAF does not have a CVT or planetary gear available in some locations, and can be found using the transmission, but rather a reduction gear that looks much LEAF’s navigational unit. However, repeated Quick like the gears in a shop roll-up gate. The electric motor Charging may shorten the lifespan of the battery pack. output speed and torque can be precisely controlled so Every 12 months, regardless of mileage, Nissan there is no need for a conventional transmission’s chang- requires the annual Battery Usage Report for warranty ing gear ratios. On top of the reduction gear housing is purposes. This must be done with the CONSULT-III where the electronic park position actuator lives, and a plus. We will discuss the report below in the mainte- parking pawl is found inside the case. The LEAF uses a nance section. unique parking feature, which can be set or released with

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the electric shift selector, which power of the regeneration inputs the command (park, drive or process by monitoring the AC reverse) to the shift control module.. generated – simply the inverse Once set, the BCM transmits the of how it calculates target motor ON/OFF command to the electron- speed and torque. ic shift control module. The shift Here’s how the LEAF comes control module alerts the VCM of to a stop. First, the Stroke the signal, then commands the Sensor in the brake pedal parking actuator to operate, which assembly measures the pedal will lock or unlock the parking pawl travel (driver input) and gives appropriately. This is the electric this information to the IBU con- parking brake in the rear wheels, trol module. From this input, and not the parking gear in the reducer, with data from CAN communi- and has nothing to do with shift cations about the vehicle speed, selection. The LEAF cannot be available cooperative regenera- shifted while in OFF or ACC modes. tion slowing force, and wheel The LEAF utilizes standard CV speed sensors, the IBU module axles, so periodic inspection and commands the brake actuator to repair of the boots as necessary develop required hydraulic pres- will ensure long axle life. sure within the brake master cylinder using the actuator Brake and Steering motor to control the master Systems cylinder piston. As the traction motor develops braking energy The basics of the LEAF’s brakes through regeneration, the VCM are what you already know and will transmit the regenerative understand from most other vehi- force to the IBU using the CAN cles: disc brakes using hydraulic bus. The IBU will then command caliper pistons. However, Nissan the master cylinder actuator to introduces an electronically-driven reduce hydraulic pressure in Intelligent Brake Unit (IBU) that response to traction motor brak- integrates the brake control mod- ing. If the lithium-ion battery is ule with the master cylinder and an fully charged, no regeneration electronic brake booster. will occur and hydraulic pressure Because the VCM can switch alone is used for braking. the role of the traction motor into In the event of an emergency a generator when not accelerat- power outage, the LEAF can still ing, the LEAF must account for provide friction braking. The IBU this behavior in braking. When fail-safe feature allows physical you try to separate two magnets, master cylinder control with the it requires effort; the same force The RE1F61A reduction gear input brake pedal. When the LEAF has also occurs during the induction gear has 17 teeth, connected to a no power, solenoids that would process within the electric motor, 31-tooth main gear, which outputs otherwise be energized default to effectively slowing the vehicle through another 17-tooth gear to a position that allows the pedal to down. This is called regenerative the large, 74-tooth final drive gear. directly interface with the master braking, and it can be used coop- The final gear ratio is 7.937. In this cylinder. For this reason, it is nec- eratively with the friction brakes diagram, (A) indicates the power essary to power off the LEAF to stop the car. The VCM can input direction and (B) indicates during brake fluid flush mainte- measure the exact stopping the power output flow. nance in order to bleed the lines.

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Nissan & Infiniti The NIssan LEAF

The Intelligent Brake Unit is not independently serviceable, but is monitored completely by the VCM and will report any malfunction using the MIL and dedicated bulb indicators.

The LEAF’s Electronically Controlled Power Steering input, the greater the amount of current supplied to the System (EPS) generates optimal power assist torque EPS motor for assist. Since electricity is only required when based on the load on the front wheels, steering wheel turn- assist is needed, the total draw on the 12V battery is ing torque, and vehicle speed. The EPS unit is attached to reduced. The EPS employs a reduction gear to properly the steering column, and its output shaft connects to a transmit output torque into the rack assembly. standard rack and pinion. During operation, sensors detect Diagnosis and repair of braking and steering systems the motion and torque of the steering column (driver input) must be done with the CONSULT-III plus. After compo- and the EPS module calculates the necessary assistive nent replacement, it is often necessary to perform cer- power using an electric motor within the EPS unit. tain special service requirements. For example: a zero- Therefore, the motor can provide a varying amount of point calibration can be performed for the EPS so the assist based on steering input: the greater the steering return-home position is learned.

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Restraint System Nissan terms the “A/C Auto Amp.” The electric A/C and Miscellaneous Accessories compressor uses high voltage input to power a three- phase motor in an identical manner to that of the main traction motor. The driver can determine his or her The LEAF is equipped with many of the safety fea- desired level of cooling, and the A/C Auto Amp will elec- tures modern consumers have come to expect: driver, tronically control the A/C compressor speed to generate passenger, side, and curtain air bags. The the target output temperature. Because the compressor Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) are controlled can be controlled independently of motor speed, the in a conventional fashion, utilizing G-sensors, yaw sen- system is inherently more efficient than a belt-driven unit sors, and crash sensors to logically determine whether on a conventional car. As the compressor draws power a crash has occurred, from what direction, and with from the high-voltage battery, it will decrease the overall what severity. Repairing the LEAF after a collision range of the LEAF and should be taken into account requires more diligence than normal due to the pres- when discussing the Battery Usage Report. ECO mode ence of high voltage. Follow the service manual guide- will automatically decrease the power available to the lines for properly disabling 12V and high voltage prior A/C compressor. to working on SRS components. An “alternator” is simulated by using an onboard DC to Air conditioning is controlled electronically by what DC charger, which lives in the DC/DC junction box. The

Stroke sensor Input u Electrically- Required braking v Regenerative braking driven VCM force operation force operation intelligent w brake v Hydraulic braking Regenerative braking Traction motor force operation force x y Master cylinder Hydraulic control pressure sensor 1 z Friction brake Hydraulic braking force This flow chart describes the (Caliper) logic behind the LEAF’s cooperative braking technology. Required braking force u Pedal input value v Required braking force w Regenerative braking force effective value Control signal flow x Target hydraulic braking force* Hydraulic pressure y Adjustment pressure F/B Braking force z Hydraulic pressure x Target hydraulic braking force =v Required braking force w Regenerative braking force effective value

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Nissan & Infiniti The NIssan LEAF

high-voltage battery pack will automatically supply power to charge the on-board 12V battery as necessary. When the vehicle is stored OFF for an extended time, the VCM will periodically charge the 12V battery for five minutes every few days. Nissan cautions LEAF owners not to leave the HV battery SOC above 80% when storing the vehicle as it can affect the longevity of the battery pack. High-voltage components generate heat. Except for the battery, this heat is handled using an aluminum core radiator and electric fans. Two electric water pumps are controlled by the VCM and set in series to operate together for redundancy. The VCM can control the amount of cooling by directly operating the water pump duty cycle. Sensors within the DC/DC junction box, traction motor, and on the inverter will report operating temperatures to the VCM. Use only Nissan genuine pre-mixed coolant (blue), and never use stop-leak additives because they can damage the electrical components.

