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EA of Seismic Survey in the Northeastern Pacific

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EA of Seismic Survey in the Northeastern Pacific Final Environmental Assessment of a Low-Energy Marine Geophysical Survey by the R/V Roger Revelle in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, September 2017 Prepared for Scripps Institution of Oceanography 8602 La Jolla Shores Dr. La Jolla, CA 92037 and National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725 Arlington, VA 22230 by LGL Ltd., environmental research associates 22 Fisher St., POB 280 King City, Ont. L7B 1A6 23 September 2017 LGL Report FA0114-2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ vi List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... viii I. Purpose and Need ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Mission of NSF................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of and Need for the Proposed Action.................................................................................... 1 Background of NSF-funded Marine Seismic Research ...................................................................... 2 Regulatory Setting .............................................................................................................................. 2 II. Alternatives Including Proposed Action ................................................................................................. 2 Proposed Action ................................................................................................................................. 2 (1) Project Objectives and Context .......................................................................................... 2 (2) Proposed Activities ............................................................................................................. 3 (3) Monitoring and Mitigation Measures ................................................................................. 7 Alternative 1: Alternative Survey Timing ....................................................................................... 20 Alternative 2: No Action Alternative .............................................................................................. 20 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Further Analysis ...................................................... 22 (1) Alternative E1: Alternative Location ............................................................................... 22 (2) Alternative E2: Use of Alternative Technologies ............................................................. 22 III. Affected Environment .......................................................................................................................... 22 Oceanography ................................................................................................................................... 23 Protected Areas ................................................................................................................................. 24 (1) Critical Habitat for ESA-listed Species ............................................................................ 24 (2) Other Protected Areas....................................................................................................... 27 Marine Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 29 (1) Mysticetes ......................................................................................................................... 31 (2) Odontocetes ...................................................................................................................... 37 (3) Pinnipeds .......................................................................................................................... 48 Sea Turtles ........................................................................................................................................ 53 (1) Leatherback Turtle ........................................................................................................... 53 Seabirds ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Final Environmental Assessment for Northeastern Pacific, 2017 Page ii Table of Contents (1) Short-tailed Albatross ....................................................................................................... 55 (2) Western Snowy Plover ..................................................................................................... 55 (3) Marbled Murrelet ............................................................................................................. 56 Fish ................................................................................................................................................... 57 (1) ESA-listed Species ........................................................................................................... 57 (2) Essential Fish Habitat ....................................................................................................... 57 (3) Habitat Areas of Particular Concern ................................................................................. 61 (4) Critical Habitat ................................................................................................................. 63 (5) Fisheries............................................................................................................................ 63 IV. Environmental Consequences .............................................................................................................. 64 Proposed Action ............................................................................................................................... 64 (1) Direct Effects on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles and Their Significance .................. 64 (2) Mitigation Measures ......................................................................................................... 79 (3) Potential Numbers of Marine Mammals Exposed to Various Received Sound Levels........................................................................................................................... 80 (4) Conclusions for Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles ......................................................... 85 (5) Direct Effects on Invertebrates, Fish, Fisheries, and EFH and Their Significance .......... 87 (6) Direct Effects on Seabirds and Their Significance ........................................................... 91 (7) Indirect Effects on Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Seabirds, Fish, and Their Significance ................................................................................................................. 91 (8) Cumulative Effects ........................................................................................................... 91 (9) Unavoidable Impacts ........................................................................................................ 95 (10) Public Input and Coordination with Other Agencies and Processes .............................. 95 Alternative Action: Another Time .................................................................................................... 96 No Action Alternative ...................................................................................................................... 96 V. List of Preparers .................................................................................................................................... 97 VI. Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................... 98 Appendix A: NMFS Environmental Assessment and FONSI .................................................................. 141 Appendix B: Incidental Harassment Authorization .................................................................................. 222 Appendix C: NMFS Biological Opinion .................................................................................................. 234 Appendix D: Essential Fish Habitat Consultation Letter .......................................................................... 368 Appendix E: USFWS Letter of Concurrence ............................................................................................ 378 Appendix F: Coastal Zone Management USFWS Compliance – Oregon and Washington .......................... 385 Final Environmental Assessment for Northeastern Pacific, 2017 Page iii List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1. Locations of the proposed low-energy seismic surveys in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, September 2017. ..................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 2. Modeled deep-water received sound exposure levels (SELs) from
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