The Nova Scotia Marine Community Monitoring Manual The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE MARINE COMMUNITY MONITORING MANUAL

REGISTRATION ......

HOW IT WAS PUT TOGETHER ......

REASONS FOR ADOPTING THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MANUAL ......

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......

CONTACT INFORMATION ......

INTRODUCTION ...... Background ...... Marine community monitoring program ...... Stage I...... Stage II (this manual)...... Who should participate?...... Why monitor?...... The Nova Scotia marine environment...... Halifax Harbour...... Management of our marine environment ...... Building partnerships: community, managers & scientists ......

OVERVIEW OF THE MANUAL SECTIONS ...... How to use the manual ...... Identify your interests...... Registration ...... Carrying out monitoring...... What happens to your Data ...... Registration ......

PART I: METHODS

COASTAL/NAUTICAL GRID SYSTEM««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ......

BEACHES...... SECTION 1

1.1 Beach width (measurements) ...... Section 1.1

1.2Beach structure (photographic method) ...... Section 1.2

Table of Contents The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

WATER...... SECTION 2 2.1 Water clarity ...... Section 2.1 2.2 Water temperature (thermometer)...... Section 2.2

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ......

INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES ...... SECTION 3 3.1 Membranipora Membranacea ...... Section 3.1 3.2 Carninus Meanas (Green Crab)...... Section 3.2 3.3 Codium Fragile ...... Section 3.3

SALTMARSH HEALTH...... SECTION 4 4.1 Saltmarsh Health...... Section 4.1

SEAGRASS HEALTH ...... SECTION 5 5.1 Seagrass Patch Regeneration ...... Section 5.1

FISH «. ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««« SECTION 6 6.1 Atlantic Salmon Relative Abundance...... Section 6.1 6.2 $PHULFDQ(HO5HODWLYH$EXQGDQFH«««««««««««««««««««««««6HFWLRQ SEA BIRDS«...... SECTION 7 7.1 Nelson's Sharp-Tailed Sparrow Numbers...... Section 7.1 7.2 Willet Numbers...... Section 7.2

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ......

LITTER ...... SECTION 8 8.1 Beach litter...... Section 8.1

PART II: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1SITE DESCRIPTION ...... SECTION 1 1.1 Site description ...... 1.2 The Nautical Chart and NSTDB Coastal Series ...... 1.3 Site name ...... 1.4 Site position (latitude and longitude)...... 1.5 µ0XG PDSV ...... 1.6 Water depth...... 1.7 Weather and sea conditions ...... 1.8 Control and impact sites ...... 1.9 Impacts...... 1.10 Site registration number...... 1.11 Site re-location......

2RATING SYSTEM ...... SECTION 2 2.1 Rating system ...... 2.2 Skill and Experience Rating......

Table of Contents The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

2.3 Equipment Rating...... 2.4 Time Rating ...... 2.5 Frequency Rating......

3STANDARD EQUIPMENT USED IN MONITORING...... SECTION 3 3.1 General equipment list...... 3.2 Underwater slates...... 3.3 Tape measures ...... 3.4 Dive bags ...... 3.5 Compass...... 3.6 Tide charts...... 3.7 Nautical/Coastal charts ...... 3.8 Aerial photographs...... 3.9 Photography and video ...... 3.10 Transect lines...... 3.11 Quadrat ...... 3.12 Secchi disk...... 3.13 Thermometer ...... 3.14 Temperature Loggers......

4SAFETY ISSUES ...... SECTION 4 4.1 Important (please read) ...... 4.2 Team approach to safety...... 4.3 General safety rules ...... 4.4 General safety kit...... 4.5 Dangerous objects...... 4.6 Boating...... 4.7 SCUBA diving and snorkelling ......

5DATA QUALITY...... SECTION 5 5.1 Data quality......

6BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WHEN MONITORING...... SECTION 6 6.1 /RRNEXWGRQ¶WWRXFK ...... 6.2 Be aware of local regulations...... 6.3 Boating...... 6.4 Installation of tags and other structures ...... 6.5 Coastal areas ...... 6.6 SCUBA and snorkelling ......

Table of Contents Registration Form @ () () () () ITLE T DDRESS A MAIL MAIL ODE OSTAL OSTAL DDRESS PRIMARY PHONE NUMBER Telephone Number ALTERNATIVE PHONE NUMBER Telephone Number FAX NUMBER Telephone Number P C E- unity Monitoring Manual A are are must ) REGISTRATION FORM . Identification Number

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm . The Data Sheets IF FROM A GROUP IF FROM // , which should be submitted to the CBEMN.be submitted to should , which Marine Community Monitoring Program and/or DATE Identification Number ATE DD / MM / YY / MM / DD D CONTACT PERSON DETAILS Registration Form ovided by the CBEMN ovided GROUP NAME ( ID * Site Registration Forms GROUP GROUP / INDIVIDUAL/GROUP IDENTIFICATION NUMBER AME AME N AME N N ROUP AST IRST IRST NDIVIDUAL be written on all on be written PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE INDIVIDUAL/GROUP REGISTRATION FORM. the in participating individual/group Each I will be pr * ID number G F L We then issue will you anwith requested to completerequested a The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

THE NOVA SCOTIA MARINE COMMUNITY MONITORING

MANUAL

HOW IT WAS PUT TOGETHER

7KH 6DLQW 0DU\ĜV 8QLYHUVLW\ &RPPXQLW\-Based Environmental Monitoring Network presents you with the Nova Scotia Marine Community Monitoring Manual. This manual has been adopted from the Western Australia Marine Community Monitoring Program, developed by the Western Australia Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) Marine Conservation Branch (MCB).

It is important to note that various marine monitoring programs exist throughout Canada LQFOXGLQJ6KRUHNHHSHUV PRQLWRULQJLQWHUWLGDOKDELWDWVLQ&DQDGDĜV3DFLILFZDWHUV DQG-U Shorekeepers (an Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) project which has been piloted on both coasts). These programs have proven effective and we recommend drawing on these resources should this Nova Scotia edition fail to meet your specific needs (because of geographical scope, level of detail etc.).

REASONS FOR ADOPTING THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MANUAL

x The methods used in the Western Australian Manual have tried to broadly cover the issues that communities have expressed an interest in. Meetings with community members/groups in Nova Scotia will be held in the spring of 2007, and the numbers of methods are expected to increase as more community groups become involved and express more issues of interest and/or concern.

x The Western Australia program recognizes the many difficulties that community groups face in terms of integration into decision making processes; therefore, most methods used in the manual are scientifically accurate and user friendly (therefore providing credible information to both scientists and decision makers). The methods

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

used in this Nova Scotia manual are expected to evolve over time, as increased feedback is generated from the community, scientists and managers.

x The methods in the Western Australia Manual are straight forward and user-friendly. As more community groups become involved and a greater ownership of their marine environment is developed; the manual can adapt to meet more specific needs. This of course will rely on input from community groups.

x Each method in the Western Australia Manual KDVEHHQZULWWHQVRWKDWLWLVDěVWDQG- DORQHĜ GRFXPHQW WKDW FDQ EH UHPRYHG IURP WKH PDQXDO This will allow community groups to take on a single interest/concern or take a more holistic approach. It must be noted that this creates a lot of repetition within the Manual but ensures that each method contains all the information needed to be undertaken successfully.

x The final reason for adopting the Western Australian Manual is the brilliant data management structure used in their program. When registered groups send monitoring data back to the administration, it is checked for errors and inconsistencies and then entered into the Community Monitoring Database. The CBEMN recognizes the importance of data sharing and networking and therefore plans to follow similar data management practices. The standardized data input into the database will be mapped and available to the public via the CBEMN website.

** When using the CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual, please keep in mind that this project is (1) in its early stages of development and (2) put together to help interested and/or concerned citizens monitor and manage their marine environments. Therefore, we would appreciate as much feedback as possible as this will inevitably increase effectiveness of the program.**

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

x Dr. Chris Simpson Ě Manager, Western Australia Marine Conservation Branch (MCB), Nature Conservation Division.

x Western Australia Department of Conservation and Land management

x ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES FUND (ENVIRONMENT CANADA)

x SALAMANDER FOUNDATION

x GOVERNMENT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

x SAINT MARYğS UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

NETWORK (CBEMN)

x SPECIAL THANKS TO OLIVER WOODS, DEREK WOLF, JODY ARMSTRONG AND JOSH

BLAKENEY FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

Contact Information: Mailing Address:

Dr. Cathy Conrad, Associate Professor; Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Network; 5CKPV/CT[ğU7PKXGTUKV[&GRCTVOGPVQH)GQITCRJ[ 923 Robie Street; Halifax, Nova Scotia; B3H 3C3

Chelsea Adams, Marine Community Monitoring Coordinator; 5CKPV/CT[ğU7PKversity, Department of Environmental Studies; Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Network; 923 Robie Street; Halifax, Nova Scotia; B3H 3C3

Website: http://www.envnetwork.smu.ca

Phone Numbers: Dr. Cathy Conrad: 420-5686 CBEMN office: 491-6243 Dept. Secretary: 420-5737 Dept. Fax: 496-8213 Email Addresses: Dr. Cathy Conrad: [email protected] CBEMN Office: [email protected] Chelsea Adams: [email protected]

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND The MCMP has been developed in stages to overcome three fundamental obstacles to successful You probably have a copy of this manual because community involvement in marine management. you care about your local marine environment. The marine environment of this Province is owned by all Nova Scotians. Unlike the land, where usage rights STAGE I(IN PROGRESS ) are defined by municipal and provincial boundaries, the ocean is not private property but is a common asset available to all users. While the freedom of Obstacles: (1) Difficulty in positive identification of open access is cherished by most Atlantic all but the most common marine flora and fauna, (2) Canadians, experience here and elsewhere clearly limited scientific training and experience in marine demonstrates that increasing levels of human usage data collection and (3) expected difficulty in often eventually leads to environmental degradation. maintaining community enthusiasm without Atlantic Canadians love their ocean, are concerned feedback. about its protection and want to be involved in its Strategies: (1) Develop an easy-to-use CD-ROM conservation and management. marine identification guide. This guide will aid in identification of the most common flora and fauna Management agencies and scientists cannot do this found in the vicinity of Nova Scotia¶s coastal waters, enormous task on their own and need to involve the (2) develop a manual of user-friendly (scientifically broader community. Fortunately, many local robust) monitoring methods and (3) develop a communities recognise that everyone (including database (accompanied by a website) to allow easy Government agencies, scientists and the community) access to the data. has a mutual responsibility to protect our marine environment and is keen to help. STAGE II (THIS MANUAL) MARINE COMMUNITY Obstacle: Limited operational training and MONITORING PROGRAM experience in undertaking monitoring in the marine environment. The main goal of the CBEMN Marine Community Strategy: Develop a training program to ensure Monitoring Program (MCMP) is to develop a monitoring activities are undertaken effectively and partnership between managers, scientists and the safely. community. Through this partnership we will develop an early warning system for detecting FKDQJH LQ WKH PDULQH HQYLURQPHQW DQG µGR WHO SHOULD PARTICIPATE? VRPHWKLQJDERXWLW¶7KH0&03SURYLGHVWKHWRROV for the community to participate directly in This program is aimed at all Atlantic Canadians who monitoring and managing the health of our marine have an interest in their marine and coastal and coastal environment. The monitoring methods environment and want to become involved in are easy to use and most should be fun to do, monitoring the health of their ocean. although there are some more complex methods for those who have more time and interest to develop You can become involved as part of a community greater expertise. The data collected by the group or can conduct marine monitoring as an community is expected to complement the individual. Table 1 provides an example of the types monitoring data collected by Government agencies of people who have expressed monitoring interest in and scientists. Together these data will be used by the past; and this list does not encompass the many management agencies and local communities to help groups or individuals who may be interested in manage human impacts on their local marine participating at present. You may be working on a environment. golf course on the south shore, or hiking on the coast in a remote area. You may go on a holiday and collect some data while you are there or you may want to monitor the health of your local environment

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual regularly. Invaluable data can be collected from people who are living, working or holidaying along THE NOVA SCOTIA MARINE the beautiful coast of Nova Scotia. Table 1 provides an example of the sort of people who may be, or ENVIRONMENT have expressed, an interest in participating.

The shoreline of Nova Scotia is varied, and in some WHY MONITOR? places extremely irregular. The estimated 7,500 kilometres of coastline has become increasingly Management agencies monitor the health of the developed in the past decades, and has been subject marine environment to ensure that problems do not to the negative impacts of human use. Our coastal arise before it is too late to fix them. waters are home to a diverse and impressive biological community, however the ecosystem has To better understand this, it is a good idea to look at become increasingly vulnerable due to increased how we protect our own health. We monitor in human activity (both locally and globally). various ways a range of indicators such as the presence of pain, a general feeling of well-being and Unlike many places around the world, our marine our pulse rate and body temperature. Changes in environment is generally in good condition but this these indicators provide us with an early warning is subject to change. Contamination of the marine system of potential health problems. If we do not environment is experienced to various degrees leave it too late to address the problem, then there is a good chance that we can rectify it before it throughout the province. Our dominant metropolitan area, Halifax, and its associated marine environment, becomes too serious. has been and continues to be an area of great concern. Contaminants from sewage, industrial run- It is the same with monitoring the health of the off and discharge among other things, have marine environment. We need to monitor early disrupted the once pristine marine environment. warning indicators of the health of the marine environment. These may include water quality, seaweed, or fish health and abundance. If we find DQ\FKDQJHVIURPZKDWLVµQRUPDO¶VRPHWKLQJFDQEH done to further investigate the causes of these HALIFAX HARBOUR changes, and if necessary, take action to rectify the problem before it is too late. Located in the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), Halifax harbour is considered to be the second largest ice-free harbour in the world. In Table 1. WHO SHOULD PARTICIPATE recent years, the marine environment has x Local residents experienced negative impacts due to increased x Indigenous communities populations, development, and use. The greatest x Atlantic Canadians on holiday common concern is the enormous amounts of x Neighbouring land owners biological waste dumped into the harbour. Although x Recreational boating groups HRM is in the process of fixing this problem, the x Recreational diving groups complete recovery of the marine environment will x Recreational fishing groups take many years. Because the harbour is home to x Nature study enthusiasts and collectors important port facilities (and relatively large traffic x Conservationists flows), the introduction of exotic species is also an area of great concern. The MCMP will be an x Scientists important tool expected to help discover any x Teachers and students introduction of invasive species, and will provide an Local government x early warning system capable of detecting change in x Commercial fishing operators the marine environment before matters become x Aquaculturalists irreversible. x Commercial tourism operators x Mining industry As our population increases, greater pressure is x Petroleum industry placed on the marine environment by increasing human usage. We will need to carefully monitor its health to ensure that our marine environment is well managed and that the coastal problems that occur in other parts of the world are not repeated in Nova Scotia.

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

limited knowledge and understanding that it is MANAGEMENT OF OUR MARINE actually happening until it is too late (ie few, if any, monitoring programs). To avoid a repetition of these ENVIRONMENT problems occurring in Nova Scotia, it is important that we are all involved in monitoring our marine environment so that we can understand the Managing the marine environment of Nova Scotia is implications of our activities and take action. undertaken by various officials. The following statutory and non-statutory mechanisms are some examples used in Nova Scotia currently to manage the marine and coastal environment.

BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS:

MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS COMMUNITY, MANAGERS &

STATUTORY SCIENTISTS x Marine protected areas ± Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) manages marine protected areas for the conservation of native marine and estuarine flora and fauna. DFO also Our goal is to develop a partnership between the develops specific management programs for community, managers and scientists through the species needing special protection. MCMP. x Fishing regulations - DFO is responsible for the In this partnership, the community brings to the management and regulation of recreational and MCMP: commercial fishing. Fish Habitat Protection x local knowledge; Areas can also be created to protect fish habitats. x expertise;

x energy and commitment; x Shipping and boating regulations - The x resources; and Department of Transport is responsible for access to almost all our coastal waters. maritime safety and for combating marine oil x spills. Managers and scientists will continue to implement complementary monitoring programs and will also NON-STATUTORY provide to the MCMP: x Research - Government departments and training; universities undertake research to gain a better x understanding of the inter-relationships between x scientific expertise; the physical, chemical, geological, biological and x support and advice; social components of the marine environment. x feedback on the data; and x data interpretation and management decisions. x Education - Marine education programs are generally undertaken by Government agencies If we all work together, it is possible to maintain a and non-government organisations. healthy marine and coastal environment for future generations. This partnership will be successful if as many interested individuals and community groups x Public participation - This is generally as possible become involved in the Marine undertaken by Government departments and Community Monitoring Program. community groups.

The above mechanisms are in place in some form or other in most countries around the world, yet many of these countries have been unable to prevent continuing degradation of their marine environments. Much of the degradation has resulted simply from increased human usage often with

Introduction The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

IDENTIFY YOUR INTERESTS OVERVIEW OF THE MANUAL As an individual or community group, you should decide first what parts of the marine environment SECTIONS you are interested in. For example, are you interested in inhabitants of the physical environment, or social aspects? You should then narrow your The framework for this manual has been developed interests down to specific areas including: by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) x physical environment eg. beach width; Marine Conservation Branch (MCB); and modified x biological environment eg. Seaweed health and by the CBEMN to produce a program specific to abundance Nova Scotia. This contribution is greatly appreciated x social environment eg. beach litter. as it will allow community members in Nova Scotia to become involved in a structured marine If you are unclear about what your interests are, you monitoring program. The contributions from CALM can: and MCB will assist community groups and x read through the methods in the table of individuals to participate in monitoring the health of contents and see if there are any that interest 1RYD6FRWLD¶VPDULQHDQGFRDVWDOHQYLURQPHQWV you; and x talk with your local government, a CBEMN The manual is divided into two parts. member, the project research coordinator or other community members/groups. They will explain some of the environmental concerns in PART I: METHODS your area, and will direct you appropriately. x Rating system x Method/Information/Data sheets -Physical environment -Biological environment REGISTRATION -Social environment When you have decided you want to be involved, x grid reference sheets for Nova Scotia either as an individual or as part of a community -Nautical group, you will need to fill in a Registration Form. -Nova Scotia Coastal series You should send the completed form to the -GPS preferred datXP¶VHWF CBEMN, who will then provide you with an Identification Number. Use this number when PART II: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION required on Data Sheets. The information is used by CBEMN to liaise with you when checking data and x Site description providing feedback. x Rating system x Standard equipment You only need to fill out a Registration Form once x Safety even if you are participating in more than one x Data quality method. If you are a member of a community group, x Being environmentally sensitive only one form is needed per group. You should ensure that you keep the CBEMN informed of any The format and structure of this manual (1) enables changes, such as your contact details. HDFKPHWKRGWREH³VWDQGDORQH´DQG  XSGDWHGDV new methods are developed.

CARRYING OUT MONITORING HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL Read all the relevant information that relates to your There is no limit to the number of monitoring monitoring method including: programs you can become involved in. The only x method sheets; limitations are the amount of time you have x information sheets; and available and your level of enthusiasm. x data sheets.

The Method Sheet/s also ask you to read up on additional information (Part II) relevant to that method (eg. equipment, safety).