Maintenance and Driver Conveniences

The LEAF is equipped with cellular telemetry, live updates, and remote control. This system is called CARWINGS. The telematics control unit (TCU) lives under the dash, near the right passenger kick panel. Communicate with the LEAF remotely using Nissan cautions service personnel who rely on cardiac SMS on a cell phone, or the internet and a sup- pacemakers or other life-support systems to be mind- port device. Shown here is the Apple iPad app. ful of the interference that the telematics antenna can cause. The LEAF is capable of using both Simple A LEAF high-voltage Lithium-Ion battery that is nearly Message System (SMS; colloquially called text mes- discharged will begin to limit power distribution to the saging) and Internet connectivity to provide drivers traction motor and A/C systems to increase range. The with basic status information and bi-directional control charge limitation indicator (“turtle light”) will turn on to of some systems. Once owners have registered their alert the driver that the LEAF will no longer accelerate at username and password, they can use a supported the same rate. The Owner’s Manual warranty supple- device such as an iPad to check battery SOC, monitor ment will include emergency contacts for road-side and control at-home charging, or even begin cabin charging or towing. Towing a LEAF must be done with a conditioning using the HVAC. flat-bed, or with the rear wheels trailing. If a LEAF is Due to FCC controls and regulations, a unique VIN towed with the front wheels on the road, the traction and International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI) motor may generate electricity and cause damage to the must be registered to any TCU. Therefore, it is not pos- EV components. sible to perform diagnosis or repair with a known-good The LEAF still requires periodic maintenance. TCU or a recycled part. Furthermore, a replacement TCU Nissan recommends changing the brake fluid and can only be activated using the CONSULT-III plus after cabin filter every 15K, along with inspections. The any replacement. The work support function provides high-voltage cooling system should be serviced every the necessary registration steps. CARWINGS will allow 125,000 miles. Details are in the LEAF service manu- users to locate nearby charging stations while traveling al. Every 12 months regardless of mileage, the EV without having to install GPS update DVDs. The naviga- component warranty requires a Battery Usage Report. tion computer is able to display the vehicle’s range, and This report is generated on a CONSULT-III plus, under display available stations. the maintenance function.

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Advice for your usage The recommendations below can help to minimize the ongoing impact on your LEAF Li-ion battery, which can affect your battery’s total capacity over its lifetime.

Cause of gradual Item 1 Recommendation 32Your score loss of capacity

Your score is very high Frequent use of and good for your Quick charging battery Charging Frequent charging Your score is very high when batter state of and good for your charge is already high battery

Too much electric Your score is very high and good for your Driving consumption This LEAF while driving battery driver is gentle Long term parking Your score is very high on the Storage with high state of and good for your high voltage charge battery battery.

The Battery Usage Report is a table designed to Recommendation Your score illustrate the projected condition of the battery under current usage. In the top graphic, the driver does not Use normal charge stress the high-voltage battery with repeated quick equipment charges, fast acceleration, frequent ACC-only “idling,” (not quick change) or continual use of the A/C. Gradual loss of capacity when possible is a normal battery characteristic. Nissan states that the HV battery is expected to perform at approxi- Select 80% charge limit mately 80% of its original performance after five years mode when your daily of average use. However, battery capacity and range driving journey is short can vary depending on a number of factors, including age and usage of the battery, number of passengers Use the ECO MOCE for a and payload, air conditioning/heater usage, high gradual and smoother speed or stop-and-go driving, and topography. acceleration and for a reduced drive load Springtime for Electric Vehicles

If your vehicle will not be The electric vehicle movement is gathering sup- driven for a long period of port and momentum, and will require an additional time, limit State of Charge level of expertise. Shops that train and familiarize to below 80% selecting 80% themselves with hybrid and electric vehicles will be charge limit mode able to retain their customers who eventually shift This LEAF driver may be a bit too aggressive in away from their conventional gasoline vehicles. The driving or usage habits. The Battery Usage Report can Nissan LEAF is very popular, and will show up in your help your customers improve their range. shop. Will you be prepared? |

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Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature

| Automatic Transmission Failure Diagnosis

Modern automatic transmission failure diagnosis can be daunting. Use these easy methods for testing the suspected component or system, research the specific service information – and apply a little logic – and you’ll get the job done faster and more accurately.

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Automatic transmissions existed long before Easy as 1- 2 - 3 advanced electronic systems were available to control them. What was once a virtually self-contained system The fundamentals of transmission diagnosis are has now spread out. While it’s still called an “automatic” much the same as the fundamentals of diagnosing any transmission, it has actually become more of a con- computer-controlled system. Just answer the following trolled transmission. Without a lot of external help, questions: modern automatic transmissions are just a single- speed gear reduction. 1.How was the system designed to work? First, the information necessary to make gear selec- Computer control is all about logic – “if this, tion choices is now made based mostly on compo- then that.” Find out what the transmission should nents outside of the transmission housing. The infor- be doing, then see if it is doing it. mation the throttle pressure cable once provided is 2.What are the relevant sensor inputs, and do they now furnished by the ECM, based on input from sen- match actual conditions? If not, why? sors such as the TPS. Vehicle speed is now also measured via sensors and relayed to the TCM 3.What are the outputs, and do the output through the ECM. Finally, the “clockwork” that once commands match the actual output. If not, why? opened and closed valves and directly controlled shifting has been replaced with externally-controlled Research is the first step, but in order to research solenoid valves. efficiently, you must have a direction to pursue; an idea The decision-making is now done outside the trans- of where to focus the enquiry. So, without spending too mission case as well. Mechanical hydraulic systems much time, carefully read the symptom description on are not capable of the same level of “intelligent” the repair order, test drive the car, and check for trouble thinking as an electronic control module, and intelli- codes. However, it’s important not to get sucked into gent shifting choices are necessary to increase effi- trying to perform diagnosis before understanding how ciency, performance, and drivability. Shift timing and the system should work, so as soon as you’ve found a clutch application can now be perfectly matched to direction, leave the car and head for your laptop. driving conditions. The torque converter clutch can be There are several very useful areas in the service locked in any gear or even partially locked with duty manual. If you have a trouble code (DTC) to work with, cycle control. The control unit is even able to recog- the section that covers On Board Diagnosis Logic is nize driving situations, such as a grade, and provide extremely useful. It’s possible to “get inside the mind” of engine braking or prevent overdrive hunting as appro- the TCM and know what it’s going to do (or at least priate. “Programming” a pure mechanical hydraulic what it should do). If you know how the TCM is testing system for this level of control would be nearly impos- the system, and how it will interpret the results, you’ll sible, and, even if it were, the added weight would be be able to set up your own testing; drive under appro- unacceptable. priate conditions, monitor the sensors the TCM uses to Thus, the modern transmission has become mostly test, and apply the logic the TCM applies. A little output. There are a few sensors, and there is still some research, observation, logic, some simple math and direct mechanical hydraulic control, but most of the you’ll be in a position to evaluate what’s happening, just transmission’s function is actuation: to put commands like the TCM, but with a lot more processing power and into action, not to evaluate or make decisions. flexibility of thought. Changing gear ratio requires input, logic, and output. Only one third of this system lives within the transmis- Divide and Conquer sion housing. Therefore, the odds of accurate diagnosis-by-test-drive or replace-based-on-symptom are “Divide and conquer” is a term adapted to a network lower than ever before. This is why thorough transmis- diagnostic technique that works wonderfully for almost sion diagnosis is critical, even if your shop usually any diagnostic situation. In essence, the idea is to test replaces rather than repairs. the system from as close to the middle as possible,

