Victorian England Week Eight Monday Nov 28, 2018 Institute for the Study of Western Civilization King George IV George Aug 12, 1762 (St James Palace) June 26, 1830 (Windsor) Buried, St Georges Chapel Windsor King George IV, 1762-1830 1762 born first son to K Geo III & Queen Charlotte (15 children) 1783 age 21 gets own home: Carleton House (spends a fortune on it) 1783 meets and falls in love with widow Mrs. (RC) 1795 debts drowning him, K. Geo III offers money if he marries. 1795 Geo marries Princess dislikes her on sight. (said she smelled bad, Geo VERY fastidious, Caroline sloppy) 1796 Jan 7 birth of Princess Charlotte (d. 1817) 9 months aft wedding 1800 return of Mrs. Fitzherbert in life of the Prince of wales 1800 triumphant takeover of French gov. "First Counsel" 1805 Battle of Trafalgar Adm Horatio Nelson killed at battle. 1810 War in Spain (Wellington) 1810-1811 final insanity of Geo III, Bill in Parliament, 1814 defeat and abdication of Napoleon 1816 marriage of Princess Charlotte to Leopold of Saxe-Coburg 1817 death of Princess Charlotte and her baby. 1815-1820 exile abroad of Caroline. 1820 death of Geo III, Caroline returns to Eng. War betw K & Q of Eng 1821 July of K. Geo IV, Aug death of Queen Caroline. 1820-1830 reign of King George IV, death of K Geo IV 1830.

There were many who did not mourn his passing. "The Times opined, perhaps rather harshly, that "there never was an individual less regretted by his fellow low-creatures than this deceased King." Prince George’s personality and his interaction with siblings. First born son. Future king. Smart. Tall. Handsome. Charming. War with his father. Too “gifted”? Life too easy?

Children of King George III 1.George IV d. 1830 2.Prince , of York and Albany d. 1827 3.William IV d. 1837 4.Charlotte, 5.Prince Edward, d. 1820 6.Princess Augusta 7.Princess Elizabeth 8.Ernest Augustus, d. 1851 9.Prince Augustus Frederick, d. 1843 10. Prince Adolphus, d. 1850 11. Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester 12. Princess Sophia 13. Prince d. 1783 14. Prince Alfred d. 1782 15. Princess Amelia

1783 Prince George turns 21, Sets up own home: Carleton House

1783 Mrs Maria Fitzherbert, Age 21 (1756- George 1837) falls in wife of the love with Prince of Mrs Wales in Fitzherbert secret marriage. THE SECRET MARRIAGE 1788-1789 REGENCY CRISIS KING GEORGE III VERY ILL DEBATE REGENCY PRINCE’S REPUTATION REVEALED GEORGE III RECOVERS Prince George (Geo IV) Prince of Wales 1762-1830 Married sons of King George III 1.George IV d. 1830 (daughter Charlotte) 2.Prince Frederick, and Albany d. 1827 3.Prince William (King William IV ) ßd. 1837 4.Prince Edward, Duke of Kent d. 1820 5.Prince Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover d. 1851 6.Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex d. 1843 Prince Frederick Duke of York 1763-1827 potential successor to the King, 1817-1827 Frederick's experience in the Dutch campaign made a strong impression on him. That campaign, and the Flanders campaign, had demonstrated the numerous weaknesses of the British army after years of neglect. Frederick as Commander-in- of the British army carried through a massive programme of reform. He was the person most responsible for the reforms that created the force which served in the Peninsular War. He was also in charge of the preparations against Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom in 1803. In the opinion of Sir John Fortescue, Frederick did "more for the army than any one man has done for it in the whole of its history." March 1809 The Scandal of the Duke and Mrs. Mary Anne Clarke The Duke accused of selling army contracts with Mrs Clarke taking the money. The Duke resigns his military role nine days after the cartoon appears. 1811 He was exonnerated when it was revealed that Mrs Clarke had colluded with his enemies and that he was innocent of taking bribes. His brother The reinstated him in his commands but the scandal hurt him. Wife of the Duke of York, Princess Frederica of daughter of the King of Prussia (1767-1820) Marriage unhappy, they separate, live apart, no children. James Gillray: Fashionable Contrasts; – or – the Duchess's little shoe yeilding to the magnitude of the Duke's foot. Prince Frederick Duke of York 1763-1827 1820-1827 The Duke is the Heir Presumptive for his bro King Geo IV Prince Adolphus Duke of Cambridge 1774-1850 (age 76) married 1818 had 3 children son: George (close friend to cousin Victoria) granddaughter: Princess (Married Geo V) Prince Edward Duke of Kent 1767-Jan 23, 1820 (age 52)