Overview of the Manual Sections The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

The selection of monitoring sites is referred to in Maps showing the results of your data are produced µ6LWH6HOHFWLRQ¶LQWKHMethod Sheets. There are two as part of the community monitoring data types of sites: networking process. These give a very good x re-locatable sites; and overview of the location and the type of data x opportunistically selected sites. collected for each method. The maps will be available on the CBEMN website as soon as the If the method requires the selection of re-locatable program is under way (the CBEMN website is sites, you will need to fill in a Site Registration http://www.envnetwork.smu.ca). Form, when you have selected your sites. The information recorded on this form includes a Once data is collated, it will become a crucial form description of the site location to ensure it can be re- of information for community groups, scientists and located. If you cannot continue to monitor this site, it Government departments. can be reassigned to another individual/group. You should send this form to the CBEMN, who will provide you with a Site Registration Number. Use this number when required on Data Sheets. REGISTRATION If the method is based on carrying out opportunistic monitoring (eg. recording a sighting) then you do not need to fill in a Site Registration Form. Once you decide to carry out monitoring as an individual or as part of a community group, you will The Information Sheet has been designed to be taken need to: into the field and used as a reference. x fill in the Registration Form; x send the completed Registration Form to the All data should be entered into the Data Sheets. The CBEMN, who will supply you with a Data Sheets provided should be photocopied prior to Registration Number; and use. Completed Data Sheets should be submitted to x write the Registration Number on all Data the CBEMN (via mail, email, or in person). Sheets, Site Registration Forms, photographs, videos, or any other materials.

Individuals and groups only need to register once. If WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR DATA you are part of a group, you only need to register the group once, unless you intend to carry out monitoring separately. If you lose, or forget your After we have received your data, it is checked for Registration Number, contact the CBEMN. It is errors and inconsistencies and then entered into the important that you keep the CBEMN advised of any CBEMN Monitoring Database. During this checking changes to the information on the Registration process, we may need to contact you to ensure that Form. the information you have submitted is correct or to get additional information. This highlights the By registering yourself and/or your group, you are importance of participants supplying us with providing contact details that will only be used by accurate and up-to-date contact details and site the CBEMN to liaise with you when checking data information. and providing feedback. It also allows you to identify which information you and other groups have collected.

Overview of the Manual Sections The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

PART I

NAUTICAL/COASTAL GRID SYSTEM

Part I The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

NAUTICAL CHART

AND NSTDB 50 KM

COASTAL SERIES GRID

REFERENCE SHEETS

FOR NS

Map Index Part 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

Cape Chignecto««««««« 21H/07 Cape George«««««««« 11F/13 DEFINING THE MAP Cape North««««««««« 11N/01 Cape Sable Island«««««« 20P/05 Cape Sable Island (South)««« 20P/04 SYSTEM Cape Spencer«««««««« 21H/04 Cape St. Lawrence«««««« 11N/02 The CBEMN Marine Community Centreville««««««««« 21B/09 Monitoring Program has adopted both the Charlottetown«««««««« 11L/03 Atlantic Canada Nautical Chart and the Chebucto Head (South East)...... 11D/06 N.S. Coastal Series 50 km grid as the Chedabucto Bay«««««« 11F/06 standard means of managing data. . The Chester...... 21A/09 Cheticamp...... 11K/11 grid systems are used to determine a Cheticamp River...... 11K/10 groups monitoring location and allow Church Point...... 21B/08 spatial comparison of data collected (and Comeaus Hill...... 20O/09 also helps to determine where gaps in Country Harbour...... 11F/04 monitoring activity are present) Digby...... 21A/12 Dingwall...... 11K/16 Below, you will find the entire list of grids Dingwall (East)...... 11J/13 for the entire province. Once you have East Bar...... 11B/03 determined the grid that corresponds to East Point...... 11K/05 your monitoring site, please record it on East Point (North East)...... 11K/12 the site registration form. Ecum Secum...... 11D/16 These maps and associated grid references Emerald Basin...... 11D/07 Emerald Basin (North East)...... 11C/12 can be found online at: Emerald Basin (North)...... 11D/09 http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/land/images/coastalind Emerald Basin (North West)...... 11D/03 ex.gif (NSTDB Coastal Series) or Framboise...... 11F/09 http://www.fedpubs.com/charts/ns_south.htm German Bank (South)...... 20O/01 (Nautical Charts) Glace Bay...... 11J/04 Grand Manan Basin...... 21B/07 Grand Narrows...... 11F/15 NSTBD COASTAL SERIES Granville Ferry...... 21A/13 Guyon Island (South East)...... 11G/12 REFERENCE SHEET (AVAILABLE Guysborough...... 11F/05 Halifax...... 11D/12 AT 1:50000 SCALE) Hardings Island...... 20P/10 Ingonish...... 11K/09 Alma««««««««««. 21H/10 Ingonish East...... 11J/12 Amherst«««««««««« 21H/16 Kennetcook...... 11E/04 Antigonish««««««««« 11F/12 Lahave Basin (West)...... 20P/09 Baccaro«««««««««. 20P/06 Lahave Islands...... 21A/01 Beddeck«««««««««« 11K/02 Lake Ainslie...... 11K/03 Banquereau (West)«««««. 11B/06 Larry's River...... 11F/03 Banquereau (West Tip)«««. 11K/02 Liscomb...... 11E/01 Bass River««««««««. 11E/05 Liscomb Island...... 11C/13 Berwick«««««««««. 21H/02 Liverpool...... 21A/02 Boughton Island««««««. 11L/01 Loch Lomond...... 21H/05 Bras D'or««««««««« 11K/08 Lockeport...... 20P/11 Bridgetown««««««««« 21A/14 Louisbourg...... 11G/13 Canso Bank (North)««««« 11F/08 Lunenburg...... 21A/08 Canso Bank (West)««««« 11F/02 Lurcher Shoal...... 20O/15 Cape Breton Trough (West)«« 11K/14 Macleans Shoal (South East)...... 11C/14 Cape Canso«««««««« 11F/07

Map Index Part 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

Magdalen Island (South East)...... 11N/03 Malagash...... 11E/14 NOVA SCOTIA NAUTICAL CHART Malignant Point...... 11E/16 Margaree...... 11K/06 (VARIOUS SCALES) Margaretsville...... 21H/03 Mergomish...... 11E/09 Metaghan...... 21B/01 $QQDSROLV%DVLQ««««««« 4396 Mira River...... 11F/16 'LJE\««««««««««« 4396 Montague...... 11L/02 6DLQW0DU\ V%D\«««««« 4118 Musquodoboit Harbour...... 11D/14 3HWLW3DVVDJH«««««««« 4118 New Glasgow...... 11E/10 :H\PRXWK««««««««« 4905/4906 North Head (North East)...... 11J/05 *UDQG3DVVDJH««««««« 4118 Northeast Bank...... 21B/02 Owls Head...... 11D/10 (DVW6DQG\&RYH««««««« 4118 Parrsboro...... 21H/08 0HWHJKDQ«««««««««« 4118 Pictou Island...... 11E/15 6DXQLHUYLOOH«««««««««« 4245 Pleasant Bay...... 11K/15 Yarmouth Harbour and Approaches... 4245 Port Elgin...... 21I/01

Map Index Part 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

St. Margaret's Bay««««««« 4386 &KDQQHODQG6W$QQV%D\««« Head Harbour««««««««« 4386 (QWUDQFHWR*UHDW%UDV' 2U«« 4277 Hubbards Cove«««««««« 4386 2WWHU+DUERXU«««««««« 4277/4367 Chebucto Head to Betty Island«« 4385 (QWUDQFHWR6W$QQV+DUERXU«« 4277/4367 Approaches to Halifax Harbour«« 4237 )OLQW,VODQGWR&DSH6PRN\«« 4367 Sambro Harbour«««««««« 4237 Ingonish and Dingwall Harbours... 4365 Halifax Harbour - Black Point to Ingonish Harbour and Point Pleasant««««««««« 4203 $SSURDFKHV««««««««« 4363/4365 Halifax Harbour - Point Pleasant to 'LQJZDOO+DUERXU««««««« 4363/4365 Bedford Basin««««««««« 4202 &DSH6PRN\WR6W3DXO,VODQG«« 4363 Ocean Terminals«««««««« 4202 6W3DXO,VODQG«««««««« 4450 Halifax Harbour to Bedford Basin« 4201 $WODQWLF&RYH«««««««« 4450 Taylors Head to Shut-In ,VODQG«« 4236 0DF'RXJDOODQG3RZHUV&RYHV« 4450 6KLS+DUERXUDQG$SSURDFKHV« 4235/4236 7ULQLW\&RYH««««««««« 4450 Country Harbour to Ship Harbour. 4227 &KpWLFDPSWR&DSH6W/DZUHQFH« 4464 %DUUHQ,VODQGWR7D\ORUV+HDG« 4235 Chéticamp Harbour / Grand Étang &RXQWU\,VODQGWR%DUUHQ,VODQG« 4234 Harbour / Margaree Harbour««« 4449 4227/4234/ 4449/4463/ &RXQWU\+DUERXU««««««« 4321 Chéticamp Harbour««««««« 4464 6W0DU\ V5LYHU««««««« 4118 Grand Étang Harbour««««««.. 4449 3RUW%LFNHUWRQ«««««««« 4234 Margaree Harbour««««««« 4449/4640 4098/4099/ Great Bras D'Or and St. Patricks &DSH&DQVRWR/LVFRPE,VODQG« 4321 Channel««««««««««« 4278 &DSH&DQVRWR&RXQWU\,VODQG« 4233/4355 Maclvers Pt. tp Little Narrows««« 4278 &DQVR+DUERXUDQG$SSURDKHV« 4281 Baddeck Harbour«««««««« 4278 Canso Harbour to Strait of Canso.. 4307 Iona and Grand Narrows««««« 4278/4279 Strait of Canso and Southern Chéticamp Harbour to Cape Mabou... 4463 $SSURDFKHV««««««««« 4306 St. George's Bay«««««««« 4462 Point Tupper to Ship PoiQW««« 4306 Port Hood, Mabou Harbour and &DQVR/RFNDQG&DXVHZD\««« 4306 Havre Boucher««««««««« 4448 St. Peters Bay to Strait of Canso... 4308 3RUW+RRG««««««««««« 4448/4462 5HG3RLQWWR*X\RQ,VODQG««« 4374 Mabou Harbour«««««««« 4448/4462 %UDV' 2U/DNH««««««« 4279 Havre Boucher««««««««« 4448/4462 /HQQR[3DVVDJH««««««« 4279 East Point to Cape Bear««««« 4403 *X\RQ,VODQGWR)OLQW,VODQG«« 4375 Pomquet and Tracadie Harbours«« 4447 Main-á-'LHX3DVVDJH««««« 4377 Antiguinish Harbour«««««« 4446 LouLVEXUJ+DUERXU«««««« 4376 &DSH*HRUJHWR3LFWRX«««««« 4404 6W3HWHUV%D\«««««««« 4275 Bailey's Brook Wharf«««««« 4404 4278/4308/ Cribbons Point Wharf«««««« 4404 6W3HWHUV&DQDO««««««« 4425 Ballantynes Cove Wharf««««« 4404 *ODFH%D\+DUERXU«««««« 4170 Arisaig Wharf««««««««« 4404 6\GQH\+DUERXU««««««« 4266 Merigomish Harbour«««««« 4445 1RUWK6\GQH\«««««««« 4266 East River of Pictou, Indian Cross ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3LHUV«««««« 4266 Point to Trenton and New Glasgow« 4443 6\GQH\:KDUYHV««««««« 4266 Trenton«««««««««««« 4403 Sydney RLYHU«««««««« 4266 New Glasgow««««««««« 4403 6\GSRUW«««««««««« 4266 Pictou Harbour««««««««« 4437 /LWWOH%UDV' 2U««««««« 4276 Caribou Harbour«««««««« 4483 Great Bras D'Or, St. Andrews 4277 Caribou Ferry Terminal««««« 4404/4483

Map Index Part 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

Woods Islands Ferry Terminal««.. 4845 Pictou Island to Tryon Shoals««« 4405 Victoria Harbour«««««««« 4405/4406 Victoria Wharf««««««««« 4405/4406 Wallace Wharf««««««««« 4402 Pugwash Harbour and Approaches« 4498 Pugwash Harbour«««««««« 4406/4498 Tryon Shoals to Cape Egmont««« 4406 Petitcodiac River and Cumberland Basin«««««««««««« 4130 Petitcodiac River«««««««« 4130 Dorchester Cape«««««««« 4130 Parrsboro Harbour and Approaches« 4399 Parrsboro Harbour««««««« 4399 Avon River and Approaches««« 4140

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PHYSICAL

ENVIRONMENT

Part I The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

BEACHES

Part I Section 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

1.1 BEACH STRUCTURE (MEASUREMENTS)

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B,O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVES Monitor beach width at beaches along the coast of Nova Scotia in an effort to identify trends in beach form and shoreline position. effectively when the natural trends in shoreline movement and beach form are known, as well as the BACKGROUND possible effects of severe storms and human structures, such as marinas. Beaches are an important part of our natural and cultural surroundings, and with over 7,500 km of By knowing if the shoreline is retreating or diverse coastline, Nova Scotia is home to a wide advancing, decisions can be made on appropriate variety of coastal settings. As our use and population positioning of development near the shore. increase, greater levels of coastal development will Information is also needed on dune growth and affect the way beach systems work, and could development, or the likely level of erosion following change the beach form and shoreline position a storm to avoid incidents such as car parks dramatically. This can have a detrimental effect on overwhelmed with sand. the environment and coastal communities, affecting delicate habitats as well as coastal development and An effective way to identify trends in shoreline usage. movement is by monitoring beach width. Because of the seasonal change in beach width, monthly Beaches are naturally highly variable, shaped by the measurements should be made. At least 10 years of actions of tides, waves and storm surges. One beach data (120 measurements) are needed to identify the can change dramatically between seasons, during a range of seasonal extremes and long term trends. storm, or over the course of several years. Over This gives an indication of how far the shoreline longer periods, beaches are affected by changes in moves between seasons, and what allowance needs climate, such as El Nino or global warming and by to be made for unusual events such as hurricanes. fluctuations in sea level. Beaches can be classified according to influencing LINKS TO OTHER METHODS factors such as tides, waves or storm surges. When beaches are relatively exposed to open ocean waves, This method is linked to: which occurs often in Nova Scotia, waves become the dominant force that influences their shape. If the x Method 1.2 Beach structure (photographic beach is subject to a broad tidal range, which is method) experienced throughout Nova Scotia, the tide becomes the dominant factor. If a large tidal range or strong waves do not affect a beach, storm surges SUMMARY OF are likely to be crucial in its development. METHODOLOGY RELEVANCE TO Measure the beach width from a permanent re- locatable feature (survey benchmark) landward of MANAGEMENT the beach to the middle of the swash zone. Beaches need to be carefully managed to ensure that natural communities and human activities dependent on beaches are protected. This can only be done

Part 1 Section 1.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

x select a permanent re-locatable feature E UIPMENT (benchmark) landward of the beach. Examples of suitable features include a well established tree, corner of a car park or a rocky outcrop; NECESSARY x describe the benchmark on Data Sheet 1.1 and x tape measure (50 m or 100m in length) (Refer to LQGLFDWH LWV SRVLWLRQ RQ WKH µPXG¶ PDS RQ Site Part II section 3.3); Registration Form 1.1; x Site Registration Form 1.1 x Data Sheet 1.1; x Information Sheet 1.1; MEASURING BEACH WIDTH x Nautical and/or Coastal Series Charts The following should be carried out: x (Refer to Part I section 13); x re-locate the benchmark by referring to the x compass (Refer to Part II section 3.7); and original Data Sheet 1.1 and Site Registration Form 1.1; x anchor the free end of the tape measure to the OPTIONAL benchmark; x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining x walk directly to the swash zone, unwinding the site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4). tape measure along the way. Record a compass bearing on Data Sheet 1.1 the first time beach width is measured. Use this compass bearing on SITE SELECTION subsequent monitoring; x when the swash zone has been reached, Beach width can be monitored at any location along determine the middle of the swash zone. (Refer the Nova Scotia coast. When selecting sites try to to Information Sheet 1.1 for details); and choose sandy beaches that: x pull the tape measure tight and record the x have recently been impacted; distance (in metres to the nearest centimetre) to x are currently being impacted; and middle of the swash zone on Data Sheet 1.1. could potentially be impacted. x x INFORMATION SHEET 1.1: HOW TO MEASURE BEACH Impacts include both natural events such as WIDTH, SELECTING THE BENCHMARK AND IDENTIFYING THE hurricanes and human impacts such as breakwaters. MIDDLE OF THE SWASH ZONE.