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Nissan & Infiniti Automatic Transmission Failure Diagnosis

decide which side has the problem, then divide that section for P0731 (1st gear function) and use the side in the middle as well, decide which side has the Diagnostic Trouble Code Confirmation Procedure problem, and continue to divide and decide until the found there. problem is isolated. The guided testing of DTC WORK SUPPORT is not The “center” of the system is the TCM. Inputs and the only method of diagnosis, albeit a convenient one. outputs are all on display from the comfort of the dri- When all else fails, it’s possible to use logic to diagnose ver’s seat using the CONSULT III PLUS. The CONSULT the problem. However, in order for logic to work, you must III PLUS allows the technician to view the system from have true statements to work with, and the best place to the middle. You’ll be able to see what the TCM sees find the true statements is in the service manual. and how it responds; the relevant input signals and the It’s important to note that the presence of a DTC may output commands. alter the logic of the transmission. For instance, if the Often, the “Service Engine Soon” (MIL) and “AT transmission is slipping badly in 1st gear and a P0731 Check” light will come on when there is a problem with is set, the TCM could decide not to use 1st gear and shifting. Sometimes this will happen before the driver start off in 2nd. If you want to confirm the original even notices any other symptoms. When a DTC is pres- symptom on a test drive, you may need to clear any ent, it’s almost always best to start with trouble code DTCs first. diagnosis before trying to diagnose by symptom, but in the end, every situation is different, so do what makes Inputs the most sense based on the situation. It makes sense to start by looking at the inputs, as Diagnostic Trouble Code Diagnosis output is based on it. Let’s say a vehicle is in the shop with the complaint of no overdrive. After checking the Start by looking at Freeze Frame Data (FFD). Perhaps “looking at” is not a good way to say it; FFD should really be “examined,” or “analyzed.” Look carefully at all of the PIDs. Are they related to the DTC detec- tion logic contained within the FFD? If so, can you see why the code set? Are any of the PIDs obviously impossible? The TCM uses rational comparison of inputs, and so can you. Also, note all of the conditions related to the conditions when the code set so that you can duplicate them on a test drive for diagnostic and repair confirmation purposes. When a transmission-related DTC is found, or you suspect a condition exists that might cause a code with a little more duration, try the DTC WORK SUPPORT feature in CONSULT III PLUS. It’s a very handy tool to determine if a problem is currently occurring. DTC WORK SUPPORT for AT codes can be found by selecting AT>DTC WORK SUPPORT, then choosing the appropriate test for the DTC or symptoms. In order to run the DTC WORK SUPPORT test, the driving con- Solenoids can fail electrically (an open or short ditions must match the test criteria. In other words, if in the windings), or become stuck. Sticking is you’re testing for 1st gear function, you’ll need to drive usually caused by fluid contamination. Fluid the car under conditions that allow the TCM to test the should be replaced if a stuck solenoid is found. function of 1st gear. Instructions for doing this can be However, if a transmission is worn and contin- easily found in the service manual. Still using the 1st ues to dump debris into the fluid, a replacement gear function as an example, look under the diagnosis solenoid may only be a short-term solution.

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The DTC WORK SUPPORT feature on the Test driving the car using the DTC WORK SUP- CONSULT III PLUS can determine if a problem PORT will allow the CONSULT III PLUS to is currently occurring. check each transmission function. system description you know that the overdrive cancel Output button must not be pressed, the transmission fluid must be up to normal operating temperature, and the The output PIDs indicate what the transmission vehicle speed and load conditions must be suitable for “thinks” it’s doing. If the transmission is not doing as overdrive gearing. commanded, it’s time to find out why. This can be bro- What inputs should be checked? Probably the Throttle ken into five questions: Position Sensor (TPS), Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor (AT Temp), the O/D lockout switch (3rd gear 1.Is the solenoid output signal leaving the TCM? switch), and vehicle speed inputs like the Vehicle Speed 2.Is the solenoid output signal reaching the Sensor (VSS) and Output Shaft Speed Sensor (AT REV). transmission? These are the inputs the TCM will examine to make the decision. In order to decide whether the problem is with 3.Is the solenoid operative? input, logic, or control, you should monitor relevant input, research the logic descriptions, and verify desired output. 4.Does the output have the support it requires If the 3rd gear switch PID is ON, then the logic and out- (fluid pressure)? put are as designed, so focus on why the 3rd gear PID switch is on. 5.Is the actuator the solenoid controls receiving the desired output?

Logic As stated earlier, start in the middle; is the solenoid operative? There’s usually no need to remove the sus- Once input conditions are met for a particular output, pect solenoid from the transmission for resistance test- the next question is: Is the TCM output in agreement ing or power testing. If the solenoid can be heard click- with the description in the service manual? It’s rare to ing, it’s likely the TCM output, wires, and solenoid are see a logic failure, so if you think you’ve found one, all okay. If there is an active test available for the suspect a manual error. Compare it against an identical solenoid, use it to cycle the solenoid. If not, it may be vehicle before ordering a TCM. However, there are possible to operate the solenoid with the KOEO in gear often updates available to improve transmission per- (depending on which solenoid and which car). Finally, formance and longevity, so always check for TSBs. the solenoid can be activated using the instructions in

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Nissan & Infiniti Automatic Transmission Failure Diagnosis

Transmission fluid becomes opaque and brown as it degrades. An acrid burnt odor and floating Transmission fluid should be translucent and bits of clutch, bushing, and steel shavings are free of floating debris. Most fluid is dyed red, signs of trouble. but some fluids, like NS2, may have a different tint. Some types of fluid have a sweet odor when in good condition, but others can smell a little "sharp" even when new. Don't rely on odor as a gauge of condition unless you are familiar with what "normal" smells like.

the manual while listening for clicking. A fuel injector balance tester is a handy tool for this method.

Mechanical and Hydraulic Problems

Once problems with transmission control systems and solenoids have been examined, there are still plenty of things that can go wrong inside the transmission case. The most common causes of failure can be put into three categories: Fluid pressure does most of the work in the 1.Mechanical wear causing noise/vibration. transmission. Use a pressure gauge to find out The debris from the failing parts may also whether fluid pressure is adequate and if it's jam solenoid valves. being directed properly.

2.Clutch wear causing excessive clutch pack Mechanical wear is best diagnosed by examining the clearance and slipping. This too may cause fluid and the inside of the transmission pan. Clutch solenoid valves to get stuck. wear is usually diagnosed through a combination of test driving and fluid/pan examination. Fluid pressure 3.Inadequate fluid pressure caused by either issues should be diagnosed using a pressure gauge poor pump output or internal leaks. and the tests outlined in the service manual. |

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Only the Good Stuff

Because a CVT operates on principles far different from those of regular automatics, NS-2 fluid is an absolute requirement. That doesn't mean, however, that other Nissan transmissions should be filled with generic ATF. Using only genuine Nissan O.E. fluid will help assure that your customers avoid expensive repairs.

It's been said that "It's better to miss a fluid change what's in there, perhaps by quizzing the car's owner. than to use cheap ATF." Amen. There are numer- Especially where harsh engagement, shudder, and ous aftermarket companies out there that push the delay are concerned, just a switch to the right stuff "one size fits all" idea where ATF is concerned, and (read the dipstick, owner's manual, and fluid use the dubious phrase "meets OEM standards" to requirements at www.nissan-techinfo.com) may promote their products. We beg to differ. If you actually cure the problem. Chances are, however, want to save your customers from expensive trans that the damage has already begun, so explain to damage and differentiate your maintenance servic- your patrons that since transmission repairs are a es, use only OE fluid from your local Nissan/Infinity multi-thousand-dollar proposition these days, it's dealer's parts department for your flush and refill only sensible to keep Genuine Nissan ATF in those jobs. Buying in bulk will make it economical. technological marvels always.