wife: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg daughter: Victoria b. 1819 Prince William 1765-1837 Prince Ernest Augustus later King of Hanover 1771-1851 Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, 1771-1851 l l l l Duke and l Ernestl Aug, Cumberland = 1815 Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, 1771-1851 l l l l Duke and l Duchess of Kent Ernestl Aug, Cumberland =

Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg THE FIRST WIFE AND THE SECOND Princess Caroline of Brunswick Welcomed to England 1795: Wedding of Prince George to Caroline of Brunswick Princess Caroline of Brunswick Princess of Wales 1768-1821 Princess Caroline of Brunswick, Princess of Wales, by Lawrence, 1798 Victoria and Albert Museum, London

1796 Mrs Fitzherbert recedes from the scene. Angry and hurt, but always elegant, courteous. (d.1837) The Prince and Princess of Wales

Married April 1795, daughter born 1796 Caroline playing the harp for daughter Charlotte in 1800 PRINCESS CHARLOTTE BECOMES BELOVED ROYAL By 1797, it was open warfare between the Prince and Princess of Wales. He hated her. She reciprocated. Whole Eng Aristocracy divided up. Newspapers flourished on the royal family saga. The English turn against the Prince and his wife His girlfriend Caroline becomes more and more popular. Prince George’s new girlfriend Frances Villiers Countess of Jersey 1753-1821

"a scintillating society woman, a heady mix of charm, beauty, and sarcasm". 1800 The Return of Mrs Fitzherbert After consulting the about her marriage she is assured she is lawfully married to George They reconcile and cohabit but with no sex. Royal brothers encouraged her return Saw her as positive influence on George. Mrs Maria Fitzherbert, (1756- 1837) wife of the Prince of Wales in secret marriage. 1800-1809 break in 1809 She leaves him. Fitzherbert. She looks back on their years and is bitter. Their marriage was a farce. She tells the prince. Princess of Wales 1804 National Portrait Gallery May 31, 1810 SCANDAL: Murder of the Valet Prince Ernest Augustus Duke of Cumberland Valet found in his room in his bed with his throat slit. Oct 25, 1810, GOLDEN JUBILEE OF KING GEORGE III 1811 King George III suffers a relapse. THE REGENTS BILL PRINCE OF WALES REGENT By 1811 the public view of the Prince Regent was wholly negative. His war with his wife had caused the public to turn against him and they never came back. THE REGENC Y CIRCLE 1812

Lady Elizabeth Countess Melbourne

Son: Lord William Lamb Lord Melbourne William (1779-1848) and Caroline Lamb (1785-1828) Lady Caroline Lamb and “Mad, bad, and to know.” 1812-1814 SCANDAL Affairs, adultery, debauchery WHAT THE REGENT FACED IN 1811:NAPOLEON 1800 Napoleonic Code 1804 May Crown Emperor, 1805 Austerlitz Nap beats Austria 1805 Trafalgar, Oct 21. 1807 Tilsit (Nap & Czar) 1808 Bayonne, Sp King Abdicates King Joseph May: Revolt (“Second of May”) (“Third of May”) Guerilla war in Spain Sept: Massive new French army into Sp 1810 (Jan 1) DIVORCE 1810 Deteriorating Spanish scene Nap personally leads new Fr army 1812-1813 Russian campaign 1812-1814 Wellington winning in Sp. 1814 Nap abdicates 1815 June: Waterloo Nelson, Wellington, Napoleon in Spain 1812-1813, In and out of Russia