SITE DESCRIPTION WHEN TO MONITOR Once a site is established Site Registration Form 1.1 Try to measure beach width once a month to detect needs to be completed and submitted to the CBEMN possible seasonal trends. Whenever possible, to obtain a Site Registration Number. This only measurements should be taken during: needs to be done once. This should be recorded, x the morning; along with the beach name on all the Data Sheets for x fine sunny weather; and the site. x low tide. The following details should be recorded on Site Under these conditions, the position of swash zone Registration Form 1.1: will be standardised. During winter months these grid/nautical reference; x conditions may not occur, however it is still x name of the beach; worthwhile measuring beach width. x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute); Additional measurements can be taken if the beach x Optional GPS reference (NAD 83); and is subjected to events such as storms. In these cases, x µPXG¶ PDS LQGLFDWLQJ WKH VLWH ORFDWLRQ DQG it is a good idea to increase the frequency of benchmark location. monitoring to detect potential changes in the more x Part II Section 1: Site description (All sub- dynamic beach. For example, monitor once a week sections) for a couple of months. ow to monitor ESTABLISHING A MONITORING SITE The following should be carried out when the site is visited/monitored for the first time:

Part 1 Section 1.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

x when working at the beach, always be aware of DATA COLLECTION AND your surrounding, watch for waves, and sharp objects. Never work alone. x DATA MANAGEMENT PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES x beaches and dunes are a sensitive environment The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet susceptible to erosion caused by human 1.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN, will be entered movements. Where possible remain on paths. in the Marine Community Monitoring Database. x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENITIVE WHEN MONITORING. ADDITIONAL NOTES Please read the following and refer to the relevant sections:

Part 1 Section 1.1 OF THE BEACH BEACH OF THE ) ) Part I Section 1.1 M º M M (meters) COMPASS BEARINGCOMPASS ( OPTIONAL OBSERVATIONS IRECTION IRECTION HE DISTANCE FROM THEBENCHMARK UPPER TOTHE HE DISTANCE FROM THEBENCHMARK UPPER TOTHE TRANSITION BETWEENTHE BEACH AND DUNE BEACH RACK D T (meters) T WIDTH MEASUREMENT WIDTH BEACH WIDTH MEASUREMENTSBEACH WIDTH ( * SITE DETAILS (meters) UPPER BENCHMARKUPPER * : REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS Site Registration Form ESCRIPTION EACH NAME EACH WIDTH ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER S * from B *Official name or descriptive name D B EACH STRUCTURE

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Community Monitoring Manual for AM PM 1.1 B : IME T * ATA SHEET D CONTACT DETAILS Marine Manual Marine Monitoring Community // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION details on the and being the method, details on safety friendly. environmentally PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. Fill in the data sheet every time a that site is monitored. the to Refer D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Program F L BEACH Beach width measured from the middle of zonethe swash ) Part I Section 1.1 Lowest level level Lowest that wave (water) recedes Highest level level Highest that the wave (water) reaches SWASH ZONE SWASH SWASH ONE the diagram the below). IDENTIFYING THE MIDDLE OF THE SEA Beach width is measured to the middle of the swash the of is to the Beachmiddle measured width tide. The is the zone section swash low of during zone the limit of beach thatThe lower the over. waves wash zoneswash is the point to which recedeswater after a of limit The the upper wave. zoneswash is the highest that waves thepoint up the wash of beach. The centre zoneswash lies betweenhalf theseway points. The two the waves watching determined after be should centre beach the a couplefor on and an estimating of minutes average (Refer to CAR CAR PARK DUNES BEACH WIDTH MEASUREMENT ( Tree Tree Rock Rock outcrop Corner of Corner of Car Park Beach Width Measurement Beach Width Measurement ram below ram examples) below for BEACH Beach Width Measurement SELECTING A BENCH MARK Swash Zone Swash EACH STRUCTURE SEA When the beach site is first established, an upper The be selected. should benchmark should benchmark the The from beach (eg. dunes). be located inland be should benchmark a identifiable readily that object/structure will not change in position over include well-benchmarks may Suitable time. outcrop, rocky car parks, of established trees, corners diag to the etc. (Refer 1.1 B

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Community Monitoring Manual Sand Sand Dune Vegetation HEET S QG³$´LVDWWDFKHGWR Rocky outcrop: Rocky Benchmark BEACH DUNES Beach Width Measurement Middle of of Middle swash zone at tide. low A NFORMATION I VXUH POHQJWK ( HOW TO MEASURE BEACH WIDTH SEA Swash Zone the benchmark. Beach width measurements are made between an upper an upper between are made measurements Beach width of and zone the the swash benchmark (at low middle the from starting beach width measure tide). Always below) diagram (Refer to the benchmark. Tape mea Permanent Navigation Marker ) ) Part 1 Section 1.1 OASTAL SERIES (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) GPS ? NS C USED 20N (Tick the applicable(Tick box) the ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls AUTICAL OR ZONE N O WHAT WAS USED WAS O WHAT NDICATE N * I F I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS LEASE LEASE LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG / (P

SERIES OASTAL AUTICAL NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM C ,N ES BEACH WIDTH MEASUREMENTBEACH WIDTH Y ( ATITUDE L ONGITUDE L LEASE IDICATE SHEET NUMBER SHEET IDICATE LEASE OMPASS AS DATUM CHART OR OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW EACH NAME ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE C L B * Official or descriptive name REFERENCE GRID minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W *P unity Monitoring Manual Site . The . The mmunity Monitoring EACH STRUCTURE for that site. Thefor AM PM AM Site Registration Number

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm 1.1 B Data Sheets : FORE COMPLETING THE SITE ORM the CBEMN Marine Co en the site is established. Completed forms IME T F DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. must be must onwritten all ovided by ovided the CBEMN SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER should re-locating to should be referred the site,when so it is that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form EGISTRATION R // ITE ITE Site Registration Form ATE MUNBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME Site Registration Number Registration Form ESSENTIAL Sites only to be registeredneed once, wh be submitted to should the CBEMN a provide will who Program F S PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be pr D DD YY / MM / MM : HH R are registered with * Only complete if you L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part 1 Section 1.1 MAP ĚĞ/7&ğ SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual (Tick the applicable(Tick the ) ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm (Tick the applicable box/s) NCHORAGE BLEACHING IVER MOUTH IVER A ( OIL AND GAS OIL AND QUACULTURE , R A REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C I MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R ( R INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C ACTIVITIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE THE OF VICINITY THE IN ACTIVITIES IMPACTS - HUMAN AND NATURAL / UMAN IMPACTS ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE box/s) T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

1.2 BEACH STRUCTURE (PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD)

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: O B

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE Monitor beach width at beaches along the coast of Nova Scotia in an effort to identify trends in beach form and shoreline position.

BACKGROUND RELEVANCE TO Beaches are an important part of our natural and cultural surroundings, and with over 7,500 km of MANAGEMENT diverse coastline, Nova Scotia is home to a wide variety of coastal settings. As our use and population Beaches need to be carefully managed to ensure that increase, greater levels of coastal development will natural communities and human activities dependent affect the way beach systems work, and could on beaches are protected. This can only be done change the beach form and shoreline position effectively when the natural trends in shoreline dramatically. This can have a detrimental effect on movement and beach form are known, as well as the the environment and coastal communities, affecting possible effects of severe storms and human delicate habitats as well as coastal development and structures, such as marinas. usage. By knowing if the shoreline is retreating or Beaches are naturally highly variable, shaped by the advancing, decisions can be made on appropriate actions of tides, waves and storm surges. One beach positioning of development near the shore. can change dramatically between seasons, during a Information is also needed on dune growth and storm, or over the course of several years. Over development, or the likely level of erosion following longer periods, beaches are affected by changes in a storm to avoid incidents such as car parks climate, such as El Nino or global warming and by overwhelmed with sand. fluctuations in sea level. An effective way to identify trends in shoreline Beaches can be classified according to influencing structure is by photographing the beach. Because of factors such as tides, waves or storm surges. When the seasonal change in beach width, photographs beaches are relatively exposed to open ocean waves, should be taken at least monthly. At least 10 years of which occurs often in Nova Scotia, waves become data (120 photographs) are needed to identify the the dominant force that influences their shape. If the range of seasonal extremes and long term trends. beach is subject to a broad tidal range, experienced This gives the coastal managers an indication of how throughout Nova Scotia, the tide becomes the beach structure changes between seasons, and what dominant factor. If a large tidal range or strong allowance needs to be made for unusual events such waves do not affect a beach, storm surges are likely as hurricanes. Coastal managers can then assess the to be crucial in its development. likely extent of changes in the future.

LINKS TO OTHER

METHODS/PROGRAMS This method is linked to: x Method 1.1: Beach width (measurements); and

Part 1 Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

x grid/nautical reference; SUMMARY OF x name of the beach; x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute); METHODOLOGY x Optional GPS reference (NAD 83); and Take three photographs of the beach from x µPXG¶ PDS LQGLFDWLQJ WKH VLWH ORFDWLRQ DQG relocatable positions once a month: benchmark location. x photograph one is taken from a permanent re- x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL SUB- locatable feature (survey bench mark) landward SECTIONS) of the beach looking seawards across the beach; x photograph two is taken from the middle of the swash zone looking landwards across the beach; HOW TO MONITOR and x photograph three is taken from the middle of the ESTABLISHING A MONITORING SITE swash zone looking along the beach. The following steps should be carried out when a beach is visited/monitored for the first time: x select a permanent re-locatable feature E UIPMENT (benchmark) landward of the beach. Photograph one will be taken from this point. The NECESSARY beach/ocean should be able to be viewed from x camera (refer to Part II section 3.11); this point. Suitable benchmarks could include a x Site Registration Form 1.2; well-established tree, corner of a car park or a x Data Sheet 1.2; rocky outcrop; x Information Sheet 1.2; x describe the benchmark on Data Sheet 1.2 and x Nautical (and/or Coastal Series) sheets for Nova LQGLFDWH LWV SRVLWLRQ RQ D µPXG¶ PDS RQ Site Scotia (refer to Part I section 13); and Registration Form 1.2. x compass (refer to Part II section 3.7). TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OPTIONAL When the site is first photographed record on Data Sheet 1.2 details of how the photograph was taken x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4); and including: camera direction (compass bearing); x camera tripod (refer to Part II section 3.11). x x camera height (metres); and x list/describe any features used to frame the photograph. SITE SELECTION During subsequent monitoring refer back to the Beach structure can be documented at any beach original Data Sheet 1.2 and replicate the camera along the coast of Nova Scotia. When selecting sites position. try to select beaches that: x have recently been impacted; PHOTOGRAPH ONE x are currently being impacted; and x relocate the benchmark from which photograph x could be potentially impacted. one will be taken by referring to the original Impacts include both natural events such as storms Data Sheet 1.2 and Site Registration Form 1.2; and human impacts such as breakwaters. x position the camera by referring to the descriptions recorded on the initial Data Sheet which include: SITE DESCRIPTION x camera direction (compass bearing); Once a site is established Site Registration Form 1.2 x camera height (metres); and needs to be completed and submitted to the CBMN x features used to frame the photograph; to obtain a Site Registration Number. This only x take a photograph. needs to be done once. This should be recorded along with the beach name on all Data Sheets for the PHOTOGRAPH TWO site. x go down to the swash zone directly seawards of The following details should be recorded on Site the benchmark for photograph one. Record a Registration Form 1.2: compass bearing on Data Sheet 1.2 the first

Part 1 Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

time beach width is measured. Use this compass submission and storage of photographs. In the bearing on subsequent monitoring; future, mechanisms will be developed that will x identify the middle of the swash zone; permit: x position the camera by referring to the x storage of photographs digitally within the descriptions recorded on the initial Data Sheet database; 1.2 which include: x access to digitally stored photographs in the x camera direction (compass bearing); database via the internet; and x camera height (metres); and x features used to frame the photograph. While these mechanisms are being developed, x take a photograph. groups are encouraged to store the photographs until they can be incorporated into the database.

PHOTOGRAPH THREE x remain in the same position as photograph two ADDITIONAL NOTES (middle of the swash zone); x position the camera by referring to the Please read the following and refer to the relevant descriptions recorded on the initial Data Sheet sections: 1.2 which include: x when working at the beach always be aware of x camera direction (compass bearing); your surrounding, watch for waves, and sharp x camera height (metres); and objects. Never work alone. x features used to frame the photograph. x PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES x take a photograph. x beaches and dunes are a sensitive environment x INFORMATION SHEET 1.2 PHOTOGRAPHING THE BEACH, susceptible to erosion caused by human PHOTOGRAPH ONE, PHOTOGRAPH TWO, PHOTOGRAPH THREE movements. Where possible remain on paths. OBJECTS TO FRAME THE AND USING STRUCTURE/ ³ ´ x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENITIVE PHOTOGRAPH. WHEN MONITORING.

WHEN TO MONITOR Try to photograph the beach once a month to detect possible seasonal trends. Whenever possible photographs should be taken during: x the morning; x fine sunny weather; and x low tide.

Under these conditions, the position of swash zone will be standardised. During winter months these conditions may not occur, however it is still worthwhile measuring beach width.

Additional photographs can be taken if the beach is subjected to events such as storms. In these cases, it is a good idea to increase the frequency of monitoring to detect and document potential changes in the more dynamic beach. For example photograph once a week for a couple of months.

DATA COLLECTION AND

DATA MANAGEMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 1.2. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Database. Currently there are no mechanisms for the

Part 1 Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

DATA SHEET 1.2 BEACH STRUCTURE (PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD)

PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. SITE DETAILS Fill in the data sheet every time that a site is monitored. CAMERA DIRECTION (compass bearing) Refer to the Marine Community Monitoring Manual for SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER * º details on the method, safety and being environmentally friendly. * from Site Registration Form CAMERA HEIGHT (cm) DATE TIME CM // : AM BEACH NAME * PM DD / MM / YY HH : MM PHOTOGRAPH TWO (looking inland from the middle of the swash zone ) CONTACT DETAILS x Official or descriptive name x CAMERA DIRECTION (compass bearing) * IDENTIFICATION NUMBER * CAMERA DETAILS º * This bearing should be the reciprocal of the bearing * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN CAMERA DETAILS - TYPE AND LENS USED for photograph 1 Marine Community Monitoring Program CAMERA HEIGHT (cm) FIRST NAME CM

PHOTOGRAPH ONE (LOOKING SEAWARDS LAST NAME PHOTOGRAPH THREE (looking along the FROM THE BENCHMARK) DESCRIPTION OF THE BENCHMARK. beach)

CAMERA DIRECTION (Compass bearing) º

CAMERA HEIGHT (cm) CM

Part I Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2 BEACH STRUCTURE (PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD)

PHOTOGRAPHING THE BEACH PHOTOGRAPH ONE (looking seaward from CAMERA ON TRIPOD LOCATED ON TOP OF A At each monitoring site the beach should be the benchmark) BENCHMARK. photographed from three positions. The key to this The first photograph should provide a view looking method is taking photographs that can be replicated across the beach seaward. The photograph should be over time. In order to achieve this, the details of how taken from a benchmark (as per Method 1.1 Beach each photograph was taken (ie. re-locatable position, structure ± beach width measurement). This benchmark focal length, camera height, and camera direction) need should be located inland from the beach (eg. sand to be carefully documented on the first Data Sheet. dunes). The benchmark selected should be a readily Camera Taking standard photographs permits the comparison of identifiable object that will not change in position over level photographs over time. time. Suitable benchmarks may include well- established trees, corners of car parks, rocky outcrop, THE POSITION OF THE THREE PHOTOGRAPHS etc. Camera pointed in Photograph 1: direction of the beach Photograph 2: taken from rocky SELECTING BENCHMARKS (Compass bearing) taken from the outcrop Standard middle of swash (benchmark). SEA BEACH DUNES zone at low tide. Camera Height

Ocean Camera tripod Rock — — outcrop Permanent CAR Swash Zone Navigation PARK Marker Sand Corner of — Dune Car Park Photograph 3: Benchmark: Rock out crop taken from the Swash same position as Zone Photograph 2 Vegetation

Part I Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

PHOTOGRAPH TWO (looking inland from the middle of the swash zone) PHOTOGRAPH THREE (looking along the Photograph two should provide a view looking across the beach inland. The photograph should be taken from beach from the middle of the swash zone) the middle of the swash zone (as per Method 1.1 Beach The third photograph should provide a view looking structure ± beach width measurements). along the beach. The photograph should be taken from the middle of the swash zone (as per Photograph two). IDENTIFYING THE MIDDLE OF THE SWASH ZONE The photograph should be angled slightly inland, so The swash zone is the section on the beach that waves that one edge of the photograph includes the swash wash over. The lower part of the swash zone is the zone, and the bulk of the photograph covers the beach. point to which water recedes after a wave. The upper swash zone is the highest point that a wave washes up USING STRUCTURES/OBJECTS TO the beach. The centre of the swash zone lies half way between these two points. The centre should be Ğ(4#/'ğ PHOTOGRAPHS determined after watching the waves on the beach for a When taking photographs try to use structures/objects couple of minutes and estimating an average. WR ³IUDPH´ WKH VKRW 7KLV LV D JRRG WHFKQLTXH IRU The site from which the photograph is taken should be ensuring that the photographs are standardised over seaward from the benchmark. Refer to the compass time. The following figure shows how a photograph bearing of photograph one. When taking the ZDV µIUDPHG¶ E\ HQVXULQJ WKH QDYLJDWLRQ PDUNHU LV LQ photographs, watch for waves, as you will have turn the centre of the photograph. The navigation marker your back on the ocean. also provides a scale for the photograph. IDENTIFYING THE MIDDLE OF THE SWASH ZONE USING STRUCTURE/OBJECTS TO µFRAME¶ THE BEACH SEA Highest level PHOTOGRAPH. that the wave (water) reaches Horizon Navigation Marker Sea — Swash Zone Beach Photograph taken from the middle of the Dune swash zone Lowest level that wave (water) recedes Part I Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

SITE REGISTRATION FORM 1.2 BEACH STRUCTURE (PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD)

PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE SITE SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS REGISTRATION FORM. A Site Registration Form should be completed for each permanent re-locatable site. BEACH NAME * Sites only need to be registered once, when the site is established. Completed forms should be submitted to CBEMN who will provide a Site Registration Number. The Site Registration Number must be written on all Data Sheets for that site. The Site Registration Form should be referred to when re-locating the site, so it is ESSENTIAL that the form is filled in completely and accurately. * Official or descriptive name

GRID REFERENCE (PLEASE INDICATE NAUTICAL OR NS COASTAL SERIES) SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER *PLEASE IDICATE SHEET NUMBER

* This number will be provided by the CBEMN LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE * DATE AND TIME LATITUDE

LONGITUDE DATE TIME // : AM PM * Record in degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute (3 decimal places) DD / MM / YY HH : MM HOW WAS THE LAT/LONG DETERMINED (Tick the applicable box) NAUTICAL CHART OR GPS SITE REGISTERED BY COASTAL SERIES

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER * WAS DATUM NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM ZONE 20N USED? (Tick the applicable box) YES IF NO WHAT WAS USED

* Only complete if you are registered with the CALM/AMCS WA Marine Community Monitoring Program FIRST NAME

LAST NAME

Part I Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

IMPACTS Ě HUMAN AND NATURAL SITE MAP ĚĞ/7&ğMAP SKETCH A µMUD¶ MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX TYPE OF MONITORING SITE (Tick the applicable box)

CONTROL IMPACT N

HUMAN IMPACTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE (Tick the applicable box/s)

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

SEWAGE POLLUTION

DREDGING ACTIVITY

MINING (MINERALS, OIL AND GAS)

RECREATIONAL FISHERIES

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

AQUACULTURE/PEARLING

ANCHORAGE

COMMERCIAL TOURISM

NATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE (Tick the applicable box/s)

RECENT STORM DAMAGE

RIVER MOUTH

ELEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE (BLEACHING)

Part I Section 1.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

WATER

Part I Section 2.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

2.1 WATER CLARITY

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: BO

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING: to

OBJECTIVES RELEVANCE TO 7RPRQLWRUZDWHUFODULW\DWµLPSDFW¶DQGµFRQWURO¶ sites in Nova Scotia. MANAGEMENT Long-term monitoring of water quality provides ACKGROUND information on: B x the natural water clarity and typical intra-annual (seasonal) pattern; Nova Scotians take great pride in their diverse x unusual water clarity events; and marine environment and therefore, it is important to x trends in the year to year water clarity cycle. monitor local marine environments in an effort to determine site specific trends and/or provide an early warning system LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S Water clarity can be influenced by the amount of dissolved or suspended substances in the water. PROGRAM/S Dissolved substances include natural tannins in river flows from land-based run off and industrial/ This method can be carried out in conjunction with a domestic contaminants from wastewater discharges variety of other methods involved in monitoring the from factories or suburban drains. Suspended health of the marine environment. substances include sand silt, microscopic plants and animals, and introduced particles such as fish-food and sewerage. SUMMARY OF

When the water is stained or clouded with particles, sunlight is scattered and absorbed as it passes down METHODOLOGY the water column. Just like plants on land, marine Measure water clarity by lowering a weighted plants depend on light for their survival as it is black/white disk (secchi) into the water and essential for the process of photosynthesis, which recording the depth at which it disappears from enables plants to grow. It is important to observe sight. changes in the amount of light reaching marine plants to monitor the health of the plants. E UIPMENT Water clarity may decline if: x there is a significant increase in nutrient NECESSARY enrichment of the water from rivers and estuary x secchi disk and cord/line marked with outflows, and sewage/industrial discharges; increments of 0.1 m (Refer to Part II section x there is an increase in sediment loads from 3.14); clearing in the river catchments; and x Site Registration Form 2.1; x restricted water circulation due to a breakwater x Data Sheet 2.1; or marina and where there is some pollution x Information Sheet 2.1; and source present. x nautical and/or Coastal series charts(s) for area being monitored. (Refer to Part I section 13).