Also, one of the first steps in a transmis- Of course, you are aware by now that using any- sion/transaxle diagnosis should be to determine thing but NS-2 in a CVT will ruin it in short order.

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Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature

It’s not just Glue and Stick

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Are you repair-ready for chemical bonding?

together. While structural adhesives have been used for more than 25 years in the automobile industry, early adhesives were predominantly single-component vari- eties, which at that time were sufficient for some repairs involving conventional mild strength steels. The transition to repairing newer materials necessitat- ed a shift to two-component (a resin and a catalyst) adhesive formulations that provided improved bonding properties and allowed more working time during repair. When combined during a repair, the catalyst initiates a chemical reaction in the resin. Expect to feel the bonded parts heating up as the resin develops its bonding properties as the mixture cures. Note that the curing ability that is built into an adhesive can vary from minutes to days, which affects a technician's working Collision professionals must remain current in time. In addition, baking, ultraviolet light, hot air welding, the four key resource areas shown above. or other procedures involving applied heat may be Only then can they be fully competent to required. perform complete, safe repairs for customers Managing the types of stresses that a vehicle will (courtesy ManicMedia LLC). encounter post-repair is also essential. This requires Hot on the heels of advanced high-strength steels and matching the right adhesive to the expected stresses alloys, vehicle structures are now incorporating more and following more intricate bonding procedures. It's thermoplastic, carbon fiber and other composite materials. the new normal. The ongoing quest for lighter vehicle weight, performance For example, bonding with structural adhesives is without compromise, improved safety and lower manufac- particularly effective in instances where the primary turing costs is driving the shift to these new materials. stress forces are either compression, or shear – where Nissan customers are already driving vehicles made in part from these new materials and more are on their way. Consequently, chemical bonding using structural adhesives is often the preferred and recommended joining method, rather than welding or riveting. Professionals must ensure they are up-to-date with the latest service and repair information, invest in the required tooling, and seek effective training to learn and assimilate modern bonding-related repairs. Keeping competencies current is not only the difference between a cosmetic versus a complete repair, it's also driving opportunity to properly-prepared collision facilities.

Bonding is the "New Normal" Chemical bonding, alone or in conjunction Bonding with adhesives is a more complicated with other techniques, is an effective joining process than in the past. No longer is it a matter of process for managing the above types of just slathering on some glue and clamping the parts stress (courtesy Dow Automotive Systems).

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Nissan & Infiniti Chemical Bonding

stresses during normal operation and during a collision. Adhesive manufacturers 3M and Dow Automotive Systems say that the proper use of modern adhesives in bonding repairs:

• Provides more durable and stronger repairs with less corrosion risk than just welds. In fact, adhesives usually form a bond stronger than the materials they're bonding together.

• Reduces the number of welds that would have otherwise been required. For example, OEM rivets and OEM Adhesion and cohesion are the two fundamen- structural adhesive are used in areas that squeeze-type tal properties of adhesives used in bonding resistance spot welding (STRSW) arms cannot access. materials. Adhesion (red arrows) is the attraction between the materials being bonded and • Helps resolve problems with cracks around spot the adhesive. Cohesion (blue arrows) is the welds occurring as a result of fatigue loads. In addition, attraction between the molecules of the adhe- adhesives also enable hybrid sandwich construction to sive itself, which occurs as the adhesive cures be employed in manufacturing. (courtesty 3M). • Optimizes the energy flow of the various stresses the force tries to slide the joined surfaces against one during normal vehicle operation, or a collision. These another, like pressing your hands together and trying to forces can be more evenly distributed across a region slide them apart. Conversely, bonding is not as effective that is joined with adhesives, when compared to those in locations where tensile or torsion stress forces are in joined only by welds, rivets, or other joining methods. play. In cases where the tensile stress acting on the joint would pull the two pieces apart (peeling),or the torsion stress could bend or twist the joint, collision repair procedures often specify that adhesives be used together with rivets (rivet-bonding), or in conjunction with certain techniques, such as spot-welding. The two-stage structural adhesives in use today include polyurethane epoxies, glassy matrix epoxies, which have glass beads embedded in the resin, and rubber-based epoxies. Glassy matrix epoxies, for example, are extremely strong and rigid, and they resist shearing stress at very high force levels. Polyurethane epoxies are more flexible and provide a better fit for some components, but they break under shearing forces at much lower force levels than glassy matrix epoxies. Newer rubber-based adhesives contain additives that allow synergistic rubber tough- In some cases, Nissan requires procedures ening of adhesives to provide high-strength epoxies with where adhesives are used along with other fas- greater flexibility – a hybrid of the earlier formulations. tening methods. For example, proper repair of the GT-R requires the use of adhesives in the Chemical Bonding Offers bonded and bolted joint where the aluminum Significant Advantages rail attaches to the front steel structure, and also where the aluminum bulkhead attaches to Similar to higher-strength metals, newer plastics and the rear bulkhead. Adhesives are also used on other inbound composites come in different grades, which the wheelhouse-to-quarter panel hem-flange impacts how each material performs under various joint (courtesy I-CAR).

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Consult TECH-MATE for Nissan-approved equipment, tools and supplies required to perform chemical bonding repairs. Examples include the fixture equipment and rivet bonding guns (courtesy I-CAR).

• Improves noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) by steel structure using an adhesive, which increases dampening airborne noise distribution and minimizing structural integrity and acts as an anti-corrosive isola- body vibrations. tor. Carbon fiber panels, along with plastic and sheet- molded compound panels, are used to completely close • Increases structural integrity and acts as an isolator out the GT-R underbody. between the dissimilar metals, preventing galvanic cor- Attaching vehicle parts that are of two different types rosion. of materials should only be done by following the repair procedures approved by Nissan. Standard welding • Empowers the future introduction of lighter weight methods cannot be used to join these many new met- carbon fiber roofs and other non-steel and non-alloy als, because welding could deform them, and the inter- components without compromising strength, perform- action between the metals may lead to premature cor- ance, safety or durability. rosion beneath repainted finishes. Likewise, welding would destroy newer nonmetallic materials. In these Because different bonding adhesives have unique instances, chemical bonding may provide a viable alter- properties to provide acceptable or improved elasticity native. and flexibility, in addition to better stress management Some repairs to Nissan vehicles may only require a for the materials being bonded, collision repair facilities two-stage adhesive. Others may require the use of and technicians must be vigilant. The use of the wrong adhesives in conjunction with other fastening methods, adhesive and/or incorrect bonding repair procedure – such as bolts or rivets. Others may even require the whether from ignorance or negligence – compromises addition of specialized welding procedures. everyone. Should rivet-bonding be required, here are several Rivet-Bonding is on the Rise key considerations that will help conserve limited working time and perform a complete, safe repair: New vehicle construction techniques mean new procedures in collision repair are needed to maintain the • Technicians must know the composition of what integrity of a vehicle in the case of any following acci- they are going to cut into beforehand. dents. Consider the Nissan GT-R that uses a multi- material design of high-strength steels, aluminum, and • Before using an adhesive, application instructions carbon fiber. and repair procedures must be understood. While high-strength steel is used for most of the GT- R structure, cast aluminum is used for the GT-R front • The use of approved parts, tools, fasteners and strut towers, door shells, and rear bulkhead. The front adhesives is essential. In particular, this new method strut towers and rear bulkhead are attached to the requires the use of a punch riveting tool.