Napoleon says Farewell, Fountainbleu, 1814

Prince Regent Welcomes Louis XVIII on way to Paris People made jokes about the two rotund old leaders. WATERLOO JUNE 18,1815 The defeat of Napoleon should have been a moment for the Prince Regent to shine. He was the head of the winning coalition. But in fact he was uncomfortable, since the public celebrations exposed him to public boos. Duke and Duchess of Kent Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales born 1796 to the Prince and Princess of Wales Scandal of the Prince and Princess of Wales makes their daughter all the more beloved. Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales born 1796 to the Prince and Princess of Wales 1815, a constant battle between the Prince and the Princess of Wales over their daughter. George wanted to get rid of Caroline with a divorce. She refused to co operate, and refused entreaties to leave the country. MAY 1816 MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS CHARLOTTE MAY 1816 MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS CHARLOTTE AND LEOPOLD OF SAXE-COBURG Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (1790-1865) Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg (1750-1806)

Leopold Duke Ernest I Victoria PRINCE QUEEN 1790-1865 1784-1844 ALBERT 1786-1861 VICTORIA 1816 THE HAPPY ROYAL COUPLE 1817 Charlotte In stark contrast to her father, the Pregnant Prince Regent, who was universally despised, the young princess was extremely popular, and her pregnancy was closely followed by an enthusiastic public. Charlotte, the only child of George, Prince of Wales by his wife Caroline of Brunswick, had been married a mere seventeen months before to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha amid pomp and splendor. 1817 Though her grandfather, George III, Charlotte had 7 sons and 5 daughters, Charlotte Pregnant was the only legitimate grandchild. Thus this pregnancy was a truly significant one.Charlotte began her pregnancy as a healthy and robust young woman, but after months of blood-letting and a strict diet, an accepted medical practice prescribed by her physician, Sir Richard Croft, she grew feeble. Her death after her tortuous two-day, 50-hour labor would precipitate a new age in medicine ending arch-conservatism in obstetrics. 1817 DEATH OF PRINCESS CHARLOTTE & her baby.

Princess Charlotte’s death after giving birth to a still-born son on November 5, 1817 elicited a national outpouring of grief that was unprecedented in Britain, and her funeral drew massive crowds on a scale similar to those who thronged to Princess ’s funeral in 1997. NOV 1817, no young heirs.

Duke and Duchess of Kent CRISIS: AFTER 1817, next gen no heirs (till 1819)

Son of King George III 1.George IV d. 1830 2.Prince Frederick, d. 1827 3.William IV d. 1837 4.Prince Edward, Duke of Kent d. 1820 5.Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover d. 1851 6.Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex d. 1843 7.Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge d. 1850 Edward Duke of Kent 1767-Jan 23, 1820 (age 52)

wife: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg daughter: Victoria Edward Duke of Kent 1767-Jan 23, 1820 (age 52) 1. 4th surviving son 2. tall, athletic 3. successful military career 4. many foreign posts , Edward is credited with the first use of the term "Canadian" to mean both French and English settlers in Canada. 5. hard working kept in shape (bros. fat) 6. Prince Geo hated him 7. Julie, 30 years. 8. Victoire Julie de Saint-Laurent In 1790, while still in Geneva, the Duke took up with "Madame de Saint- Laurent" (born Thérèse- Bernardine Montgenet), the wife of a French colonel. She went with him to Canada in 1791, where she was known as "Julie de Saint-Laurent". She accompanied the Duke for the next 28 years, until his marriage in 1818. Edward Duke of Kent 1767-Jan 23, 1820 (age 52) 1. 4th surviving son 2. tall, athletic 3. successful military career 4. many foreign posts India, Canada Edward is credited with the first use of the term "Canadian" to mean both French and English settlers in Canada. 5. hard working kept in shape (bros. fat) 6. Prince Geo hated him 7. Julie, 30 years. 8. Victoire 9. shocking early death from pneumonia. Princess Victoire of Saxe-Coburg August 17, 1786 – March 16, 1861 Duchess of Kent 1818-1861 died in 1861 at 74 UNCLE LEOPOLD Princess Victoire of Saxe-Coburg August 17, 1786 – March 16, 1861 Duchess of Kent 1818-1861 died in 1861 at 74

Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg (1750-1806)

Leopold Duke Ernest I Victoria PRINCE QUEEN 1790-1865 1784-1844 ALBERT 1786-1861 VICTORIA 1815-1819 Princess Caroline in Europe

Villa D’Este, Lago di Como Caroline: Italy and a Villa Bartolomeo Pergami.