Part I Section 2.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

OPTIONAL OPTIONAL METHODS x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4). The following information can also be recorded. x PART II SECTION 3: STANDARD EQUIPMENT USED IN This optional information records natural conditions, which potentially affect the secchi disk reading: MONITORING. x wind strength:

CALM LIGHT MOD STRONG GALE 1 2 3 4 5

SITE SELECTION Select sites that: x swell conditions: x are impacted by human activities (eg. sewage outfall); CALM LIGHT MOD ROUGH V.ROUGH 1 2 3 4 5 x have the potential to be impacted by human activities; x cloud cover, by estimating the percentage of x can be control sites (ie. not impacted by human cover. activities); x are in the vicinity of other monitoring sites; and x have some sort of platform to allow the secchi disk to be lowered into the water WHEN TO MONITOR perpendicularly (eg. Breakwaters, boats, etc). Secchi disk measurements should be taken only: x between mid morning or mid afternoon as low If you are unsure if your site is impacted by human sun angles can reduce the level that we can see activities or is a control site, seek advice from your into the water; Coastal Facilitator and/or the CBEMN office. x with clear skies, as overcast days can reduce the level that we can see into the water; and x when wind strength and swell conditions are SITE DESCRIPTION less than moderate, as conditions above Once a site is established Site Registration Form 2.1 moderate can reduce the level that we can see needs to be completed and submitted to the CBEMN into the water. to obtain a Site Registration Number. This should If conditions are not suitable then secchi disk be recorded on all Data Sheets for that site. measurements should not be made.

The following details will need to be recorded on Site Registration Form 2.1: DATA COLLECTION AND x nautical chart and/or Coastal series reference number; MANAGEMENT x site name; x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet minutes and decimals of a minute); 2.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered x µPXG¶ PDS LQGLFDWLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQ RI in the Marine Community Monitoring Database measurements and the extent of any impacts; and x water depth. x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL SUBSECTIONS)

HOW TO MONITOR Record the average depth at which the secchi disk disappears at each site. x INFORMATION SHEET 2.1: USING A SECCHI DISK AND NOTES ON SECCHI DISK USE.

Part I Section 2.1 5 OUGH 5 ALE G V.R 4 4 OUGH TRONG R S % Part I Section 2.1 OD OD 3 3 M M (Tick the applicable box) the applicable (Tick (Tick the applicable box) the applicable (Tick (Estimate the % cover) (Estimate 2 2 IGHT IGHT L L OPTIONAL OBSERVATIONS 1 1 ALM ALM IND CONDITIONS CONDITIONS IND LOUD COVER EA CONDITIONS CONDITIONS EA C C W S C (SD) = ATER CLARITY ECCHI DEPTH DEPTH ECCHI (D1 + D2)/2 * unity Monitoring Manual en record secchi depth as 2.1 W SITE DETAILS (Fill in the secchi depths calculate (Fill and : D1 D2 S * REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS Site Registration Form EADING ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER ITE NAME DEPTH ECCHI R S * from S * Official or descriptive name S NOTE: * If the sea bed can be se SD>depth an average) ATA SHEET D

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm AM PM for details for : IME T * nitoring Program CONTACT DETAILS Community Monitoring Manual Monitoring Community // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME IRST DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION on the and safety the environmentally method, on being friendly. PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. Fill in the data sheet every time a that site is monitored. to Refer the D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Mo F L . Part I Section 2.1 SECCHI DISK AND CORD A ATER CLARITY

unity Monitoring Manual 2.1 W . SING A SECCHI DISK U

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm NFORMATION SHEET I e is a current then e is a current then wait USING A SECCHI DISK NOTES ON SECCHI DISK USE lower the secchi disk into ensuring secchi the disk the that lower water, a line directly in hang cordvertical and disk the ther If observer. the below anchor the boat is drifting the slackuntil tide or if boat; (D1) in depth disappears disk the the record when scale cord;meters the the using on raise the disk until it just appears and record the thecord; using (D2) the depth scale on in meters disk; retrieve the secchi depththe (SD) reading is determined by and readings; two averaging the from the record thesurface be seen seabed can if SD>depth or morning prior to mid sky the in is low sun the afternoon; mid after is above strength wind moderate; exceedsea conditions and moderate; is overcast. sky the To measure secchi depth the carryTo out measure following: x readings areSecchi depth by affected surface be made should not and conditions measurements when: x x x x x x x x x ) METERS 11-15 Part I Section 2.1 OASTAL SERIES (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) GPS ? NS C USED 20N (Tick the applicable(Tick box) the ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls AUTICAL OR ZONE N METERS METERS >21 6-10 O WHAT WAS USED WAS O WHAT NDICATE N * I F I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS LEASE LEASE LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG / (P

SERIES (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) ATER CLARITY OASTAL OASTAL AUTICAL NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM C * ,N ES METERS METERS Y ATITUDE L 0-5 ONGITUDE L LEASE IDICATE SHEET NUMBER SHEET IDICATE LEASE 16-20 OMPASS AS DATUM DEPTH ATER CHART OR OR CHART OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW 2.1 W ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ITE NAME C L S * Official or descriptive name REFERENCE GRID minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W W *P unity Monitoring Manual Site Site . The for that for site. The AM PM AM

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm Site Registration Number : Data Sheets IME ITE REGISTRATION FORMITE FORE COMPLETING THE SITE T S when established. Completed forms should be forms should established. Completed when DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY ty Monitoring Program ty Monitoring should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. * Na provide will who must bemust onwritten all SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER provided by provided the CBEMN should re-locating to should be referred the site,when so it is that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form ATE // D Site Registration Form EGISTRATION NUMBER NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME Sites only to be registered once, need Sites only submitted to the CBEM Registration Number Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be DD YY / MM / MM : HH R * Only complete are registered with if you the 85 CBEMN Marine Communi F L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 2.1 MAP ĚĞ/7&ğ SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm Tick the applicable box/s) MOORAGE / Tick applicable the box/s) IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND QUACULTURE , R A SITE ( SITE ( REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R ( HUMAN AND NATURAL R Ě INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITYTHE OF ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF YPE OF MONITORING SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

2.2WATER TEMPERATURE (THERMOMETER)

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B H

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING: to

OBJECTIVES SUMMARY OF To monitor water temperature using a thermometer at specific locations along the coast of Nova Scotia. METHODOLOGY Measure the temperature of a water sample using a scientific thermometer. BACKGROUND Scientists worldwide have been measuring water E UIPMENT Necessary temperature for more than 100 years. These data indicate that water temperatures in many parts of the x thermometer (with an accuracy of better than ± o world have been changing. Nova Scotians take great 0.2 C) (refer to Part II section 3.15); pride in their diverse marine environment and x small insulated drink container or esky; therefore, it is important to monitor local marine x Site Registration Form 2.2; environments in an effort to determine site specific x Data Sheet 2.2; trends and/or provide an early warning system. x Information Sheet 2.2; and x nautical and/or Coastal series charts(s) for area Organisms have a range of temperatures within being monitored. (Refer to Part I section 13). which they function most effectively. If this temperature range falls outside of tolerable limits, living organisms can experience stress. OPTIONAL x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4). RELEVANCE TO SITE SELECTION MANAGEMENT Select a site that is: Long-term monitoring of water temperature tells us x representative of your area of interest; and many things about an area: x in the vicinity of other monitoring sites. x it documents the natural temperature regime and gives us a typical seasonal pattern; x unusual temperature events will be recorded, such as the rise in water temperature which SITE DESCRIPTION occurred worldwide in March/April 1998; Once a monitoring site is established, Site x continuous measurements may allow us to Registration Form 2.2 needs to be completed and detect trends in the year to year temperature submitted to the CBEMN to obtain a Site cycle; and Registration Number. This should be recorded along x it can be used to ground-truth satellite sea- with the site name on all Data Sheets. surface temperature maps that assist in monitoring water movements. The following details will need to be recorded on Site Registration Form 2.2: x nautical chart and/or Coastal series reference number; x site name; x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute);

Part 1 Section 2.2. The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual x µPXG¶ PDS LQGLFDWLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQ RI x this method requires participants to work in measurements and the extent of any impacts; the vicinity of sea and it is therefore and essential that the safety section is read. x water depth. x PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL SUB- SECTIONS)

HOW TO MONITOR The following steps should be carried out: x fill and empty the insulated container twice by submerging the container in the sea to ensure WKDWFRQWDLQHU¶VWHPSHUDWXUHLVVLPLODUWRWKHVHD temperature; x fill the insulated container a third time and replace the cover; x place the thermometer into the water sample in the container and leave a couple of minutes to allow the temperature to stabilise; x record the water temperature on Data Sheet 2.2; and x if you have the time, take two or three samples (within the general area of your site) and record the average on Data Sheet 2.2.

WHEN TO MONITOR Try to measure water temperature on a regular basis (eg. once a day, once a week, or once a month). Frequent measurements allow the detection of seasonal variations in sea temperature and have more chance of detecting unusual temperature events. Alternatively, temperatures can be taken when the data are collected with other monitoring programs.

Temperatures can be measured at any time of the day as long as the time it is made is recorded. To record the mean daily water temperature, measure between 10am and 11am and to record the maximum daily temperature measure between 3pm and 4pm.

DATA COLLECTION AND

MANAGEMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 2.2. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database

ADDITIONAL NOTES Please read the following and refer to the relevant sections:

Part 1 Section 2.2. . Part I Section 2.2 ) USING A THERMOMETER THERMOMETER STANDING IN AN INSULATED MEASURING WATER TEMPERATURE A CONTAINER WHICH CONTAINS A WATER SAMPLE THERMOMETER ( C º * unity Monitoring Manual C) q ( SITE DETAILS * ATER TEMPERATURE REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS Site Registration Form ATER TEMPERATURE ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER ITE NAME S * from S * Official or descriptive name W 2.2 W

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm for AM PM * UMBER UMBER : N IME ATA SHEET T D nitoring Program CONTACT DETAILS GROUP IDENTIFICATION GROUP / Marine Manual Marine Monitoring Community // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME NDIVIDUAL details on the method, safety and being safety the method, details on friendly. environmentally PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. Fill in the data sheet every time a that site is monitored. the to Refer D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Mo L F The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

SITE REGISTRATION FORM 2.2 WATER TEMPERATURE (THERMOMETER) PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE SITE REGISTRATION FORM. SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS A Site Registration Form should be completed for each permanent re-locatable site. Sites only need to be registered once, when established. Completed forms should be SITE NAME * submitted to the CBEMN who will provide a Site Registration Number.The Site Registration Number must be written on all Data Sheets for that site. The Site Registration Form should be referred to when re-locating the site, so it is ESSENTIAL that the form is filled in completely and accurately. * Official or descriptive name SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER GRID REFERENCE (PLEASE INDICATE NAUTICAL OR NS COASTAL SERIES) *PLEASE IDICATE SHEET NUMBER

* This number will be provided by the CBEMN

DATE AND TIME LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE * LATITUDE DATE TIME AM PM // : LONGITUDE DD / MM / YY HH : MM * Record in degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute (3 decimal places)

HOW WAS THE LAT/LONG DETERMINED (Tick the applicable box) SITE REGISTERED BY COMPASS,NAUTICAL GPS CHART OR COASTAL REGISTRATION NUMBER * SERIES

WAS DATUM NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM ZONE 20N USED? (Tick the applicable box) * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring YES IF NO WHAT WAS USED Program FIRST NAME WATER DEPTH (Tick the applicable box) 0-5 METERS 6-10 METERS 11-15 METERS LAST NAME 16-20 METERS >21 METERS

Part I Section 2.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

IMPACTS Ě HUMAN AND NATURAL SITE MAP ĚĞ/7&ğ MAP SKETCH A MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX TYPE OF MONITORING SITE (Tick the applicable box)

CONTROL IMPACT N

HUMAN IMPACTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE (Tick the applicable box/s)

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

SEWAGE POLLUTION

DREDGING ACTIVITY

MINING (MINERALS, OIL AND GAS)

RECREATIONAL FISHERIES

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

AQUACULTURE

ANCHORAGE/MOORAGE

COMMERCIAL TOURISM

NATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE (Tick the applicable box/s)

RECENT STORM DAMAGE

RIVER MOUTH

ELEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE

Part I Section 2.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

INTRODUCED MARINE PESTS

Part I Section 3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

3.1 MEMBRANIPORA MEMBRANACEA

SKILL LEVEL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B, O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING: to

OBJECTIVE To monitor the presence or absence of Membranipora membranacea colonies in high-risk areas of Nova Scotia.

removing the bryozoans before they spread and become established. BACKGROUND The introduction of exotic marine pests into Nova Community monitoring can supplement existing Scotian waters from international shipping is governmental monitoring programs. The UHFRJQLVHG DV RQH RI 1RYD 6FRWLD¶V PDMRU information collected by community groups can be environmental issues. This problem has the distributed directly to management/environmental potential to adversely impact the biodiversity of our agencies effectively increase the early detection marine environment, fisheries and aquaculture network. industries, and shipping operations. Foreign species can pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems because of their potential to out-compete and out- LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S predate native species. If pest species become established they can take over large areas of marine & PROGRAM/S habitat, and seriously upset the ecological balance This method links in with existing programs run by: of these areas. x Shorekeepers http://www.keepersweb.org/Shorekeepers/ Membranipora membranacea is a surface growing x Centre for Research on Introduced Marine bryozoan that often grows on kelp. Bryozoans form Pests (CRIMP) colonies of very small (less than 1mm across) animals called zooids. When present on kelp, M. This method is based on the publication Port membranacea colonies secrete a protective Surveys for Introduced Marine Species ± limestone covering which forms a tough crust, Background Considerations and Sampling rendering the kelp brittle and susceptible to Protocols, published by CRIMP in 1996. The breakage. As a result, this species has the potential method was further refined in liaison with CRIMP, to significantly impact kelp beds in Nova Scotian Fisheries WA and the Western Australia Museum. waters.

The first recorded outbreak of M. membranacea on SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY the Atlantic coast of North America was in the Gulf Conduct a visual inspection kelp beds and record of Maine in 1987. This outbreak was probably due the presence (abundance) or absence of M. to introduction via one or more visiting vessels membranacea colonies. carrying the bryozoans as fouling on their hulls or as planktonic larvae in their ballast water. Although an extensive survey of the bryozoan has yet to be EQUIPMENT undertaken, it is known to occur in southeastern Nova Scotia. NECESSARY x nautical and/or Coastal series charts(s) for area being monitored. (Refer to Part I section 13). RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT OPTIONAL Early detection is crucial in dealing with M. x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining membranacea outbreaks. It provides management site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4); agencies with the best chance of containing and x snorkelling or SCUBA equipment;

Part I Section 3.3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual x underwater slate (refer to Part II section 3.2); and visibility. There should be complete visual x Data sheet 10.1; coverage of the kelp; x if suspected M. membranacea are sighted, x underwater video camera or underwater camera indicate the exact location of the sighting on (refer to Part II section 3.11). WKH µPXG PDS¶ DORQJ ZLWK DQ\ RWKHU UHOHYDQW details; and x record an estimate of the number of M. M. MEMBRANACEA membranacea colonies observed.

IDENTIFICATION. None 1-50 51-100 >100 The following are excellent sources to assist in identifying M. membranacea. x DAL - MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES IN NOVA SCOTIA OPTIONAL METHODS PROGRAM: INTERNET SITE If a camera or video camera is available, it is a http://myweb.dal.ca/rescheib/membranipora.html good idea to photograph and/or video the suspected x SHOREKEEPERS M. membranacea. Refer to the information sheet http://www.keepersweb.org/shorekeepers.html for standard methods. If photographs or video footage are taken the details should be recorded on the Data Sheet 10.1.

SITE SELECTION If other introduced marine pests are observed Select coastal sites that include large kelp beds. during the visual survey, record their presence on Areas with high shipping traffic should be Data Sheet 10.1. prioritized.

Prior to monitoring near jetties in harbours, WHEN TO MONITOR individuals/groups should contact any relevant Sites should be monitored at least once a year. If management agencies or groups, such as Port there is a suspected high risk of M. membranacea Authorities, to obtain any necessary permits. introduction then more frequent monitoring should be carried out. SITE DESCRIPTION This method does not require the selection of DATA COLLECTION AND permanent re-locatable sites. Instead sites are selected and visited on an opportunistic basis. The MANAGEMENT following details should be recorded on Data Sheet The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 10.1: 10.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be x nautical chart and/or Coastal series reference entered in the Marine Community Monitoring number; Database. x site name; x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute); ADDITIONAL NOTES x µPXG¶ PDS LQGLFDWLQJ WKH FRYHUDJH RI WKH Please read the following and refer to the relevant visual survey; and sections: x water depth. x this method can include the use either snorkel or SCUBA diving equipment. Participants x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL SUB- should be suitably trained, qualified and take SECTIONS) care in this hazardous environment; and x when monitoring around jetties and other HOW TO MONITOR structures, participants should first get approval from relevant agencies (eg. Port Authority). The following should be carried out at each site: x x identify the area to be surveyed and indicate PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES WKHVLWHSRVLWLRQDQGVL]HRQWKHµPXG¶PDSRQ x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE Data Sheet 10.1; WHEN MONITORING. x swim ( or walk the area during low tide) the length of the kelp bed at several depths. (eg. surface, 3m, 7m and bottom). The selection of depth intervals is dependent on water depth

Part I Section 3.3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual DATA SHEET 3.1 MEMBRANIPORA SITE DETAILS 6-10 METERS 11-15 METERS PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. SITE NAME * MEMBRANACEAREQUIRED OBSERVATIONS Please fill in the data sheet every time that a site is monitored. Refer to the Marine Community Monitoring Abundance of Membranipora membranacea (Tick the Manual for details on the method, safety and being applicable box) environmentally friendly. NONE LOW * Official or descriptive name 0 ± 10 DATE TIME MODERATE ABUNDANT // : AM GRID REFERENCE (PLEASE INDICATE NAUTICAL OR 10 - 50 >100 PM NS COASTAL SERIES)*Please indicate sheet number DD / MM / YY HH : MM OPTIONAL OBSERVATIONS CONTACT DETAILS LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE * WERE PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN (Tick the applicable box) IDENTIFICATION NUMBER * LATITUDE YES NO LONGITUDE * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN * Record in degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute PHOTOGRAPHS STORED AT Marine Community Monitoring Program (3 decimal places)

FIRST NAME HOW WAS THE LAT/LONG DETERMINED (Tick the applicable box) WERE OTHER SUSPECTED INTRODUCED MARINE COMPASS,NAUTICAL GPS PESTS OBSERVED (Please list) CHART OR COASTAL LAST NAME SERIES

WAS DATUM NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM ZONE 20N USED? (Tick the applicable box) YES IF NO WHAT WAS USED

WATER DEPTH (Tick the applicable box) LAND 0-5 METERS

Part 1 Section 3.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

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3.2 GREEN CRAB

(CARCINUS MEANAS)

SKILL LEVEL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B, O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING: to

OBJECTIVES To monitor the presence or absence of green crabs in Cape Breton and coastal areas of mainland Nova Scotia.