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Nissan & Infiniti Chemical Bonding

Nissan has partnered with I-CAR and DuPont Performance Coatings to qualify and provide training to collision facilities so that they can become part of the Nissan Certified Collision Repair Network. Look for an upcoming Nissan Infiniti Tech News article for more details (courtesty I-CAR).

• Avoid cross-contamination by working on the sepa- sites provide critical information regarding the location of rate metals in different areas and with different tools. various construction materials within a vehicle. • Clean surfaces are required for proper bonding. It is • Then visit the Nissan TECH-MATE website also important that bare metal be bonded to bare metal (www.nissantechmate.com) for lists of required or and not to painted surfaces. approved tools, equipment and supplies. For example, Nissan requires Celette frame racks and fixture equip- • When rivet-bonding, be sure to bevel the drill holes ment, as well as certain adhesives, such as 3M DP420 so that panels can be compressed snugly together. or 3M 8115. Technicians should also note if rivets are involved, repairs involving aluminum should use aluminum rivets, • Nissan has partnered with I-CAR for collision train- while those involving steel should use steel rivets. A ing. "Currently, collision program training for Nissan cer- coating of zinc dust to prevent corrosion may also be tified collision facilities is an I-CAR focused training pro- required. gram," advises Mark Zoba, Nissan manager for Collision Parts, Service Sales and Marketing. " To be a Nissan • During the final assembly, ensure that the new panel certified, facilities must attain I-Car Gold status. Full aligns properly to where it will be attached and check for requirements to acquire Gold status can be found at the gaps. A specified reinforcement plate may be required. I-CAR website (www.i-car.com). We've already devel- oped a GT-R course and are looking at adding additional Infiniti and Nissan specific courses in the future." Following Nissan Requirements and Recommendations is Essential Chemical bonding adhesives have proven to be ideally suited to modern vehicle bodywork repairs when high- Nissan provides a number of resources for making strength metals, plastics, carbon fiber and emerging complete, safe repairs for new lightweight materials. composites are present. Compared to more traditional For example: joining technologies for new lightweight materials, modern two-component adhesive formulations and chemical • As a starting point, consult the Nissan or Infiniti serv- bonding repair procedures allow all the properties of the ice information websites (www.nissan-techinfo.com or repaired components to be more closely returned to www.infiniti-techinfo.com). In addition to other data, these their original state. |

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Nissan & Infiniti Tech News Feature | Nissan Electronic Power Assist

Electronic power steering systems (EPS) are now more common than ever on newer Nissan vehicles. This article covers the three types Nissan uses for its EPS, a discussion of its advantages, and tips for diagnosis and repair.

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Electronic Power Assist Systems (EPS) are to stay informed about the details of function, starting to see wider implementation due to the diagnosis, and repair. advantages they bring for fuel economy and man- Let’s discuss how Electronic Power Steering ufacturing savings. American consumers expect achieves these benefits before we launch into the power steering as a standard feature. Nissan different designs that Nissan uses. First and fore- works to meet that expectation by going beyond most, power assist is generated with a DC electric the conventional hydraulic power assist methods motor instead of a pump connected to the crank- to create vehicles that utilize modern electronic shaft. Motor speed can be directly controlled to controls for improved efficiency. With any new produce the necessary assist pressures based on technology comes the need for more training. sensor input. Here, we’ll help clarify the reasons for using EPS Conventional power assist is dependent on and describe system components, their function, engine rpm, and requires idle-up signals for slow- and how to diagnose and repair each design. speed parking to prevent engine stalling, and to provide adequate rpm for the necessary fluid pres- The Advantages of EPS sure. Furthermore, conventional power steering pumps are always generating fluid pressure even It’s often tempting to dismiss some new auto- when the steering wheel is in the straight-ahead motive inventions as niche market or luxury-car- position, simply because it’s attached to the crank, only developments. EPS is here to stay, and it will and it must be available when requested. EPS is become more common. When compared to con- “smart enough” to know if the driver is turning the ventional hydraulic assist, EPS is cheaper to make, wheel, and can determine how much assist is malfunctions or breaks down less often, and needed. Most driving is going straight ahead, so it reduces the load on the engine for performance is a logical improvement for efficiency to only use gains and greater fuel efficiency. You’ll find EPS engine power (as consumed by the alternator) installed in the newest Nissan Juke, Sentra, Versa, when necessary. Rogue, LEAF, Altima, and Infiniti M-Series hybrids, EPS also requires fewer individual components, and likely more models in the coming generations. reducing the costs of manufacturing and mainte- This is a wide-scale shift in the manufacturing nance. Some technicians may groan at the loss of process, and it is our responsibility as technicians “broken things to fix,” but EPS still relies on sensor

Column-mounted EPS design.

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Nissan & Infiniti Electronic Power Assist

Rack-mounted EPS design.

input and control modules, all of which may need down to 42V for the EPS motor within a DC/DC diagnosis and repair. On the bright side, cars will be converter that is on top of the battery pack. The less messy to work on without power steering fluid steering angle sensor is mounted within the steer- leaks! Modern vehicles are shifting the role of the ing column. All EPS sensor input is collected by technician toward computer system diagnosis; EPS the EPS control unit, which is located under the just confirms the transition. hood, by the left strut top mount. This design is comparatively more complicated than the above- Different EPS Designs mentioned steering column EPS. Nevertheless, rack-mounted EPS is more elegant and less Let’s explore the three different ways that spread out than a bunch of hydraulic components Nissan implements EPS in its vehicles. Most com- strewn about the engine bay. mon is the steering column-mounted EPS, in The last design is a combined, electronic- which the motor, control module, steering wheel hydraulic power assist system. Quite simply, the torque sensor, and reduction gear are located crank-driven power steering pump is replaced by under the dashboard in one large group. This EPS an electronically-controlled DC motor-driven pump design simply boosts the driver’s steering wheel that generates the necessary fluid pressure. input torque, rotating the steering shaft and caus- Nissan calls this hybrid EPS. The hybrid EPS con- ing the steering gear to move. That’s really the trol module calculates pressure based on input entire setup! It eliminates the need for engine bay from the steering angle sensor on the column and design to accommodate a pump, pressure and the steering torque sensor in the steering gear. return hoses, reservoir, and a heavy power assist The pump, motor, and control unit are combined rack. We will explore the components in depth into one hybrid EPS unit located under hood. Fluid later. pressure is transmitted conventionally into a Another EPS design has the motor mounted hydraulic power steering rack that works on the directly on the power steering rack. The EPS rack steering linkage. This system retains the primary assembly contains the DC motor, motor angle efficiency advantage of being able to control the sensor, and steering torque sensor. In the Altima running time of the power steering pump. hybrid, high voltage from the battery is stepped All EPS control modules use CAN

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Hybrid Electronic-Hydraulic EPS design

communication to get the vehicle speed from the tor will illuminate on the gauge cluster, and DTC primary ECU or ABS computer. Vehicle speed will information is stored that can be retrieved using a affect output torque signals because low-speed CONSULT III PLUS. In the case of the hybrid- steering will require greater assist than high- electric EPS, the steering rack will fail-safe to hav- Perform road testing only in an area where the traffic conditions allow for it. speed driving. ing equal fluid pressures on either side of the Any electronic power steering has fail-safe internal rack piston, and open the flow connection modes designed to protect the DC motor from valve to alleviate resistance. In the case of pro- over-running or the driver from losing steering longed assist demands, the EPS motor will reduce control in case of emergency. In most instances, if output gradually. This protection function also electric assist is impossible, the steering wheel works in the event the motor is shorted or other- input will still move the steering gear or rack wise powered incorrectly and does not rely on requiring increased driver effort. A warning indica- prolonged steering input.