Jan 20, 1820 DEATH OF KING GEORGE III AFTER SIXTY YEAR REIGN. Cartoon shows public to son (“Filial piety”) TRIAL OF QUEEN CAROLINE George was determined to press ahead with a divorce and set up a commission chaired by the Vice-Chancellor John Leach to gather evidence of Caroline's adultery. Leach sent three commissioners to to interrogate Caroline's former servants, including Theodore Majocchi and Caroline's maid, Louise Demont. In London, Brougham was still acting as Caroline's agent. Concerned that the "Milan commission" might threaten Caroline, he sent his brother James to Caroline's villa in the hope of establishing whether George had any grounds for divorce. James wrote back to his brother of Caroline and Pergami, "they are to all appearances man and wife, never was anything so obvious."[70] The Milan commission was assembling more and more evidence, and by 1819 Caroline was worried. She informed that she would agree to a divorce in exchange for money. However, at this time in England divorce by mutual consent was illegal; it was only possible to divorce if one of the partners admitted or was found guilty of adultery. And Caroline refused to accept that script. TRIAL OF QUEEN CAROLINE

Even during the trial, the Queen remained immensely popular, as witnessed by over 800 petitions and nearly a million signatures that favoured her cause. As a figurehead of the opposition movement demanding reform, many revolutionary pronouncements were made in Caroline's name. TRIAL OF QUEEN CAROLINE

“All classes will ever find in me a sincere friend to their liberties, and a zealous advocate of their rights.” Queen Caroline, September 1820 TRIAL OF QUEEN CAROLINE

“A government cannot stop the march of intellect any more than they can arrest the motion of the tides or the course of the planets.” Leader of the radical opposition. — Queen Caroline quoted in , 7 October 1820 When she arrived on 5 June, riots broke out in support of her. Caroline was a figurehead for the growing Radical movement Spring 1821: Coronation of King George IV That night, Caroline fell ill and took a large dose of milk of magnesia and some drops of laudanum. Over the next three weeks she suffered more and more pain as her condition deteriorated. She realized she was nearing death and put her affairs in order. Her papers, letters, memoirs, and notebooks were burned. She wrote a new will, and settled her funeral arrangements: she was to be buried in her native Brunswick in a tomb bearing the inscription "Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England". She died at Brandenburg House in at 10:25 p.m. on 7 August 1821 at the age of 53. Her physicians thought she had an intestinal obstruction, but she may have had cancer Afraid that a procession of the funeral bier through London could spark public unrest, Lord Liverpool decided the Queen's cortège would avoid the city, passing to the north on the way to Harwich and Brunswick. The crowd accompanying the procession was incensed and blocked the intended route with barricades to force a new route through and London. The scene soon descended into chaos; the soldiers forming the honour guard opened fire and rode through the crowd with drawn sabres. People in the crowd threw cobblestones and bricks at the soldiers, and two members of the public—Richard Honey, a carpenter, and George Francis, a bricklayer—were killed. Eventually, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Sir Robert Baker, ordered that the official route be abandoned, and the cortège passed through the city. to the seaport of Harwich, where it was placed on a ship bound for .