BACKGROUND green crab population has expanded its range to the The introduction of exotic marine pests into Nova north and have become particularly prevalent in Scotian waters from international shipping is Cape Breton waters. UHFRJQLVHG DV RQH RI 1RYD 6FRWLD¶V PDMRU environmental issues. This problem has the potential to adversely impact the biodiversity of our marine RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT environment, fisheries and aquaculture industries, In recent years, with the unexpected spread of the and shipping operations. Foreign species can pose a population northwards, fisheries managers in the significant threat to marine ecosystems because of Maritimes and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence have their potential to out-compete and out-predate native become concerned with the effects of the green crab. species. If pest species become established they can There is a need to develop an early warning network take over large areas of marine habitat, and seriously for the detection of marine pests introduced to Nova upset the ecological balance of these areas. Scotia. The data will be used by management The green crab or european shore crab (Carcinus agencies to: maenas) is a small crab with a carapace diameter up x determine the current status of the Cape Breton to eight centimetres and a distinctive green population; and coloration of the upper carapace. Green crabs x identify areas where green crabs occur in Nova typically inhabit sheltered sandy or rocky areas (sea Scotia. and estuary) between the upper intertidal and shallow subtidal. They occur naturally in the north east Atlantic and have been introduced worldwide LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S via the discharge of crab larvae through ballast water. The current range of the green crab is & PROGRAM/S worldwide including USA, Brazil, Panama, Hawaii, This method links in with existing programs run by: Ceylon, South Africa, Australia, and the north x the CSIRO based Centre for Research on eastern seaboard of North America, including Nova Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP); Scotian waters. x Shorekeepers Green crabs feed on a variety of invertebrates, algae http://www.keepersweb.org/Shorekeepers/ and decomposing animal remains. They have the This method is based on the publication Port potential to cause significant ecological and Surveys for Introduced Marine Species ± economic impacts. Its broad diet and strong invasive Background Considerations and Sampling tendencies can lead to the competitive exclusion of Protocols, published by CRIMP in 1996. The native species. Green crabs also feed on method was further refined in liaison with CRIMP, economically important species such as oysters and Fisheries WA and the Western Australia Museum. other crabs. Green crabs were first recorded in mainland Nova 6FRWLDQZDWHUVLQWKH¶V. Since this time, the

Part 1 Section 3.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL SUB- SECTIONS) Conduct a visual inspection of breakwaters, wharves and seabed and record the presence (abundance) or absence of adult green crabs. HOW TO MONITOR There are two methods for monitoring green crabs. EQUIPMENT VISUAL SEARCHES The following should be carried out at each site NECESSARY monitored: x underwater Slate (refer to Part II section 3.2); x select an area to survey and indicate its location and RQDµPXG¶PDSRQData Sheet 3.2; x nautical and/or Coastal series charts(s) for area x swim through the site searching for green crabs being monitored. (Refer to Part I). (or simply walk the nearshore area during low OPTIONAL tide) x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining x if suspected green crabs are sighted, indicate the site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4); and location on the mud map on Data Sheet 3.2; and x underwater video camera or underwater camera x record the number of green crabs sighted. (refer to Part II section 3.11). x snorkelling or SCUBA equipment; INCIDENTAL CATCHES OF GREEN CRABS IN CRAB NETS The following should be carried out when a green crab is caught in a crab net: GREEN CRAB IDENTIFICATION x record the number caught; The following are excellent sources to assist in x LQGLFDWHWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHFUDEQHWRQDµPXG¶ identifying green crabs. map on Data Sheet 3.2; and x release the green crabs. x FISHERIES WA- FISH AND FISH HABITAT PROTECTION PROGRAM: INTERNET SITE http://www.wa.gov.au/westfish/ OPTIONAL METHODS If a camera or video camera is available, it is a good SITE SELECTION idea to photograph and/or video the suspected green crab. Refer to the information sheet for standard Select sites in coastal waters to determine the status methods. If photographs or video footage are taken of the green crab population. the details should be recorded on the Data Sheet 3.2. In other areas select sites that are in areas of high If other introduced marine pests are observed during shipping/boating use such as ports, harbours and the visual survey, record their presence on Data mooring areas. Sheet 3.2. Prior to monitoring near jetties in harbours, individuals/groups should contact any relevant WHEN TO MONITOR management agencies or groups, such as Port Authorities, to obtain any necessary permits. Monitoring can be carried out at any frequency.

SITE DESCRIPTION DATA COLLECTION AND This method does not require the selection of MANAGEMENT permanent re-locatable sites. Instead sites are selected and visited on an opportunistic basis. The The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet following details should be recorded on Data Sheet 3.2. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered 3.2: in the Marine Community Monitoring Database. x nautical chart and/or Coastal series reference number; ADDITIONAL NOTES x site name; x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, Please read the following and refer to the relevant minutes and decimals of a minute); sections: x µPXG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJWKHFRYHUDJHRIWKHYLVXDO x this method can include the use either snorkel or survey or the location of crab nets; and SCUBA diving equipment. Participants should x water depth. be suitably trained, qualified and take care in this hazardous environment;

Part 1 Section 3.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual x when monitoring around jetties and other x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE structures, participants should first get approval WHEN MONITORING. from relevant agencies (eg. Port Authority). x PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES

Part 1 Section 3.2 METERS METERS METERS 0-5 >21 AUGHT IN NET 11-15 C (Tick the applicable(Tick the ) Part I Section 3.2 (Please list (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) (Tick the (Tick the Box) Applicable AND L METERS METERS EPTH EPTH REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS OPTIONAL OBSERVATIONS D YES NO 6-10 16-20 ISUAL SURVEY ATER ATER TAKEN PHOTOGRAPHS ERE MARINE INTRODUCED SUSPECTED OTHER ERE ETHOD USED V UMBER GREEN OF CRABS OBSERVED HOTOGRAPHS STORED AT STORED HOTOGRAPHS PESTS OBSERVED OBSERVED PESTS W M N W P W box) 20N GPS O (Tick the AUTICAL OR N ZONE WAS N F USED I WHAT REEN CRAB

unity Monitoring Manual NDICATE * I 3.2 G Please indicate sheet number indicate Please LEASE LEASE )* LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG / (P SITE DETAILS SERIES OASTAL OASTAL AUTICAL C NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM ,N * (Tick the applicable box) ATITUDE ES L OASTAL SERIES ONGITUDE ? Y OMPASS L CHART OR OR CHART C AS DATUM OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ITE NAME ATA SHEET applicable box) S * Official or descriptive name REFERENCE GRID NS C L of a minute minutes and decimals in degrees, * Record decimal places) (3 H W USED D

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm AM PM * UMBER UMBER : N IME T Marine Community Monitoring nitoring Program DENTIFICATION DENTIFICATION I CONTACT DETAILS GROUP GROUP / for details on the and being safety, the method, details on for // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME NDIVIDUAL Manual friendly. environmentally PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. data sheet a site is the time every that Please in fill to the Refer monitored. D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Mo F L Part I Section 3.2

unity Monitoring Manual N

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3.3 CODIUM FRAGILE

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING: : to

OBJECTIVE To monitor the presence or absence of GHDGPDQ¶VILQJHUV Codium fragile) in coastal areas of Nova Scotia.

near-shore Nova Scotian waters and may pose a risk to fisheries. BACKGROUND The introduction of exotic marine pests into Nova Scotian waters from international shipping is RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT UHFRJQLVHG DV RQH RI 1RYD 6FRWLD¶V PDMRU Studies have shown that Codium poses a serious environmental issues. This problem has the threat to coastal ecosystems, displacing kelp forests potential to adversely impact the biodiversity of our and associated organisms. Kelp is a food staple of marine environment, fisheries and aquaculture sea urchins which are an important commercial industries, and shipping operations. Foreign species species in Nova Scotia. can pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems because of their potential to out-compete and out- Nova Scotia needs to develop an early warning predate native species. If pest species become system of monitoring programs to detect the established they can take over large areas of marine introduction and spread of Codium populations. habitat, and seriously upset the ecological balance Early detection provides management agencies with of these areas. the best opportunity to implement management strategies to minimise or eliminate outbreaks. 'HDGPDQ¶VILQJHUV $.$JUHHQVSRQJH (Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides) is a green alga, believed to have originated in Japan. It is able to colonize LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S any hard substrates, including rocks, bivalve shells, and ship hulls. The alga can tolerate a wide range of & PROGRAM/S temperatures and salinities and is primarily a This method links to existing programs run by: subtidal species, ranging from the intertidal zone to x Shorekeepers depths of about 15 m. http://www.keepersweb.org/Shorekeepers/ x The CSIRO based Centre for Research on Codium is one of the most widely distributed Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP); and invasive seaweeds, reported from European, Australian, Mediterranean, and North American This method is based on the publication Port waters. The ecological and economic impacts of Surveys for Introduced Marine Species ± Codium are well documented. They have recently Background Considerations and Sampling been implicated in the displacement of native kelp Protocols, published by CRIMP in 1996). The populations in waters along the southeastern shore method was further refined in liaison with CRIMP, of Nova Scotia. Fisheries WA and the Western Australia Museum. Codium was first reported on the east coast of North America in 1957 in Long Island, New York. SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY The first record of Codium in Nova Scotian waters Conduct visual surveys of suitable substrate and was in 1991 in Mahone Bay. Since 1991 Codium record the presence (abundance) or absence of has spread throughout Mahone Bay into the Codium. DGMDFHQW 6W 0DUDUHW¶V %ay and beyond. The alga has the potential to significantly alter the ecology of

Part 1 Section 3.3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

x water depth. EQUIPMENT x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL NECESSARY SUBSECTIONS) x underwater slate (refer to Part II section 3.2); x Data Sheet 3.3; x Information Sheet 3.3; and HOW TO MONITOR x nautical and/or Coastal series charts(s) for area The following should be carried out at each site: being monitored. (Refer to Part I ). x define the area to be surveyed and indicate on WKHµPXG¶PDSRQData Sheet 3.3; OPTIONAL x swim through the area, ensuring that the entire seabed has been searched (walk the area being x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining monitored at low tide); site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4); and x if suspected Codium individuals are sighted, x underwater video camera or underwater camera record the location of any sightings on the (refer to Part II section 3.11). µPXG¶PDSDQG x snorkelling or SCUBA equipment; x estimate the number of Codium:

None Low Moderate Abundant 0 1-10 11-100 >101 DEAD MAN·S FINGERS

(CODIUM SPP.) OPTIONAL METHODS IDENTIFICATION If a camera or video camera is available, it is a The following are excellent sources to assist in good idea to photograph and/or video the suspected identifying Codium fragile: Codium. Refer to the information sheet for standard methods. If photographs or video footage are taken x DAL - MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES IN NOVA SCOTIA PROGRAM: INTERNET SITE the details should be recorded on the Data Sheet http://myweb.dal.ca/rescheib/codium.html 3.3. x Shorekeepers If other introduced marine pests are observed http://www.keepersweb.org/Shorekeepers/ during the visual survey, record their presence on Data Sheet 3.3.

SITE SELECTION WHEN TO MONITOR Sites should be selected in intertidal areas with Sites should be surveyed visually at least once a abundant rocky substrate. Kelp beds should be year. If there is a suspected high risk of Codium monitored as well. invasion then more frequent monitoring should be carried out. Prior to monitoring near jetties in harbours, individuals/groups should contact any relevant management agencies or groups, such as Port DATA COLLECTION AND Authorities, to obtain any necessary permits. MANAGEMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet SITE DESCRIPTION 3.3. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered This method does not require the selection of in the Marine Community Monitoring Database. permanent re-locatable sites. Instead sites are selected and visited on an opportunistic basis. The following details should be recorded on Data Sheet ADDITIONAL NOTES 3.3: Please read the following and refer to the relevant x nautical chart and/or Coastal series reference sections: number; x this method can include the use either snorkel x site name; or SCUBA diving equipment. Participants x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, should be suitably trained, qualified and take minutes and decimals of a minute); care in this hazardous environment; x µPXG¶ PDS LQGLFDWLQJ WKH FRYHUDJH RI WKH visual survey; and

Part 1 Section 3.3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual x when monitoring around jetties and other structures, participants should first get approval from relevant agencies (eg. Port Authority). x PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WHEN MONITORING.

Part 1 Section 3.3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual DATA SHEET 3.3 CODIUM FRAGILE SITE DETAILS REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. SITE NAME * NUMBER OF CODIUM FRAGILE OBSERVED Please fill in the data sheet every time that a site is monitored. Refer to the Marine Community Monitoring Manual for details on the method, safety, and being environmentally friendly. * Official or descriptive name OPTIONAL OBSERVATIONS DATE TIME WERE PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN (Tick the applicable AM GRID REFERENCE (PLEASE INDICATE NAUTICAL OR // : box) PM NS COASTAL SERIES)*Please indicate sheet number DD / MM / YY HH : MM YES NO

CONTACT DETAILS LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE * PHOTOGRAPHS STORED AT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER * LATITUDE LONGITUDE WERE OTHER SUSPECTED INTRODUCED MARINE * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN * Record in degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute PESTS OBSERVED (Please list) Marine Community Monitoring Program (3 decimal places)

FIRST NAME HOW WAS THE LAT/LONG DETERMINED (Tick the applicable box) COMPASS,NAUTICAL GPS CHART OR COASTAL LAST NAME SERIES

WAS DATUM NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM ZONE 20N USED? (Tick the applicable box) YES IF NO WHAT WAS USED

WATER DEPTH (Tick the applicable box) LAND 0-5 METERS

6-10 METERS 11-15 METERS

Part I Section 3.3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

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unity Monitoring Manual 10.3 C HEET S

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SALTMARSH

HEALTH

Part I Section 4. The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

4SALT MARSH HEALTH

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE To monitor the health of salt marshes in dyked (disturbed) and previously dyked (recently disturbed) areas.

impediments to the optimization of salt marsh health including waterfowl impoundments, aquaculture, BACKGROUND recreation, and dredging. 2I WKH § DFUHV RI VDOW PDUVK DUHD LQ 1RYD Scotia, over one half has been dyked for agricultural RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT reasons. Irregardless, the Nova Scotia coastline still supports many salt marsh plant communities The Salt Marsh Working Group has been actively consisting mainly of Eelgrass (Zostera marina), involved in restoration of disturbed (dyked) salt Cord Grasses, Marram grass, Arrow grass, and marshes since WKH ¶V. Regular monitoring of various rushes and sedges. Salt marshes in Nova these areas for colonization of Spartina alterniflora Scotia occur in estuaries, offshore bars or islands, and, in colonized marshes, formation of pannes protected bays, and very rarely on open coastlines. would benefit these groups¶ HIIRUWV WR TXDQWLI\ WKH effectiveness of restoration efforts and to modify Salt marsh formation follows a relatively complex management protocols accordingly. succession whereby mud flats consisting of eelgrass (Zostera marina) are colonized by Spartina Information from this method would be used in alterniflora which subsequently trap drifting sands, conjunction with bird counts of the Willet (Tringa build-up the sediment load in the area, and increase semipalmata  DQG 1HOVRQ¶V VKDUS-tailed sparrow the overall productivity. At this stage, many plants (Ammodramus nelsoni). and animals which have adapted to the unique sets of biotic and abiotic conditions of mature salt marshes colonize the area. LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S

Salt marshes are very important to a number of flora PROGRAM S and fauna, many of which are uncommon in Nova / Scotia. They are important nurseries and habitats for The method is linked to: many species of bird, including the Willet (Tringa x Method 2.1 Water clarity Method and 2.2 Water semipalmata  DQG 1HOVRQ¶V VKDUS-tailed sparrow temperature (thermometer) (Ammodramus nelsoni). They are an important source of nutrients for many species of migratory animals (eg. shore birds) as well. Salt marshes Summary of Methodology protect the coast from erosion and contribute to shoreline accretion by acting as sediment traps. Measure and observe the denudation and regeneration at selected sections of a salt marsh. Salt Marshes are impacted by natural events such as cyclones, tidal waves or coastal erosion. Further salt marsh loss can be expected as rising sea levels are E uipment likely to cause salt marshes to recede. However, Necessary there are also more direct anthropogenic x Site registration Form 4.1 x Data Sheet 4.1 x Set of five nautical mile grid sheets ( refer to Part I

Part 1 Section 4.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

x 50 meter fibreglass measuring tape (refer during tidal periods. Record on Data Sheet to Part II section 3.3) 4.1. x Pickets , string and or rope x Metre stick x Measure the marsh surface from marsh Optional edge to 15-20 feet in at 15cm intervals, and record on Data Sheet 4.1.

x GPS unit (most effective means of Due to the lack of advance equipment a determining site position) ( refer to Part II more simple method can be used. Take section 1.4); and measurements at 15cm intervals from the x Aerial photographs ( refer to Part II section string down to the salt marsh surface. The 3.8) difference will be your elevation change. (Schematic has been provided on Data Sheet 4.1) Site Selection x Sample the water for water quality, samples can be taken and sent in to CBEMN where the proper analysis can be conducted. Select a site that may have tide restrictions, recently tide restored and or have been affected by land use Properly label the sample with site name, or pollution. Ideas and locations may be found on number, and mud map indicating where the Gulf of Main Council website. samples where taken. Record on Data Sheet 4.1. X http:\\restoration.gulfofmain.org x Create permanent or temporary plots approximately 0.5-1.0 meters squared stratified by elevation (low marsh, high Site Description marsh and upland edge marsh).

Identify the composition of vegetation by Once a site is established Site Registration Form 4.1 identifying all species. should be completed and submitted to CBEMN to obtain a Site Registration Number. This should be In addition determine the abundance of recorded along with the site name on all Data each species by recording the percent Sheets. coverage for each plot. The following details need to be recorded on Site Calculate the mean height of vegetation in Registration Form 4.1: each plot. Record on Data Sheet 4.1. x Five nautical mile grid reference number ; x Site name x Site position in latitude and longitude Regeneration (degrees, minutes and decimals of minute ): x µPXG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJORFDWLRQDQGVKDSHRI the salt marsh site The following should be carried out when the site is visited /monitored for the first time. x Select a discreet marsh patch that is How to Monitor between 5 and 10 metres in diameter. x Indicate the marsh patch location and shape The tiered approach described in the Global on mud map on Site Registration form 4.1. Programme of Action Coalition (GPAC) Protocol x Determine the centre of the patch; and will be used with selected variables. If desired, more x Permanently mark the centre of the patch in depth monitoring refer to the GPAC Protocol. by hammering a star picket into the surface. http://www.gulfofmaine.org/habitatmonitoring/saltm The following should be carried out during arshprotocol.php subsequent visits/monitoring of the salt marsh patch. x Re-locate the patch ;and x With the use of a measuring stake, find a x Measure and record on Data Sheet 4.1 the secure place and embed the stake. Record distance ( in metres to the nearest the water level, and return occasionally to centimetre ) between the star picket and the re-record the new water level, preferably edge of the salt marsh patch along eight

Part 1 Section 4.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

compass bearings (N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W, and NW)

When to Monitor

Salt marsh health/regeneration should be measured twice a year to due slow growth rates and tidal seasons.

Additional Notes x This method involves installing a star picket. Star pickets can pose a safety hazard and prior to their installation it is essential that observers read the safety section.