Seen from the side, the torque sensor and reduction gear. You can get Seen from above, the EPS motor a sense of the additional height and control unit on an EPS steering and size a steering column will column. require under the dash to add EPS.

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Nissan & Infiniti Electronic Power Assist

A Closer Look strengthened to accommodate the design. The at the Steering Column EPS dashboard and chassis have to be designed to The steering column EPS is the most common allow for a larger steering column, as the EPS system, and also the most simple in design. Until set-up is quite a bit larger than a normal column. the driver moves the steering wheel, the system In the event of collision where damage to the does nothing and remains in standby. If the steer- steering column is a possibility, it may be neces- ing wheel is moved, the torque sensor within the sary to replace the complete column and EPS column will report the value to the EPS control assembly. With the column out of the vehicle, unit. At that time, the control module will get vehi- measure the length between the input of the cle speed information from CAN and perform a steering wheel to the output of the EPS motor calculation to determine the assist torque signal. and compare with the specification in the service Depending on whether the driver is turning left or manual. Also, check the steering column rotating right, the torque signal will be a positive (right) or torque with a preload gauge (SST: ST3127S000) negative (left) value. The signal is interpreted by to determine whether the column is bent or there the EPS motor, which draws enough current to is an internal problem. Increased column rotating match the determined output torque. Like a win- torque at certain points of travel may cause erratic dow motor, the EPS motor turns clockwise or power assist. counterclockwise based on the path of the current determined by the control unit. The EPS motor Components of the rotates a reduction gear that will move the steer- Rack-Mounted EPS Design ing shaft and change the final drive torque that actually works on the steering gear pinion. Control of the electric steering rack design is Because the steering shaft receives more functionally identical to the steering column-mount- torque directly applied to it, the U-joints are ed EPS. Steering wheel torque input is processed by the EPS control unit, which then determines the necessary amount of motor assist to provide. The control unit requests and distributes power from the DC/DC converter to step down the high voltage into the maximum 42V needed by the EPS motor. CAN communications provide the steering angle and vehicle speed data. The electric motor moves a worm gear, and a sensor reports its rotation angle to the EPS control module. Consult the service manual to determine the precise locations of every component within a rack-mounted EPS design. The motor and torque sensor are part of the EPS rack, but the control module and DC/DC converter will be located elsewhere. Make sure the column is the specified length in the case of accident repair. The Hydraulic-Electric Hybrid EPS A small amount of compression can create a lot of problems. The layout and design of a hydraulic-electric hybrid EPS setup will look similar to conventional

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systems. In fact, it may actually fool you at first When performing alignments, the steering angle glance as the design requires pressure lines, a is not adjustable at the steering gear itself. It is fluid reservoir, and hydraulic rack and pinion. The necessary to finish the physical alignment process EPS motor is also the pump, reservoir, and control with adjusting the neutral position of the steering unit, so it is more or less self-contained like the angle sensor as noted above. Forgetting this step steering column-mounted EPS. The hybrid EPS may cause the customer to literally have to fight works just like conventional power steering, but the power steering system to drive straight. with the exception that the pump motor is controlled identically to the above-mentioned EPS Some Debate designs. Based on steering torque and vehicle speed, the hybrid EPS control unit determines the It has been argued that electronically-controlled necessary amount of fluid pressure, and rotates steering assist may not be as safe as conventional the vanes of the pump in the appropriate direction systems, but this is simply not supported by the to provide assist pressure to the correct side of facts. EPS failures that result in loss of power the steering rack. In other words, it’s an on- assist are cited as the primary risk for crash, yet demand power steering pump that only works how is this any different from a hydraulic system when the steering wheel is turned. Just like con- that loses pressure from a slipping or broken belt, ventional hydraulic systems, fluid leaks can devel- or fluid volume due to a leak? More often, motor op; plus, any EPS component control may require assist remains ON despite having completed a diagnosis and repair. turn, which means driver input is required to return the wheels forward. This is more annoying than EPS Maintenance and Repair dangerous. Sensationalism would have us believe the EPS motor gets stuck on and drives the car The non-hybrid EPS designs do not require any off the road. How often does a power window get periodic maintenance. In the event of a malfunction, stuck on indefinitely? Nissan is convinced that the the customer will complain of noises, steering feed- future of efficient vehicles will involve EPS, and back sensations (vibration, pulsation, judder, etc.), or extensive quality control is involved in guarantee- the “EP” indicator on the gauge cluster may illumi- ing the safety of steering control systems. nate. The CONSULT III PLUS is necessary for diagnosis. It is possible that low battery voltage can cause loss of important information within the EPS What Will Happen to the Drive Belt? control module. If a primary EPS component requires replace- Electronic accessories are gaining momentum ment, it will be necessary to adjust the neutral posi- and support as vehicle inter-system communication of the steering angle sensor, and/or calibrate tions and processing power improve. The ultimate the steering torque sensor. This is sometimes goal is to remove the yoke of pulley-driven acces- referred to as a zero-point calibration. Basically, the sories from under the hood. Electric A/C com- EPS needs to be told what things look like when pressors, EPS, and possibly a replacement for the the wheels are pointed straight ahead, and the alternator will reduce the energy wasted on steering wheel is centered without being actively accessories, freeing up the engine for better turned. To set the zero-point for the steering angle performance and economy. Stay up to date on sensor, you must use the CONSULT III PLUS and new Nissan technology with a subscription to navigate to the ABS ECU work support section to www.nissan-techinfo.com for online training choose ST ANGLE SENSOR ADJUSTMENT. materials and new model introductions. |

Nissan & Infiniti Tech News | 31 NissanTechNewsSummer2012:MarchStarTuned2005 9/14/12 5:23 PM Page 32