Queen Caroline of the United Kingdom born Brunswick May 17, 1768 died England August 7, 1821 interred in Brunswick King George IV on a visit to 1822 POPULATION ENGLAND 1066 1.7 million 1820 10 million 1300 4.7 million 1830 12 million 1375 2.5 million 1840 13 million 1500 2.0 million 1850 15 million 1600 4.0 million 1860 18 million 1714 5.5 million. 1870 21 million 1750 6 million 1880 24 million 1800 7.7 million 1890 27 million 1900 30 million in 1700 only 1 child in 4 survived 1700-1900 Transformation of England from a primarily agricultural country to an urban one. Population of London 1800 800,000 1811 1 million 1820 1.2 million 1830 1.5 million 1840 1.6 million 1850 2. million 1860 2.5 million 1870 3.2 million 1880 4 million 1890 4.5 million 1911 5 million 1823 THE PROMISE OF A NEW REIGN THE NEW KING’S SUCCESS VISIT SCOTLAND AND IRELAND The Scottish visit, masterminded by Sir Walter Scott, was a tremendous success. No reigning monarch had come to Scotland for more than a century and a half. George dressed himself in the kilt, Royal Stewart tartan (though, on account of the chill Edinburgh wind, he prudently wore fleshcoloured Tights beneath it), and paraded along Princes Street. He stood on the Castle battlements, drinking in the cheers of the crowd, and when urged to come in out of the rain which was blowing in from the Firth of Forth, took off his hat and said, “No, no, I must cheer my people.” He also spent an hour in the Palace of Holyroodhouse, exploring the rooms once inhabited by his ancestress, Mary, Queen of Scots. Sir Walter Scott 1771-1832 Ivanhoe Rob Roy Lady in the Lake Waverley Bride of Lammermoor 1823 THE PROMISE OF A NEW REIGN THE NEW KING’S SUCCESS VISIT SCOTLAND AND IRELAND The Scottish visit, masterminded by Sir Walter Scott, was a tremendous success. No reigning monarch had come to Scotland for more than a century and a half. George dressed himself in the kilt, Royal Stewart tartan (though, on account of the chill Edinburgh wind, he prudently wore fleshcoloured Tights beneath it), and paraded along Princes Street. He stood on the Castle battlements, drinking in the cheers of the crowd, and when urged to come in out of the rain which was blowing in from the Firth of Forth, took off his hat and said, “No, no, I must cheer my people.” He also spent an hour in the Palace of Holyroodhouse, exploring the rooms once inhabited by his ancestress, Mary, Queen of Scots. THE NEW KING’S SUCCESS VISIT SCOTLAND AND IRELAND These visits to Ireland and Scotland were important. In the words of the historian Sir John Plumb,“George was showing the way that the monarchy would have to go if it were to survive into an industrial and democratic society.” As political power slipped away from , Royalty had to identify with the People and win their affection. George had the imagination to sense this. The present Queen in her triumphant tour was following the example set by fat, self-indulgent George IV. The King at Drury Lane Theater receives great ovation. August 22, 1822, Suicide of the brilliant Lord Castlereagh Gov of King Geo devastated, this was man who had managed the coalition that defeated Napoleon The handsome youth was friends with the Whigs The old King now turned into an arch conservative. A SICK KING, 1825-1830 George's heavy drinking and indulgent lifestyle had taken their toll on his health by the late 1820s. While still Prince of Wales, he had become obese through his huge banquets and copious consumption of alcohol, making him the target of ridicule on the rare occasions that he appeared in public; by 1797 his weight had reached 1 7 stone 7 pounds (111 kg; 245 lb). By 1824, his corset was made for a waist of 50 inches (130 cm). He suffered from gout, arteriosclerosis, peripheral edema ("dropsy"), and possibly porphyria. In his last years, he spent whole days in bed and suffered spasms of breathlessness that would leave him half-asphyxiated.

What did he achieve? The National Gallery Trafalgar Square 1828 Death of King George IV on June 26, 1830 at the age of 67 at . The London Times opined that "there never was an individual less regretted by his fellow creatures than this deceased King". The Duke of Wellington on King George IV

The Duke of Wellington candidly remarked that George had been "...a magnificent patron of the arts… the most extraordinary compound of talent, wit, buffoonery, obstinacy, and good feeling—in short a medley of the most opposite qualities, with a great preponderance of good— that I ever saw in any character in my life."

St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle

Altar • Edward IV, King of England, in 1483 • Henry VI, King of England (reburial), in 1484 • Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England in 1492 • Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, in1910 • Alexandra of , Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1925 Choir • Jane Seymour, Queen of England, in 1537 • Henry VIII, King of England and Ireland, in 1547 • Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, in 1649

The Royal Vault under the Choir of St George’s Chapel place of burial for Geo III, Geo IV, William IV St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle George Prince of Wales Aug 12, 1762 (St James Palace) June 26, 1830 (Windsor) Buried, St Georges Chapel Windsor 1830: The future belonged to this 11 year old girl. Victorian England Week Eight Monday Nov 28, 2018 Institute for the Study of Western Civilization King George IV