Part II Section 4: Safety issues Part II Section 6: Be Environmentally Sensitive When Monitoring

Part 1 Section 4.1 Part I Section 4.1 ) ) ) M M M ( ( ( REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS EALTH # # # H . * OCATION OCATION OCATION OCATION L L L ARSH ARSH // // // M ATE HEIGHT ATE HEIGHT ATE HEIGHT ITE NAME AMPLE AMPLE AMPLE S S * Official or descriptive name MEASURE AND RECORDTHE CHANGE IN LEVELS WATER SELECTED AT SAMPLE LOCATIONS YY / MM / DD S / MM / DD YY S YY / MM / DD D D D unity Monitoring Manual ALT Marine 4.1 S HEET S

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm ATA AM PM D a site is monitored. Refer to the a site is to the Refer monitored. : IME T for details on the method, safety, and being and being the safety, method, details on for SITE DETAILS * CONTACT DETAILS * Site Registration Form // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. every the data sheet Fill in that time Manual Monitoring Community friendly. environmentally D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Program F L S * from N 1,2,3) G . E ( Part I Section 4.1 MAP ² ¶08'· SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ FOR WATER SAMPLE LOCATION SAMPLE WATER FOR FOR WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT LOCATION MEASUREMENT LEVEL WATER FOR ³;´ ³´ KETCH A S PLOT PLOT unity Monitoring Manual ) ) MPACT I

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm (Tick the applicable box/s) PEARLING MOORAGE / (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) / LEACHING IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R ( A R (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) INING INING LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C HUMAN AND NATURAL ² UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITY THE OF SITE ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE IMPACTS T H N ) ) Part I Section 4.1 Distichlis spicata Limonium carolinianum Spike Grass ( GrassSpike Sea Lavender ( All images taken from: Coastal Resources Management Council Narragansett Bay Estuary Program TheSave Bay. ) ARSH HEALTH M ) ALT

unity Monitoring Manual Phragmites australis Phragmites 4.1 S Salicornia spp. HEET Common Reed ( ( Glasswort S

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm ) ) NFORMATION I Spartina patens Spartina alterniflora Beach Rose( Rosa rugosa) Salt Hay Grass ( Salt Hay Grass COMMON SALT MARSH SPECIES Smooth Cordgrass ( Smooth METERS 11-15 Part I Section 4.1 S E (Tick the applicable(Tick box) the ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls METERS EALTH 6-10 H GPS O WHAT WAS USED WAS O WHAT (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) N * F I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS USED ARSH ARSH LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG /

M (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) WGS 84 * ES METERS ALT Letter Number Y ATITUDE HART L 0-5 ONGITUDE C L AUTICAL AS DATUM DEPTH ATER OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW N ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IVE NAUTICAL MILE GRID REFERENCE ITE NAME S * Official or descriptive name F minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W W L unity Monitoring Manual 4.1 S Site Site . The for that for site. The AM PM AM

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm Site Registration Number Site Registration : Data Sheets IME FORE COMPLETING THE SITE T en first visited/monitored. Completed forms ITE REGISTRATION FORM S DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. ovided by CALM/AMCS ovided WA SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER must bemust onwritten all Registration Form should re-locating to should be referred the when site, so it is that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form ATE // D Site Registration Form EGISTRATION NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME Registration Number Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, wh a provide to CBEMN be submitted should will who Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be pr DD YY / MM / R MM : HH from the * ID number F L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 4.1 MAP ² ¶08'· SITE MAP MAP OFMAP BOX THE SITE IN THE ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual ) ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm PEARLING MOORAGE (Tick the applicable box/s) / / LEACHING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( A R ² INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITYTHE OF SITE ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

SEAGRASS

HEALTH

Part I Section 5.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

5.1 SEAGRASS PATCH REGENERATION

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE To monitor the recovery of remnant seagrass patches in areas where seagrass loss has occurred. monitoring is required to discern if these declines are the result of anthropogenic disturbances (point- source pollution (i.e. contaminated land runoff) and BACKGROUND whether they are reversible.

The Nova Scotia coastline supports communities of Seagrass meadows: seagrass consisting mainly of Eelgrass (Zostera x being the only angiospermous primary marina). Healthy seagrasses are highly productive. producers in marine environments in Nova Each year, they can produce as much organic matter, Scotia, are a critical part of our coastal or potential food, as a similar area of tropical ecosystems rainforest. Seagrass meadows are also important x are vulnerable to nutrient enrichment foraging and nursery habitats for many organisms x once lost, do not return for many years. including fish and crabs. Long-term monitoring of remanent seagrass In addition to their biological role, the roots and meadows will help to determine: rhizomes of seagrass plants protect sediments from rates of recovery of seagrass meadows; and erosion by waves and currents in much the same x way as plants on land protect soil from erosion. But as seagrass meadows decline, waves and currents more readily stir up sediments and changes in LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S shorelines and beaches may occur. The water becomes murky, reducing the light available to the PROGRAM/S surviving seagrasses. This method is linked to: Seagrass death is usually caused by light starvation x Method 2.1 Water clarity; and due to excessive amounts of algae shading the meadows. If the water becomes enriched with nutrients, such as nitrogen, algae can grow rapidly and starve the seagrass of light. In the absence of SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY seagrass, anaerobic conditions may favour the spread of bacterial communities which can have a Measure the dimensions of a seagrass patch from a severe affect on water quality. fixed central point.

RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT E UIPMENT

A study conducted by the DFO in 2002 to 2003 NECESSARY found that the extent of four seagrass beds in Nova x snorkelling or SCUBA equipment; Scotia declined by an average of 33% over one year. x underwater slate (refer to Part II section 3.2); Major declines have also been observed in x Site Registration Form 5.2; Petpeswick (>96% loss in seagrass cover between x Data Sheet 5.2; 1992 and 2002) and Antigonish (92% reduction in x Information Sheet 5.2; biomass between 2000 and 2001). Due to the lack of set of five nautical mile grid sheets (refer to Part long-term data sets, it is not known whether these x I section 13); declines are within the range of the natural variability of Zostera populations. Further long-term x star picket/s (one per site) (refer to Part II section 3.4);

Part I Section 5.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual x 50 metre fibreglass measuring tape (refer to Part x determine the centre of the seagrass patch; and II section 3.3); x permanently mark the centre of the seagrass x underwater compass (refer to Part II section patch by hammering a star picket into the 3.5); and substrate.

OPTIONAL x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining MEASURING SEAGRASS PATCH SIZE site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4); and The following should be carried out during subsequent visits/monitoring of the seagrass patch: x aerial photographs (refer to Part II section 3.8). x re-locate the seagrass patch and centre star picket by referring to Site Registration Form 5.1; and x measure and record on Data Sheet 5.1 the Seagrass Identification distance (in metres to the nearest centimetre) Please refer to Information Sheet 5.1 Seagrass Patch between the star picket and the edge of the Regeneration. seagrass patch along eight compass bearings (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW).

Site Selection When to Monitor Select sites that have discrete remanent seagrass Seagrass patches should be measured annually due patches (up to five metres in diameter) . The use of to the relatively slow lateral growth of perennial aerial photographs may be useful. seagrass meadows.

Site Description Data Collection and

Once a site is established Site Registration Form5.1 should be completed and submitted to CBEMN to Management obtain a Site Registration Number. This should be recorded, along with the site name on all Data The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet Sheets. 5.1. Data submitted to CBMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database The following details need to be recorded on Site Registration Form 5.1: x five nautical mile grid reference number; Additional Notes x site name; x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, Please read the following and refer to the relevant minutes and decimals of a minute); sections: x µPXG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJORFDWLRQDQGVKDSHRIWKH x this method requires participants to use either seagrass patch; and snorkel or SCUBA diving equipment. x water depth. Participants should be suitably trained, qualified and take care in this hazardous environment; and How to Monitor x this method involves the installation of a star picket. Star pickets can pose a safety hazard and prior to their installation it is essential that ESTABLISHING A MONITORING SITE observers read the safety section. The following should be carried out when the site is x PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES visited/monitored for the first time: x select a discreet seagrass patch that is less than x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE five metres in diameter; WHEN MONITORING. x indicate the seagrass patch location and shape on the mud map on Site Registration Form 5.1;

Part I Section 5.1 E NE SE N S Part I Section 5.1 from the centre picket to SW NW W REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS Fill in the distance (meters) Fill in the distance (meters) of thethe edgeof the patch for each eight compass bearings * unity Monitoring Manual SITE DETAILS EAGRASS PATCH REGENERATION EAGRASS * Site Registration Form 5.1 S ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER ITE NAME S * from S * Official or descriptive name

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm for AM PM ATA SHEET : D IME T * CONTACT DETAILS Marine Manual Marine Monitoring Community // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION details on the method, safety and being safety the method, details on friendly. environmentally PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. Fill in the data sheet every time a that site is monitored. the to Refer D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are with the CBEMN, registered Marine Community Monitoring Program F L ) ) Part I Section 5.1 Management Council Polysiphonia spp. Polysiphonia Chondrus crispus Chondrus Red Seaweed All images All from: Irish Moss ( Polysiphonia ( Polysiphonia Coastal Resources Narragansett Bay Estuary Program Bay Estuary Narragansett Save The Bay EGENERATION R ATCH ATCH P )

unity Monitoring Manual achieved the been is has Zostera marina EAGRASS EAGRASS Green Seaweed Green Eelgrass ( COMMON SEAGRASSES 5.1 S HEET arrow points north. Once th north. points arrow the be read off can directions bearing compass other µFRPSDVVGLVN¶:KHQPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHFRPSOHWHGWKH µFRPSDVVGLVN¶LVVLPSO\UHPRYHG S

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(Tick the applicable(Tick the box) WGS 84 * ES METERS Letter Number Y ATITUDE HART L 0-5 ONGITUDE C L AUTICAL AS DATUM DEPTH ATER OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW N ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IVE NAUTICAL MILE GRID REFERENCE ITE NAME SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS S * Official or descriptive name F minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W W L EAGRASS PATCH REGENERATION EAGRASS Site Site 5.1: S . The for that for site. The AM PM AM The CBEMNThe Marine CommunityMonitoring Manual Site Registration Number Site Registration : Data Sheets IME FORE COMPLETING THE SITE T en first visited/monitored. Completed forms DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY ITE REGISTRATION FORM should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. S ovided by CALM/AMCS ovided WA SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER must bemust onwritten all Registration Form should re-locating to should be referred when the site, so it is that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form ATE // D Site Registration Form EGISTRATION NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME Registration Number Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, wh a provide to CBEMN be submitted should will who Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be pr DD YY / MM / R MM : HH from the * ID number F L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 5.1 MAP ² ¶08'· SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE SITE IN THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S ) ) The CBEMNThe Marine CommunityMonitoring Manual MPACT I PEARLING MOORAGE (Tick the applicable box/s) / / LEACHING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( A R ² INING INING (Tick applicable the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITYTHE OF SITE ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

FISH

Part I Section 6.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

6.1 ATLANTIC SALMON RELATIVE ABUNDANCE

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE To monitor changes in the number of Atlantic salmon at specific sites.

x provide information on temporal (seasonal and annual) fluctuations in numbers of Atlantic BACKGROUND salmon at selected sites; and x Compare numbers of Atlantic salmon over The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the time at low use (control) sites and at high use largest members of the salmonid family sites to assess the effect of human interaction. (Serranidae). Atlantic salmon are found on both sides of the Atlantic ocean, from Greenland as far south as Spain and Connecticut in the eastern and TLANTIC SALMON western halves of the Atlantic, respectively. They A feed in saltwater and return to freshwater in October and November to spawn (anadromous) and can be IDENTIFICATION IRXQGWKURXJKRXW1RYD 6FRWLD¶V IUHVKZDWHU VWUHDPV The following will assist in identifying Atlantic and rivers during this period. Atlantic salmon can salmon. reach 150 centimetres in length and weigh approximately 46.8 kilograms. They are bronze- purple in color when present in freshwater during How to recognize Atlantic salmon the spawning period. Identification of males is relatively easy during this time as the head elongates ³:LWK its pointed head, well-developed teeth and and the lower jaw becomes enlarged and hooked at silvery sides, the Atlantic salmon is instantly the tip. Prey items include insects and smaller fish. UHFRJQL]DEOH:KHQDWVHDWKHVDOPRQ¶VEDFNYDULHV through shades of brown, green and blue, and it has Due to population declines in recent years, the numerous black spots scattered along its body. Atlantic salmon is listed as a species at risk by When spawning, the fish becomes bronze-purple in SARA. In 2005 a province-wide initiative was colour and develops reddish spots on head and body. implemented with funding from recreational sport (Information provided by Environment Canada in fishers (Nova Scotia Sportfish Habitat Fund), the March 2004 ´ Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the NS Salmon Enhancement program. The initiative, entitled ³7KH 1RYD 6FRWLD $GRSW-A-Stream Program: A Watershed Approach to Community- EDVHG 6WHZDUGVKLS´ and administered by the Nova Scotia Salmon Association, rehabilitates Atlantic salmon populations at §23 sites in Nova Scotia with the help of local community groups and interested community members. Additional monitoring would benefit these conservation efforts. XWEBSITE-HTTP://WWW.DFO-MPO.GC.CA/SPECIES- ESPECES/SPECIES/SPECIES_ATLANTICSALMON_E.ASP

SUMMARY OF METHODOLGY RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT You will conduct a visual inspection between 30 and 45 minutes and record the presence (and abundance) Regular monitoring will: or absence of Atlantic salmon at your selected site. The course you inspect will follow a pre-determined

Part 1 Section 6.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual route, to encompass both juvenile and adult aged Atlantic salmon. X Part II Section 1: Site description (All sub- sections)

EQUIPMENT HOW TO MONITOR Necessary x Site Registration form The method for monitoring Atlantic Salmon is very x Data Sheet 6.1 simple, as outlined in the following two points. x Watch to record the duration of your inspection; and 1. Visual inspection (30 ± 45 minutes) x Survey stakes ( use as bench marks or x Route ± develop a pre-determined course to checkpoints when monitoring to maintain inspect, taking into account of different pre-determined route) habitats and water depth which characterise x Writing utensils your selected site. Most importantly, monitoring should start and end at the Optional same point and encompass the same x Snorkelling equipment (dependant on water habitats each time the site is monitored. depth and clarity) (the use of survey stakes may beneficial) x Boat (dependant on water depth) x GPS unit (Most effective means of Duration make sure the visual inspection determining site position) (refer to Part II x ± lasts the same duration each time you section 1.4) monitor (eg. 30,40 or 45 minutes). MOVE Underwater Camera (refer to Part II section x SLOWLY and LOOK CLOSELY within 3.9) and around all habitats to increase your chances of viewing as many Atlantic SITE SELECTION salmon as possible. Select sites that are known to have resident Atlantic 2. Required observations salmon. Priority should be given to sites included in Focus on correctly identifying the listed species (eg. ³7KH1RYD6FRWLD$GRSW-A-6WUHDP3URJUDP´ Also, juvenile/smolt and Adult/salmon). Use the Atlantic sites on different rivers that have not been salmon Data sheet to assist with identifications rehabilitated should be monitored for comparison (information sheet 6.1). purposes. Each site should include at least one of the following. Record target fish abundance using the following x Riffle run categories: x Pool a) 1- 5 b) 6 - 10 x Two Meanders c) > 10

ITE DESCRIPTION S Handy hints when monitoring Once a site is established Site registration Form 6.1 needs to be completed and submitted to the CBEMN Atlantic salmon to obtain a Site Registration Number. This only Handy hints to assist with monitoring fish have been needs to be done once for each site. This should be provided below. The handy hints are provided to recorded, along with the river/stream name on all minimise some of the variability encountered when data sheets for the site. monitoring fish.

The following details should be recorded on Site Registration Form 6.1: Natural influences x Grid/nautical reference; x Name of river/stream; x Site position in latitude and longitude a) Daily fish Movements ± try and monitor at the (degrees, minutes and decimals of minute); same time of the day when you monitor the site. x Optional GPS reference (NAD 83); and x µ0XG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJWKHVLWHORFDWLRQDQG b) Seasonal distribution patterns ± Due to the benchmark location. migratory patterns of the Atlantic salmon, try and

Part 1 Section 6.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual monitor at least once every fall during the spawning period. ADDITIONAL NOTES c) Habitats ± when you develop you visual X Part II Section 4: Safety Issues inspection, inspect all habitats (eg. Pools, meanders, marsh, ect.). When returning to the site, insure to X Part II Section 6: Be Environmentally maintain the same route each time. (The use of your µ0XG¶PDSEHQFKPDUNVDQGRUVXUYH\VWDNHVDUH Sensitive when monitoring useful) d) Environmental conditions ± Monitor when conditions are favourable and when water visibility is high.

Human influences a) Fish identification - use available resources to assist with fish identifications. b) Monitoring activities ± try to be consistent in your approach to monitoring and your recording methods. For example: minimise activity in the water until you actually start monitoring. Movements should be upstream to limit sediment disruption that may cause reduced clarity of water. Be consistent with you visual inspection (starting point, finishing point and route taken). c) Human activities ± where human impacts are evident, a site can be monitored as an impact site (eg. dams and dykes). Likewise a site with no obvious impacts can be monitored as a controlled site.

When to monitor Sites should be monitored annually during the spawning period between October and November.

Please refer back to Background at the beginning of this section 6.1.

DATA COLLECTION AND

MANAGMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 6.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database.