Nissan & Infiniti Program Dealers

ALABAMA CALIFORNIA FAIRFIELD OXNARD SIGNAL HILL MOMENTUM NISSAN TEAM NISSAN HOOMA N NISSAN LONG BEACH BESSEMER ALHAMBRA 707.402.3200 805.485.2910 800.973.3689 MO ORE NISSAN ALHAMBRA NISSAN 205.428.6314 626.289.7802 FREMONT PALMDALE SUNNYVALE PREMIER NISSAN OF FREMONT ANTELOPE VALLEY NISSAN NIS SAN SUNNYVALE BIRMINGHAM ANTIOCH 510.668.8700 661.274.9556 408.470.4150\ SERRA NISSAN AN TIOCH NISSAN 205.856.2544 925.281.5050 FONTANA PETALUMA TEMECULA FO NTANA NISSAN NORTH BAY NISSAN INC BIRMINGHAM BAKERSFIELD 909.350.8404 QUALITY NISSAN/TEMECULA CROWN NISSAN NISSAN OF BAKERSFIELD 800.788.0772 951.587.3772 205.823.5266 661.396.4035 FRESNO LITHIA NISSAN OF FRESNO REDLANDS THOUSAND OAKS METRO NISSAN OF REDLANDS BIRMINGHAM BAKERSFIELD 559.435.3500 NIS SAN OF THOUSAND OAKS JIM BURKE NISSAN 888.505.9211 INFINITI OF BAKERSFIELD GARDENA 888.705.4441 205.278.5904 661.617.2020 GARDENA NISSAN INC REDWOOD CITY TORRANCE DAPHNE 310.527.9215 BOARDWALK NISSAN CHRIS MYERS NISSAN BUENA PARK 650.364.0100 INFINITI SOUTH BAY 251.626.5558 BUENA PARK NISSAN GARDEN GROVE 310.517.0570 714.739.0800 OC NISSAN GARDEN GROVE REDWOOD CITY FAYETTEVILLE 714.537.0900 PENINSULA INFINITI LLC TUSTIN SUPERIOR NISSAN BURLINGAME GLENDALE 650.569.4228 INFINI TI TUSTIN 479.442.4251 NI SSAN OF BURLINGAME 714.832.6252 650.347.4800 GLEN DALE INFINITI HUNTSVILLE 818.547.0520 RICHMOND LANDERS MCLARTY NISSAN CARSON HANLEES HILLTOP NISSAN TUSTIN GLENDALE 510.222.4900 TUSTIN NISSAN 256.830.0266 CARS ON NISSAN GLEN DALE NISSAN 310.221.5121 714.669.8282 MOBILE 818.547.5550 RIVERSIDE PAT PECK NISSAN CATHEDRAL CITY GOLETA INFI NITI OF RIVERSIDE VALENCIA 251.470.5052 PA LM SPRINGS NISSAN SANT A BARBARA NISSAN, LLC 951.324.8282 NIS SAN OF VALENCIA 760.328.2828 805.964.2990 MONTGOMERY RIVERSIDE 866.751.0234 JACK INGRAM MOTORS CERRITOS HAWTHORNE RI VERSIDE NISSAN 334.277.5700 CERR ITOS INFINITI POWER NISSAN OF SOUTH BAY 951.688.9420 VAN NUYS 562.405.3535 310.536.4000 MILLER NISSAN INC ARIZONA ROSEVILLE 818.374.4493 CERRITOS HUNTINGTON BEACH FUTURE NISSAN, INC AVONDALE CE RRITOS NISSAN SURF CITY NISSAN 916.677.5251 VICTORVILLE AVO NDALE NISSAN 800.396.7278 714.500.6040 VALLE Y HI NISSAN 888.856.3322 ROSEVILLE CHICO IMPERIAL SACRAMENTO INFINITI INC 888.293.7762 CHANDLER CHICO NISSAN INC ROGERS & ROGERS NISSAN 916.782.2253 POWER NISSAN CHANDLER 530.891.0202 760.352.2900 VISALIA 480.461.4358 SACRAMENTO NIS SAN OF VISALIA CITY OF INDUSTRY IRVINE MAITA'S NISSAN SACRAMENTO 559.741.2274 MESA PU ENTE HILLS NISSAN 916.488.5400 626.626.2600 OC NISSAN-IRVINE COULTER INFINITI 800.515.4797 WEST COVINA 877.415.3521 CLOVIS SAN BERNARDINO WEST COVINA NISSAN LA QUINTA NISSAN OF SAN BERNARDINO MESA NISSAN OF CLOVIS 626.388.9300 559.297.6919 TORRE NISSAN 877.331.3647 EARNHARDT'S NISSAN/SUPER 760.777.8999 WESTMINISTER 480.324.8880 SAN DIEGO COLMA KEARNY MESA INFINITI ORANGE COAST INFINITI MESA SE RRAMONTE NISSAN LOS ANGELES 858.573.1755 714.650.8585 LARRY H. MILLER NISSAN MESA 650.488.2870 NISSAN OF DOWNTOWN L.A. 888.576.4560 480.655.4060 CONCORD SAN DIEGO WESTLAKE VILLAGE MOSSY NISSAN KEARNY MESA INFINITI OF THOUSAND OAKS PEORIA DIRITO BROS CONCORD NISSAN LOS ANGELES 858.565.4411 INFINITI OF PEORIA 888.899.4173 UNIVERSAL CITY NISSAN INC 805.230.8262 623.583.5701 818.980.0655 SAN DIEGO CONCORD PACIFIC NISSAN WOODLAND HILLS PEORIA NIELL O INFINITI MISSION HILLS 800.365.6429 WOODLAND HILLS NISSAN PEORIA NISSAN 925.676.9592 NISSAN OF MISSION HILLS 818.577.2778 623.523.6250 818.408.5870 SAN JOSE CORONA BESH OFF INFINITI PHOENIX CORONA NISSAN COLORADO 800.553.7438 MISSION VIEJO 408.531.3030 ABC NISSAN INF INITI OF MISSION VIEJO AURORA 602.264.3666 COSTA MESA 949.916.4224 SAN LEANDRO SAN LEANDRO NISSAN INFI NITI OF DENVER CONNELL NISSAN 303.671.2596 PHOENIX 714.444.4220 MODESTO 510.347.3003 MIDWAY NISSAN CENTRAL VALLEY NISSAN INC AURORA 602.866.6650 DOWNEY 209.526.9736 SAN LUIS OBI SPO DOWNEY NISSAN COAST NISSAN TY NAN'S NISSAN INC 303.341.3214 SCOTTSDALE 888.444.1355 MONROVIA 805.786.2928 INFINITI OF SCOTTSDALE ME TRO INFINITI SANTA CLARA CENTENNIAL 480.424.3211 DUARTE 800.600.4493 PERF ORMANCE NISSAN FRONTIER INFINITI GO NISSAN ARAPAHOE SCOTTSDALE 408.243.4355 303.790.7333 866.540.6959 MONTCLAIR PINNACLE NISSAN COLORADO SPRINGS 480.368.4050 INFINITI OF MONTCLAIR SANTA CLARA DUBLIN SOUTH COLO SPGS NISSAN DUBLIN NISSAN 909.621.0391 STEVENS CREEK NISSAN TEMPE 952.452.8020 408.557.5549 719.550.3041 POWER NISSAN TEMPE NAPA 480.598.6111 EL CAJON NAPA NISSAN INC SANTA CRUZ COLORADO SPRINGS MOSSY NISSAN EL CAJON 707.253.1783 SANTA CRUZ NISSAN WOODMEN NISSAN TUCSON 619.401.2068 831.426.5100 719.234.1060 INFINITI OF TUCSON NATIONAL CITY DENVER 520.690.1500 EL MONTE MOSSY NISSAN NATIONAL CITY SANTA MARIA ROSS NISSAN OF EL MONTE 619.263.7251 SANTA MARIA NISSAN GO NISSAN 104TH TUCSON 800.411.0554 805.925.0077 303.738.4330 JIM CLICK NISSAN OAKLAND 520.884.4130 SANTA MONICA ENGLEWOOD ELK GROVE NISSAN OF OAKLAND SA NTA MONICA INFINITI LARRY H. 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LITTLETON JACKSONVILLE WEST PALM BEACH CHICAGO KANSAS GO NISSAN SOUTHWEST ATLA NTIC INFINITI INC. INF INITI OF PALM BEACHES BERMAN’S INFINITI CHICAGO 303.738.4330 800.642.0200 888.229.4132 312.476.8000 MERRIAM SUPERIOR NISSAN CONNECTICUT JACKSONVILLE WINTER HAVEN CHICAGO 913.722.5195 CO GGIN NISSAN AT THE AVE HILL NISSAN INC MID CITY NISSAN INC. 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AURORA MAINE VICTORVILLE WILTON REED MOTORS, INC 630.907.0867 VALLEY HI NISSAN 407.297.7333 STONE MOUNTAIN NISSAN SOUTH PORTLAND BR UCE BENNETT NISSAN 678.252.3111 888.293.7762 203.544.8371 O FALLON BERLIN CITY NISSAN ORLANDO MACON AUFFE NBERG NISSAN 207.774.1429 VISALIA SUTHERLIN NISSAN OF ORLANDO 618.622.4646 DELAWARE 407.657.9500 PAUL WALSH NISSAN INC MARYLAND NIS SAN OF VISALIA 478.784.1991 OAK LAWN 559.741.2274 PALATKA ANNAPOLIS NEW CASTLE MARIETTA KEL LY NISSAN INC SHERIDAN NISSAN LLC BECK NISSAN SH EEHY INFINITI/ANNAPOLIS WEST COVINA 386.328.2775 TEA M NISSAN OF MARIETTA 708.425.6659 888.288.5162 302.326.6134 770.421.8639 WEST COVINA NISSAN ORLAND PARK 626.388.9300 PALMETTO BAY MORROW BALTIMORE NEWARK INFINITI OF ORLAND PARK ANTWERPEN SECURITY NISSAN MAROONE NISSAN OF KENDALL NISSAN SOUTH WESTMINISTER PO RTER INFINITI 708.343.3800 410.298.5369 302.368.6305 305.259.2658 770.968.1360 ORANGE COAST INFINITI PEORIA BALTIMORE 714.650.8585 PALMETTO BAY ROME UFTR ING NISSAN INC NEWARK SO UTH MOTORS INFINITI BOB BELL CHEVROLET/NISSAN PORTER NISSAN HERITAGE NISSAN 309.690.6230 410.282.2432 WESTLAKE VILLAGE 305.256.2070 706.295.0525 302.368.6317 SAINT CHARLES INFINITI OF THOUSAND OAKS BEL AIR PANAMA CITY ROSWELL NISSAN OF SAINT CHARLES 805.230.8262 JO HN LEE NISSAN BEL AIR NISSAN FLORIDA REGAL NISSAN INC. 630.584.3900 410.879.1133 850.785.9561 770.998.8686 WOODLAND HILLS SKOKIE CLEARWATER BOWIE WOODLAND HILLS NISSAN PEMBROKE PINES UNION CITY MARTIN NISSAN AU TOWAY NISSAN/CLEARWATER MAROONE NISSAN/PEMBROKE OWIENISSAN OF B 818.577.2778 INF INITI OF SOUTH ATLANTA 847.967.2299 301.867.6150 727.507.3200 954.447.2366 678.369.6074 SOUTH HOLLAND PENSACOLA CLARKSVILLE COLORADO CLEARWATER UNION CITY NISSAN OF SOUTH HOLLAND SANDY SANSING NISSAN INC NISSAN SOUTH UNION CITY ANTWERPEN NISSAN INC LOKEY MOTOR COMPANY 800.696.4772 AURORA 727.374.2317 850.479.4777 770.306.9817 866.226.4930 INFINITI OF DENVER ST CHARLES COLLEGE PARK 303.671.2596 CLEARWATER POMPANO BEACH HAWAII POMP ANO NISSAN, LLC NISS AN OF ST. 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HYLAN MOTORS CORP BUC KEYE NISSAN INC. TRAVERSE CITY NEVADA NISS AN OF TURNERSVILLE 718.447.3800 TRAVERSE CITY AUTO PLAZA 800.883.0003 614.771.2370 800.852.6475 HENDERSON SYOSSET MASSILLON HENDERSON NISSAN WOODBURY LEGEND NISSAN LTD WAIKEM NISSAN TROY 702.558.5974 WOODBURY NISSAN INC 516.496.7385 800.274.0157 SUBURBAN INFINITI OF TROY 856.853.8176 248.731.3400 LAS VEGAS WEST ISLIP MAYFIELD HEIGHTS DESERT NISSAN ATLANTIC NISSAN SUPERSTOR GANLEY NISSAN TROY 702.262.0540 NEW MEXICO 631.587.2766 440.449.9500 SUBURB AN NISSAN OF TROY ALBUQUERQUE 248.649.2074 LAS VEGAS WESTBURY MEDINA PA RK PLACE INFINITI GAR CIA INFINITI ADVA NTAGE NISSAN KEN GANLEY NISSAN INC. MINNESOTA 702.252.8800 505.217.3002 516.935.1813 330.721.0509 BLOOMINGTON LAS VEGAS ALBUQUERQUE WHITE PLAINS MIDDLEBURG HTS FEL DMANN IMPORTS INC PLANET NISSAN MELL OY NISSAN PEPE INFINITI INC NIS SAN OF MIDDLEBURG HTS 952.837.6350 702.839.6138 505.266.8588 800.344.7660 440.884.7800 BLOOMINGTON LAS VEGAS ALBUQUERQUE YONKERS STREETSBORO LUTH ER INF OF BLOOMINGTON UNITE D NISSAN RELI ABLE NISSAN CEN TRAL AVENUE NISSAN CLASSIC NISSAN 952.885.7050 702.207.8032 505.897.6001 914.961.3900 330.422.7300

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TOLEDO PITTSBURGH MEMPHIS MCALLEN FALLS CHURCH YARK NISSAN PITTSBURGH EAST NISSAN DOBB S NISSAN BERT OGDEN NISSAN KOONS NISSAN 419.842.7532 412.823.0101 901.759.6100 956.631.6666 703.241.1000 OKLAHOMA PLEASANT HILLS MEMPHIS MCKINNEY FOREST BO WSER NISSAN JI M KERAS NISSAN INC NISSAN OF MCKINNEY LYNCHBURG NISSAN INC BROKEN ARROW 214.544.4900 434.385.7733 NELSO N NISSAN 888.455.2377 901.373.2800 877.910.4646 HAMPTON SCRANTON MURFREESBORO MESQUITE OKLAHOMA CITY NISSAN OF MURFREESBORO TROPHY NISSAN POMOCO NISSAN OF HAMPTON TOM HESSER NISSAN 757.838.6111 BOB HOWARD NISSAN INC 570.558.2000 615.893.0252 866.831.2622 405.943.9555 MANASSAS STATE COLLEGE NASHVILLE PLANO OKLAHOMA CITY NIS SAN OF STATE COLLEGE CRE ST INFINITI SHE EHY NISSAN OF MANASSAS DOW NTOWN NASHVILLE NISSAN 703.361.0377 BOB MOORE INFINITI INC 814.238.2447 615.248.5110 972.516.2314 405.748.6086 WEST CHESTER RICHARDSON MECHANICSVILLE OKLAHOMA CITY SHELBYVILLE INF INITI OF WEST CHESTER VICTORY NISSAN SOUTH COU RTESY NISSAN SHEEHY NISSAN HU DIBURG NISSAN L.L.C. 484.885.2275 972.644.3942 804.417.1012 405.632.0715 931.488.3286 TULSA WEXFORD ROUND ROCK MIDLOTHIAN BOB MOORE NISSAN OF TULSA WRIGHT AUTOMOTIVE GROUP TEXAS ROU ND ROCK NISSAN PENC E NISSAN 918.628.1495 724.935.4646 ARLINGTON 512.244.8525 804.378.3000 TULSA WILLOW GROVE DON DAVIS NISSAN INC 817.588.5510 SAN ANTONIO NEWPORT NEWS JACKIE COOPER NISSAN INF INITI OF WILLOW GROVE ANCIRA NISSAN INC NISS AN OF NEWPORT NEWS 888.211.6202 215.784.9320 AUSTIN 800.508.1117 757.369.6600 AU STIN INFINITI INC. 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