Part 1 Section 6.1 ALMON S years to develop due to to develop due years its pointed head, its head, pointed well- Part I Section 6.1 TLANTIC TLANTIC ish spots on head and body. body. and spots on head ish ³:LWK Differentiating between Atlantic - ´ IDENTIFYING A developed teeth and silvery sides, the Atlantic salmon LV LQVWDQWO\ UHFRJQL]DEOH :KHQ DW and blue, green brown, shades of through varies back VHD WKH VDOPRQ¶V its black spots scattered along numerous and it has bronze-purple becomes fish the spawning, When body. colour and develops reddin (Information in by Environment provided Canada 2004 March Adult/Salmon Juvenile/smolt - In problematic. times is often trout and smolt salmon Scotia smolts takeNova 3-5 4 inches, than with are larger Smolts cold temperatures. and smaller then face, a Key a short trout. most mouth identification is like their silver colour, fork tail, and just in tail. (Atlantic body the the narrowing before the salmon, S.D McCormic, Conte Anadromer Fish Research Centre, Resources Biological division) (Fill in the * ALMON RELATIVE ABUNDANCE ALMON RELATIVE S 1-5 6-10 >10 * SITE DETAILS REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS Site Registration Form TLANTIC AME OF DIVE SITE SITE OF DIVE AME BUNDANCE NUMBER INDIVIDUALS OF ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER Adult/Salmon Juvenile/Smolt S * from N * Official or descriptive name A number observed) number Abundance (Number of Individuals) Target Fish The CBEMNThe Marine CommunityMonitoring Manual 6.1 A AM PM : IME ATA SHEET D * Marine Community Monitoring Marine Community Monitoring CONTACT DETAILS for details on the the method, and being details on safety, for // T ATE AST NAME IRST NAME DENTIFICATION NUMBER NUMBER DENTIFICATION PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. dataFill in the sheet every time that an inspection site to the Refer is visited. Manual friendly. environmentally D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I are registered* Only with the complete if you CALM/AMCS WA MarineCommunity Monitoring Program F L Part I Section 6.1 BUNDANCE A http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/overfishing- surpeche/facts-faits/images/at_salm.jpg ELATIVE ELATIVE R ALMON S TLANTIC 6.1 A http://www.tjgeneralstore.com/Adj.%20Atlantic%20 Salmon%20copy.jpg http://www.nasco.int/

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(Tick the applicable(Tick the box) WGS 84 * ALMON ABUNDANCE RELATIVE ES METERS Letter Number Y S ATITUDE CHART L 0-5 ONGITUDE L AUTICAL AS DATUM DEPTH ATER OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW N ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IVE NAUTICAL MILE GRID REFERENCE ITE NAME S * Official or descriptive name F minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W W L unity Monitoring Manual Site TLANTIC Site . The 6.1 A for that for site. The AM PM AM

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm Site Registration Number Site Registration : Data Sheets FORE COMPLETING THE SITE IME T DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. ovided by CALM/AMCS ovided WA SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER must bemust onwritten all should to should be referred re-locating the site,when so it is ITE REGISTRATION FORM * ID number from the Group/Individual Registration Form Registration the Group/Individual from * ID number S that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form // Site Registration Form ATE NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME F Registration Number Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, first visited/monitored. Completed formswhen to CBEMN be submitted should a provide will who Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be pr D DD YY / MM / R MM : HH L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 6.1 MAP ¶08'· SITE MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual ) ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm PEARLING MOORAGE / / (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) LEACHING IVER MOUTH IVER (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( A R ² INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITYTHE OF SITE ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

6.2 AMERICAN EEL RELATIVE ABUNDANCE

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: H P O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE To monitor changes in the number of American eel at specific sites. hatching most of the transparent larvae drift north ward with the Gulf Stream, and are distributed BACKGROUND amongst the North American coast. Eventually Metamorphosis occurs and the larvae obtain The American Eel (Anguilla Rostrata) is often times locomotor abilities and begin to penetrate, streams, despised by its slimed, snaked-liked appearance. rivers and estuaries. While this outward show is not appealing to many, the uniqueness and ongoing exploration of this The American Eel has a worldwide demand higher species is. American Eel occupy perhaps the than can be supplied naturally, and is listed as a broadest range of aquatic habitat of any fish. They species at risk. With no official government applied are found in estuaries and river systems draining management program, and limited knowledge on eastern North America, north-eastern South America spawning and migration behaviour additional and a small portion of southern Greenland. monitoring would be beneficial to further understanding.

RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT Regular monitoring will: x provide information on temporal (seasonal and annual) fluctuations in numbers of American Eel at selected sites; and x Increase knowledge on migratory patterns, preferred habitats, and further understanding on diminishing species population to implement a conservation plan.

AMERICAN EEL IDENTIFICATION The following will assist in identifying American Eel

Geographic distribution of American eels (modified from F.-W. Tesch 1977) How to recognize American Eel Eels are classified as catadromous fishes, which The American eel is elongate and serpentine, with a mean that on obtaining sexual maturity (determined ³ single continuous dorsal fin extending posteriorly by size not age, in turn dependant on environment) from a point about one third of the body length adult/silver eels migrate downstream. When they behind the head and around to the vent. Juvenile, reach the ocean they continue to migrate to the sexually immature eels (yellow eels) may range in Sargasso Sea, an elongated region in the middle of colour from yellowish to greenish or olive-brown, the North Atlantic surrounded by ocean currents. with the backs darker than the belly. Sexually Peak spawning occurs between February and April maturing eels (silver eels) acquire a metallic sheen, in the western half of the Sargasso Sea. Larger bronze or black on the back and silvery below females spawn more eggs then smaller females. No during their seaward reproductive migration mature adults have ever been caught in the Sargasso Sea; it is believed they die after spawning. After

Part 1 Section 6.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

(Fisheries and oceans Canada, Under Water World: x Boat (dependant on water depth) American Eel. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca)´ x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4) x Camera

SITE SELECTION Select sites that are known to have resident American Eel. American Eels have a diverse habitat, inquiring of the local community might be beneficial in site selections. The American eel (from www.mnr.gov.on.ca).

American Eel may be easily confused with the ITE DESCRIPTION Lamprey. The Lamprey differs from the eel in S having a prominent sucking disc filled with large Once a site is established Site registration Form 6.1 hooked teeth; several gill openings and no pectoral needs to be completed and submitted to the CBEMN fins. to obtain a Site Registration Number. This only needs to be done once for each site. This should be recorded, along with the river/stream name on all SUMMARY OF METHODOLGY data sheets for the site.

You will conduct an inspection of the American Eel The following details should be recorded on Site between 30 and 45 minutes, twice over two days, Registration Form 6.2: and record the presence (and abundance) or absence x Grid/nautical reference; of American Eel at your selected site. The inspection Name of river/stream; will take two days, and require a small eel fyke ( x funnel net). x Site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes and decimals of minute); x Optional GPS reference (NAD 83); and x µ0XG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJWKHVLWHORFDWLRQDQG EQUIPMENT benchmark location. X Part II Section 1: Site description (All sub- Necessary sections) x Site Registration form x Data Sheet 6.2 x Information sheet 6.2 x Eel fyke HOW TO MONITOR x Writing utensils The method for monitoring American Eel is simple but will take at least two site visits. Example 1. Eel Fyke Setup (30 ± 45 minutes) x The fyke must be setup in the slower part of the river or estuary, and resting open on the bed. American Eels spend the day hidden in mud, grasses and under rocks, so over night will be the best time to catch the eels. Because the fyke will be left unattended for an extended period of time ensure that it is securely anchored, and retrievable. x Put dead insects or cut up fish in the nose of the fyke. Have the nose of the fyke pointing in the direction of the water flow to enable the sent to travel further. x The following morning return to the site Optional and retrieve the fyke. Complete the

Part 1 Section 6.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

required observations and RETURN ALL CAUGHT SPECIES to the water.

2. Required observations Focus on correctly identifying the abundance of silver eels, yellow eels, and elvers. Use the data sheet to assist with identifications (data sheet 6.2).

Record target American Eel abundance using the following categories:

a) 1 - 2 b) 2 ± 5 c) 5 - 10 d) > 10

Handy hints when monitoring American Eels Handy hints to assist with monitoring fish have been provided below. The handy hints are provided to minimise some of the variability encountered when monitoring eels.

x American Eels are most active during the night. Best time to monitor is during high water levels and well moon lit nights. It has been observed that during the last quarter, and full moon periods American Eel activity has been higher.

When to monitor Sites can be monitored once a year in the spring, summer or fall months.

DATA COLLECTION AND

MANAGMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 6.2. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database.

ADDITIONAL NOTES

X Part II Section 4: Safety Issues

X Part II Section 6: Be Environmentally Sensitive when monitoring

Part 1 Section 6.2 www.dfo- into streams. Elvers are streams. Elvers into Part I Section 6.2 ´ 2 years of age they2 years when enter small snake like to their garden to identify due easy appearance. Adult and juvenileAdult American Eels have a similar features. slight distinguishable appearance with sexually immature eels (yellow range in eels) may or olive-brown, to greenish yellowish from colour with eels belly. than Sexually the maturing darker backs the a eels) acquire (silver or black bronze sheen, metallic their during seaward below silvery and back the on migrationreproductive oceans Canada, (Fisheriesand Under Water American Eel. World: mpo.gc.ca) BUNDANCE A EL E ELATIVE (Fill in the R EL MERICAN MERICAN *

unity Monitoring Manual E 1-2 2 - 5 5-10 10 > Abundance (number of Individuals) of (number Abundance * MERICAN MERICAN REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS IDENTIFYING A Elver Site Registration Form Silver Eel Silver Yellow Eel Yellow Target Species AME OF DIVE SITE SITE OF DIVE AME BUNDANCE NUMBER INDIVIDUALS OF ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER S * from N * Official or descriptive name A the eel. Elvers adult of version are a small may Elvers in size 50 and are approximately range from to 70 mm, number observed) number 6.2 A

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm AM PM : ATA SHEET IME T D * Marine Community Monitoring Marine Community Monitoring SITE DETAILS CONTACT DETAILS for details on the safety, the and beingmethod, details on for // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. dataFill in the sheet every time that an inspection site to the Refer is visited. Manual friendly. environmentally D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I are registered* Only with the complete if you CALM/AMCS Community WA Marine Monitoring Program F L The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Network

INFORMATION SHEET 6.2 AMERICAN EEL RELATIVE ABUNDANCE

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Part I Section 6.2 METERS 11-15 Part I Section 6.2 S E (Tick the applicable(Tick box) the ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls METERS 6-10 O WHICH DATUM O WHICH GPS N (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) F * I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS USED LONG DETERMINED /

(Tick the applicable(Tick the box) EL ABUNDANCE RELATIVE WGS 84 E * ES METERS Letter Number Y ATITUDE CHART L 0-5 ONGITUDE L AUTICAL AS DATUM DEPTH ATER OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW N ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IVE NAUTICAL MILE GRID REFERENCE ITE NAME S * Official or descriptive name F minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W W L unity Monitoring Manual MERICAN MERICAN Site Site . The 6.2 A for that for site. The AM PM AM

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm Site Registration Number Site Registration : Data Sheets FORE COMPLETING THE SITE hen first visited/monitored.hen Completed forms IME T DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. ovided by CALM/AMCS ovided WA ITE REGISTRATION FORM SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER must bemust onwritten all should re-locating to should be referred the site,when so it is S * ID number from the Group/Individual Registration Form Registration the Group/Individual from * ID number that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form // Site Registration Form ATE NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME F Registration Number Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, w to CBEMN be submitted should a provide will who Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be pr D DD YY / MM / R MM : HH L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 6.2 MAP ¶08'· SITE MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ unity Monitoring Manual MUD µ KETCH A S

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm ) ) MPACT I PEARLING MOORAGE / / (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) LEACHING IVER MOUTH IVER (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( A R ² INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITYTHE OF SITE ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

SEA BIRDS

Part 1 Section 7.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

7.1 NELSONğS SHARP-TAILED SPARROW

NUMBERS

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE To monitor the number of 1HOVRQ¶VVKDUS-tailed sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni) in salt marshes throughout Nova Scotia. 0GNUQPğU Sharp-Tailed BACKGROUND Identification 1HOVRQ¶V VKDUS-tailed sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni) are a small migratory sparrow fairly The Sharp-Tailed Sparrow ranges in size from 12.5- common to Nova Scotia in the summer but rare in  FP ³8SSHUSDUWV RI WKH ELUG DUH EURZQLVK RU winter. The Sharp-tailed Sparrows usually arrive in greyish olive, the back with obscure, paler stripes; numbers during the first two weeks of June. The bird broad, bluish grey line through centre of crown; is found in the summer about salt marshes, cheeks grey, margined with two broad, buff lines, occasionally in freshwater marshes along our coasts one over the eye and the other below the cheek; tail and sometimes well inland on tidal rivers. Last feathers narrow and pointed at ends, the outer ones sightings are usually in late October. shorter than the central ones; breast and sides cream- coloured, sparsely and indistinctly streaked with dull The Sparrows nest on the ground in tall, rank grey; throat greyish white; belly white. (Birds of grassland. The Nest is commonly small and deep, Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Natural Museum Of composed of soft grass lining with fine grass, and is History)´ fastened to the stems of new grass so that the base is about flush with the ground surface. Seldom is a pair seen isolated from others of its kind. They insist upon sites where the ground is covered with thick, dead grass of past years.

RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT (QYLURQPHQW&DQDGD¶V³9ROXQWHer-based Surveys of %LUG&RPPXQLWLHVLQ&RDVWDO:HWODQGV´LQLWLDWHGLQ KDYHIRXQG1HOVRQ¶VVKDUS-tailed sparrows in relatively small salt marshes. Therefore monitoring should include all healthy salt marshes, regardless of size. www.atl.ec.gc.ca/.../images/sharptail.jpg

The Sharp-tailed sparrow has a very distinct call, and will be useIXOO\LQLGHQWLI\LQJWKH1HOVRQ¶V Sharp-Tailed Sparrow.

Part Section 7.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

Example of Sharp-tailed Sparrows Song to obtain a Site Registration Number. This only http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/salt_marsh/voluntee needs to be done once for each site. This should be r_e.html recorded, along with the beach/area name on all data sheets for the site. The nest of the bird is an open cup attached around the lower portions of plant stems. (Refer to The following details should be recorded on Site Background) Registration Form 7.1: x Grid/nautical reference; x Name of river/stream; Summary of Methodology x Site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes and decimals of minute); Walk carefully though and around the near shore x Optional GPS reference (NAD 83); and grasslands and count the number of Nelson Sharp- x µ0XG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJWKHVLWHORFDWLRQDQG Tailed Sparrows. benchmark location.

X Part II Section 1: Site description (All sub- sections) Equipment Required How To Monitor

Necessary When the site is monitored the following should be x Site Registration form carried out: x walk along the selected site and count the Data Sheet 7.1 x number of birds and active nests (nests with x Pair of binoculars for easier identification birds); and Optional x InGLFDWH RQ D µPXG¶ PDS ZKHUH DFWLYH DQG inactive nests are located. x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining site position) ( refer to Part II section 1.4) When To Monitor Site Selection Monitoring can occur opportunistically between June and October Select sites that are known to have resident Sharp- Tailed Sparrow.

DATA COLLECTION AND

MANAGMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 7.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database.

ADDITIONAL NOTES Typical habitats are similar to photo above, this picture and further information can be found on the X Part II Section 4: Safety Issues Environment Canada website. (http://www.on.ec.gc.ca) Refer to Background for habitat description. X Part II Section 6: Be Environmentally Sensitive when monitoring SITE DESCRIPTION Once a site is established Site registration Form 7.1 needs to be completed and submitted to the CBEMN

Part 1 Section 7.1 PARROW S AILED -T paler stripes; broad, bluish m-coloured, sparsely and HARP ´ Part I Section 7.1 S of Nova Scotia Scotia, Novaof S · ELSON N PARROW DENTIFYING I ranges inThe size 12.5-15 Sharp-Tailed Sparrow from FP ³8SSHUSDUWV RI WKH ELUG DUH the back obscure, olive, with EURZQLVK RU JUH\LVK grey line through centre of crown; cheeks grey, lines, over broad, eye the one buff two with margined and cheek; below tail feathers narrow the other and the at ends, the outerpointed the central onesthan shorter breast and sides crea ones; greyish throat dull grey; with streaked indistinctly belly (Birdswhite; white. Natural Museum Of History) tall, rank the in grassland. on nest ground The Sparrows of The and small Nest is commonly deep, composed soft lining grass grass,with fine and is fastened to the stems grass of new so that the base is about flush with surface. ground the S (Fill AILED AILED -T PARROW (Fill in the (Fill in the S HARP TAILED TAILED - * unity Monitoring Manual S S HARP · S S ¶ SITE DETAILS ELSON N ELSON REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS UMBER OF OF UMBER UMBER ACTIVE OF NESTSBIRDS WITH ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER ITE NAME S * from Site Registration Form S * Official or descriptive name N N in the the number) in number) 7.1 N

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm for AM PM : ATA SHEET IME D T * CONTACT DETAILS Marine Manual Marine Monitoring Community // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION details on the method, safety, and being details on safety, the method, friendly. environmentally PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. Fill in the data sheet every time a that site is monitored. the to Refer D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete are registered with if you the CBEMN F L Part I Section 7.1 UMBERS N PARROW http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/wildspace/media/mai npic/large/NSTS.jpg S AILED AILED -T HARP

unity Monitoring Manual S S · ELSON http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/reso urces/grzimek_birds/Emberizidae/Ammodramus _nelsoni.jpg/view.html http://audubon2.org/watchlist/images/birds/Nelsons_ sharp_tailed_sparrow.jpg 7.1 N

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm HEET S NFORMATION I http://www.cnr.vt.edu/efish/families/images/jpeg s/eel.jpg Part I Section 7.1 S E AILED (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls -T GPS O WHAT WAS USED WAS O WHAT (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) N * F HARP I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS S USED LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG / S · WGS 84 * ES Letter Number Y ATITUDE CHART L ONGITUDE ELSON L AUTICAL AS DATUM OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW N ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IVE NAUTICAL MILE GRID REFERENCE ITE NAME S * Official or descriptive name F minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W L 7.1 N Site Site . The for that for site. The AM PM AM

The MarineCBEMN Community Monitoring Manual Site Registration Number Site Registration : Data Sheets FORE COMPLETING THE SITE en first visited/monitored. Completed forms IME T Registration Form ITE REGISTRATION FORM DATE AND TIME S REGISTRATION NUMBER should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER must bemust onwritten all provided by provided CBEMN should re-locating to should be referred thewhen site, so it is * ID number from the * ID number that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form // Site Registration Form ATE NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME F Registration Number Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, wh a to CBEMN provide be submitted should will who Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be D DD YY / MM / R MM : HH L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 7.1 MAP ² ¶08'· SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual ) ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm PEARLING MOORAGE (Tick the applicable box/s) / / LEACHING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( A R ² INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS MPACTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE THE OF VICINITY THE IN MPACTS I UMAN ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

7.2 WILLET NUMBERS

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B O

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVE To monitor the number of Willets (Tringa semipalmata) in salt marshes throughout Nova Scotia .

drained as much of the infrastructure and disturbances of the dykes remain. BACKGROUND The Willet (Tringa semipalmata) is a large shorebird in the sandpiper family. The Willet is a WILLET IDENTIFICATION migratory bird that generally first arrives in late April. It now breeds in coastal areas province wide Adults have grey legs, a long, straight, dark bill, having become increasingly common within the and distinctive black and white patterned wings. last 20 years. Most depart in August, with some The body is dark grey above and light underneath sighting as late as October. Adult Willets are and the tail is white with a dark band at the end. usually only congregate for breeding; otherwise they are offshore feeding on fish Willets are very territorial and will aggressively defend their nesting and feeding territory. When disturbed It will fly overhead and continue calling out until the threat goes away. It often perches on bushes, trees, fence posts, or rocks..

Willets nest on the ground, usually in well-hidden locations in short grass and often in colonies. Prey items include fish, insects, crustaceans, marine worms, and plant material.

RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT Photo copyright of Gilles Daigle (photocanada.com) The Willet population, which ranges from Nova Scotia to Mexico and the Caribbean, experienced significant declines due to hunting in the late The Willet has a very distinct call, and will be nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and has not XVHIXOO\LQLGHQWLI\LQJWKH1HOVRQ¶V6KDUS-Tailed fully recovered from these losses. Nova Scotia, Sparrow. being the northern-PRVWSRLQWRIWKH:LOOHW¶VUDQJH has a relatively disturbed set of salt marshes. Example of Willet Call Willets are dependent upon the formation of http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/salt_marsh/volunte pannes, productive ponds that develop in mature er_e.html VDOW PDUVKHV (QYLURQPHQW &DQDGD¶V ³9ROXQWHHU- based Surveys of Bird Communities in Coastal :HWODQGV´LQLWLDWHGLQQRWHVWKDWVDOWPDrshes Summary of Methodology occupying previously dyked lands are still regularly

Part 1 Section 7.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

Walk carefully though and around the near shore The following details should be recorded on Site Willet habitat and count the number of Willet birds. Registration Form 7.2: x Grid/nautical reference; x Name location x Site position in latitude and longitude Equipment Required (degrees, minutes and decimals of minute); x Optional GPS reference (NAD 83); and x µ0XG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJWKHVLWHORFDWLRQDQG benchmark location. Necessary x Site Registration form 7.2 X Part II Section 1: Site description (All sub- sections) x Data Sheet 7.2 x Pair of binoculars for easier identification Optional x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining site position) ( refer to Part II How To Monitor section 1.4) x Land camera When the site is monitored the following should be carried out: Site Selection x walk along the selected site and count the number of birds and active nests (nests with birds); and Select sites that are known to have resident Willet. x ,QGLFDWH RQ D µPXG¶ PDS ZKHUH DFWLYH DQG inactive nests are located.

When To Monitor

Monitoring can occur opportunistically between April and August

DATA COLLECTION AND

MANAGMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 7.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database. Typical habitats are similar to photo above, this picture and further information can be found on the Environment Canada website. (http://www.on.ec.gc.ca) Refer to Background for habitat description. ADDITIONAL NOTES SITE DESCRIPTION X Part II Section 4: Safety Issues Once a site is established Site registration Form 7.2 X Part II Section 6: Be Environmentally Sensitive needs to be completed and submitted to the when monitoring CBEMN to obtain a Site Registration Number. This only needs to be done once for each site. This should be recorded, along with the beach/area name on all data sheets for the site.

Part 1 Section 7.2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

DATA SHEET 7.2 WILLET

PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE SITE DETAILS IDENTIFYING WILLETS COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. Fill in the data sheet every time that a site is monitored. SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER * Adults have grey legs, a long, straight, dark bill, and Refer to the Marine Community Monitoring Manual for distinctive black and white patterned wings. details on the method, safety, and being The body is dark grey above and light underneath and environmentally friendly. * from Site Registration Form the tail is white with a dark band at the end.

DATE TIME SITE NAME // : AM PM DD / MM / YY HH : MM

CONTACT DETAILS * Official or descriptive name

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER * REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS

* Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN NUMBER OF WILLETS (Fill in the number) The nest site is chosen by the female and can be found FIRST NAME in beach grass or on high, dry, grassy areas along a salt marsh.

LAST NAME NUMBER WILLETS (Fill in the number)

Part I Section 7.2 Part I Section 7.2 http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/birds/tropical_bird_ collection/bahamas/willet_perched.jpg UMBER N ILLET

unity Monitoring Manual 7.2 W HEET S http://www.birdersworld.com/objects/images/br dpw070108.jpg http://www.giffbeaton.com/Shorebirds/Willet_2006- 01-17-0302.jpg

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm NFORMATION I http://www.giffbeaton.com/Shorebirds/Willet_2004- 12-17_0036.jpg Part I Section 7.2 S E (Tick the applicable(Tick box) the ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls GPS O WHAT WAS USED WAS O WHAT (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) N * F I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS ILLET USED LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG /

WGS 84 * 7.2 W ES Letter Number Y ATITUDE CHART L ONGITUDE L AUTICAL AS DATUM OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW N ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IVE NAUTICAL MILE GRID REFERENCE ITE NAME S * Official or descriptive name F minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W L unity Monitoring Manual Site Site . The for that for site. The AM PM AM

The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm ITE REGISTRATION FORM Site Registration Number Site Registration S : Data Sheets FORE COMPLETING THE SITE en first visited/monitored. Completed forms IME T Registration Form DATE AND TIME REGISTRATION NUMBER should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER must bemust onwritten all provided by provided CBEMN should re-locating to should be referred the site,when so it is * ID number from the * ID number that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form // Site Registration Form ATE NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME F Registration Number Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, wh a to CBEMN provide be submitted should will who Registration Form ESSENTIAL PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be D DD YY / MM / R MM : HH L REGISTRATION FORM. A N Part I Section 7.2 MAP ² ¶08'· SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual ) ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm PEARLING MOORAGE (Tick the applicable box/s) / / LEACHING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND (B , R REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I QUACULTURE MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( A R ² INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS MPACTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SITE SITE THE OF VICINITY THE IN MPACTS I UMAN ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Part I The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

LITTER

Part I Section 8.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

8.1 BEACH LITTER

SKILL RATING: EQUIPMENT RATING: B

TIME RATING: FREQUENCY RATING:

OBJECTIVES RELEVANCE TO MANAGEMENT To monitor trends in the amount, type and origin of In Nova Scotia, there is limited information litter deposited onto selected Atlantic Canadian available on amounts of litter deposited onto beaches coastlines. and into the ocean.

Litter monitoring programs: BACKGROUND x improve amenities by removing litter from beaches; The quantity of litter that finds its way into the x provide information on litter quantity, type and ZRUOG¶V RFHDQV DQG LV HYHQWXDOO\ ZDVKHG XS RQ origin; coasts is of growing global concern. x act as a basis for implementing targeted education and enforcement strategies; and The most tragic impact of ocean litter is on marine x provide data to determine whether current litter and coastal fauna. Every year countless thousands of management strategies are successful. marine mammals, turtles and seabirds die from swallowing plastic bags and other objects, or from becoming trapped in discarded fishing gear. This is LINKS TO OTHER METHOD/S & becoming a major threat to wildlife in Nova Scotia. PROGRAM/S Litter can also have significant social and economic The TD Canada Trust Great Canadian Shoreline costs. For example, ocean litter washed up on Cleanup. http://www.vanaqua.org/cleanup/ popular tourist beaches can reduce its aesthetic appeal and cause a potential health hazard if some SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY items are sharp or contaminated. This could result in fewer people using the beaches and lead to a loss in The types, source (fishing/terrestrial), weight tourism revenue. (kg/m2) and number (number/m2) of litter on beaches is monitored annually using transects. Ocean litter refers to any item that is directly dumped or finds it's way indirectly into the ocean EQUIPMENT (eg. litter discharged by a river). Litter items can range in size from a cigarette butt to the size of a sea NECESSARY container. Litter items are composed of all types of x Site Registration Form 8.1; materials including, metal, plastic, and rubber. x Data Sheet 8.1; x Information Sheet 8.1; The coastline of Nova Scotia is susceptible to litter x Nautical and/or Coastal Series Charts; from four main sources, which include: x strong garbage bags; x litter originating from beach use in high use x scales for weighing litter eg bathroom/kitchen areas; scales; and x litter washed into the ocean from catchment x fibreglass tape measure (~50m) (refer to Part II areas; section 3.3). x litter that originates from coastal fishing industries and includes discarded/lost equipment (eg. floats, ropes, bait cages) and packaging SAFETY materials (eg bait bands).; and x leather garden gloves (for each participant); litter from international and offshore sources, x x tongs (used for the collection of dangerous which is transported to and along the coast by items eg. syringes); and the nearshore drift and associated ocean x container for syringes (commercial safety currents. containers available).

Section 8.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

OPTIONAL COLLECTING LITTER x GPS unit (Most effective means of determining Before collecting litter please read the Safety site position) (refer to Part II section 1.4). Section. The following should be carried out during LITTER IDENTIFICATION subsequent visits: x re-locate the start of the beach litter transect and This method requires participant/s to identify litter select the same width and length by referring to items listed on Data Sheet 8.1 that are larger than a the original Data Sheet 8.1 and Site Registration cigarette butt. Form 8.1; x collect all the litter along the length of the x DATA SHEET 8.1. transect; x collected litter should be placed into garbage SITE SELECTION bags, stockpiled if it is too bulky, or placed into suitable containers if dangerous (eg. syringe, Select sites that are: broken bottle); and x on sandy beaches; x when the transect has been completed, bring all easily accessible; and x the litter bags and stockpiled litter back to a x known to get a build up of litter. sheltered central location that has enough area to sort the litter. SITE DESCRIPTION Once a monitoring site is established Site PROCESSING LITTER Registration Form 8.1 should be completed and At the central location sort, count and weigh the submitted to CALM, to obtain a Site Registration litter by the categories listed on Data Sheet 8.1. This Number. This should be recorded, along with the can be achieved by: beach name, on all the Data Sheets for the site. x labelling empty litter bags with each of the category names listed on Data Sheet 8.1; The following details need to be recorded on Site x sorting the litter into the categories. As litter is Registration Form 8.1: placed in the appropriate bag, it should be x site name (beach name); counted (record on Data sheet 8.1) and cleaned of excess sand and water; x Chart reference; weighing each of the bags (categories) using x site position in latitude and longitude (degrees, x minutes and decimals of a minute); and bathroom scales. Record the total weight of each category on Data sheet 8.1; x µPXG¶PDSLQGLFDWLQJWKHVWDUWDQGHQGSRLQWVRI the transect. x rope, fishing line and net should not be weighed but the length should be estimated to the nearest x PART II SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION (ALL SUB- metre and recorded; SECTIONS) x disposing of the sorted, counted and weighed litter at an appropriate facility. Remember that HOW TO MONITOR some items can be recycled.

ESTABLISHING A MONITORING SITE The following should be carried out when a beach TERRESTRIAL FISHING SOURCES monitoring site is first monitored/ visited: SOURCES x determine the transect dimensions (ie. length x aluminium x plastic bait and width) in metres. These are reliant on the wrappings resources available (time, number of x glass x plastic catch bags participants) and the physical characteristics of x plastic bottles x plastic bait straps the beach (ie. its length and width). Transect x plastic bags x bait bucket length and width should be standardised then; x six-pack rings x fishing net complete Site Registration Form 8.1; and x x other plastic x floats record the following on Data Sheet 8.1: x x metal x rope transect length x x cloth x fishing line transect width x x rubber transect area (m2) (calculated by x x foam multiplying the length and width). x other (unknown) x INFORMATION SHEET 8.1: LITTER CATEGORIES AND SAFETY

Section 8.1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

WHEN TO MONITOR Monitor beaches at least once a year. Monitoring beaches after winter is more likely to collect sea based litter that has been washed ashore during winter storms. Monitoring after summer months is more likely to collect litter originating from beach users, particularly on heavily visited beaches. Try to monitor twice a year after winter and summer to document these seasonal trends.

DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT The data collected should be entered on Data Sheet 8.1. Data submitted to the CBEMN will be entered in the Marine Community Monitoring Database.

ADDITIONAL NOTES Please read the following and refer to the relevant sections: x when working at the beach always be aware of your surroundings, watch for waves and sharp objects. Never work alone; and x beaches are a sensitive environment susceptible to erosion caused by human activities. x PART II SECTION 4: SAFETY ISSUES x PART II SECTION 6: BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WHEN MONITORING

Section 8.1

(Fill in the Part I Section 8.1 NUMBER WEIGHT FOAM RINGS PAPER GLASS CLOTH OTHER METAL TOTAL REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS RUBBER EIGHT PACK ALUMINIUM / PLASTIC BAGS OTHER PLASTIC SIX PLASTIC BOTTLES PLASTIC ITTER FROM TERRESTRIAL SOURCES L table) 2 EACH LITTER * ) 8.1 B (meters) SITE DETAILS (meters) * TRANSECT DETAILS M M M length x width length x ( Site Registration Form ATA SHEET ATA AMEBEACH OF RANSECT LENGTH RANSECT WIDTH ITE REGISTRATION NUMBER URVEY AREA S * from N * Official or descriptive name T T S D

The Marine CBEMN Community Monitoring Manual AM PM : IME T * Marine Community Monitoring Marine Community Monitoring nitoring Program CONTACT DETAILS for details onfor the safetymethod, and being // ATE AST NAME IRST NAME DENTIFICATION NUMBER DENTIFICATION PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BEFORE COMPLETING THE DATA SHEET. data sheet every time thatFill in the a beach is surveyed. Refer to the D YY / MM / DD MM : HH I * Only complete if you are registered with the CBEMN Marine Community Mo F L Manual environmentally friendly. Part I Section 8.1 Area ( 2 2 2 m m 2 2 2 ) ) ) ) ) per m per m per m per m per m per m ) METERS ) (

METERS ( )

Area divided by number dividedArea by weight dividedArea by number dividedArea by number dividedArea by ( ( ( ( SUMMARY OF REQUIRED OBSERVATIONS EIGHT OF TERRESTRIALOF EIGHT SQUARE PER LITTER METER PER SQUARE LITTER OF EIGHT MARINE UMBER TERRESTRIAL OF LITTER ITEMS PER SQUARE SQUARE PER ITEMS LITTER MARINE OF UMBER OTAL WEIGHT OF LITTER PER SQUARE METER SQUARE PER LITTER OF OTAL WEIGHT SQUARE PER ITEMS LITTER OF OTAL NUMBER ROPE OF ENGTH LINE FISHING ENGTH Area divided by weightArea divided METER METER METER METER divided by weight T T W N W ( N L L

The Marine CBEMN Community Monitoring Manual

(Fill in the table) (Fill in the NUMBER WEIGHT ROPE METERS BAGS STRIPS OTHER TOTAL FLOATS WRAPPING FISHING LINEFISHING METERS BAIT BUCKET BAIT PLASTIC BAIT BAIT PLASTIC BAIT PLASTIC FISHING NETS FISHING PLASTIC CATCH CATCH PLASTIC ITTER FROM FISHING SOURCES FISHING FROM ITTER L Part I Section 8.1 categories a tally of the then placed into garbage COUNTING & WEIGHING LITTER on the (eg. the plastic handledmain on brush, material wire to be plastic). be determined would As the litter is sorted into The in each be kept. of should category items number sorted litter is and counted bags based category. on When the litter is placed in the sand and should be free from appropriate bag it should litter all the When dry. possible be reasonably where been sortedhas bag/s each of the (categories) should be using bathroom weighed rope or fishing linescales. If is collected or estimated. length should be measured the EACH LITTER 8.1 B available (eg. resources pre-planning, particularly particularly pre-planning, are compositelitter items sed on the type of object object of type the on sed hould be categorised based be categorised based hould fferent types and materials : Select beaches where there there Select beaches where : : Organise for the removal of removal the for : Organise HEET S LITTER CATEGORIES LITTER IDENTIFICATION PLANNING A LITTER SURVEY : Make contact with the local council, and contact the local council, : Make with is a known build up of litter. build Define of an area to be up is a known the based on monitored participants); of number area for management agencies approval in order to get beach These the groupswork. even be able to may and bags garbage provide (eg. assistance provide collectedremove litter); and collected litter. Define collection area Liaise with group/sresponsible legally for the of Litter Removal Beach litter surveys require The time. the for first carried when out points following a beach litter survey. tips suggest organising for x x x a cigarette than larger object as any is defined Litter thatbutt does occur not naturally. Do collectnot on lists to the etc. Refer driftwood, occurring naturally data sheet of common andthe items for materials. types The collectedmain two litter is first sorted into sources.terrestrial and marine litter from categories, Use the lists and common knowledge but if are stillyou place itunsure, the terrestrial in category. The sorted ba litter is then and/or its composition. Di theare listed data sheet. If on it s of materials a number of

The Marine CBEMN Community Monitoring Manual NFORMATION I : Participants should that assist they can in issues relevant to beach : large/heavy Avoid collecting SAFETY (eg. Participants glass): broken (eg. sun and (eg. sun elements): Participants µVKDUSVFRQWDLQHU¶ (eg. unknown chemicals in a in chemicals (eg. unknown : Participants should wear footwear and footwear : Participants should wear watch for syringes. If syringe/s are found they they are found syringe/s If syringes. for watch and placed tongs be picked up only with should a into directly objects. sharp for watch and footwear wear should and be pickedgloves objects using should Sharp VKRXOGEHSODFHGZKHUHWKH\FDQ¶WFXWWKURXJKWKH bag, garbage for Participants watch should container): chemicals. If the chemical is toxic or unknown, so local council the inform its removal; VKRXOG EH rocks); (eg. waves, environment slippery µVXQ VPDUW¶ DQG DZDUH bags. If it anything garbage heavy or lifting items RI WKHLU is too heavy, note the location and arrange theirfor and collection; dangerous fauna marine potentially watch for beach. caseswashed In the many on up can fauna injury even inflict dead. when Syringes Sharp Objects Chemicals Environment Large litter items fauna marine Harmful/toxic The following are safety litterfollowing: surveys. Beware the of x x x x x x ) Part I Section 8.1 OASTAL SERIES (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) GPS ? NS C USED 20N AND L (Tick the applicable(Tick box) the ls of a minute (3 decimal places) decimal of a minute (3 ls AUTICAL OR ZONE N O WHAT WAS USED WAS O WHAT NDICATE N * I SITE DESCRIPTION/DETAILS F I LEASE LEASE LONG DETERMINED DETERMINED LONG / (P

SERIES (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) OASTAL OASTAL AUTICAL EACH LITTER NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM C * ,N ES Y ATITUDE L ONGITUDE L 8.1 B LEASE IDICATE SHEET NUMBER SHEET IDICATE LEASE OMPASS AS DATUM DEPTH ATER CHART OR OR CHART OW WAS THE LAT WAS OW ATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ITE NAME C L S * Official or descriptive name REFERENCE GRID minutes and decima degrees, in * Record H W W *P Site . The . The for that site. Thefor AM PM AM Site Registration Number

The MarineCBEMN Community Monitoring Manual ITE REGISTRATION FORM ITE REGISTRATION Data Sheets : S FORE COMPLETING THE SITE en first visited/monitored. Completed forms IME T DATE AND TIME SITE REGISTERED BY should be completedshould each re-locatablefor permanent site. must be must onwritten all SITE REGISTRATION NUMBER ovided by ovided the CBEMN should re-locating to should be referred the site,when so it is that the and in iscompletely that accurately. the filled form // Site Registration Form ATE NUMBER EGISTRATION AST NAME IRST NAME Sites only need to be registered need Sites only once, wh be submitted to should CBEMN,the a provide will who PLEASE READ THIS SECTION BE * This number will be pr D DD YY / MM / MM : R HH Form Registration the Group/Individual from * ID number F L REGISTRATION FORM. A Site Registration Number Registration Form ESSENTIAL N Part I Section 8.1 MAP Ě Ğ/7&ğ SITE MAP MAP OF THE SITE IN THE BOX THE IN SITE THE OF MAP ¶ MUD µ KETCH A S unity Monitoring Manual ) MPACT I The CBEMN MarineThe CBEMN Comm MOORAGE (Tick the applicable box/s) / (Tick the applicable(Tick the box/s) IVER MOUTH IVER OIL AND GAS OIL AND QUACULTURE , R A REDGING ACTIVITY REDGING EWAGE POLLUTION EWAGE S D OMMERCIAL TOURISM OMMERCIAL NCHORAGE NDUSTRIAL POLLUTION FISHERIES OMMERCIAL ECENT STORM DAMAGE STORM ECENT C A I MINERALS ECREATIONAL FISHERIES C R HUMAN AND NATURAL ( R Ě INING INING (Tick the applicable(Tick the box) LEVATED WATER TEMPERATURE E M ONTROL C IMPACTS UMAN IMPACTSTHE IN VICINITYTHE OF SITE ATURAL IMPACTS IN THE VICINITYTHE OF SITE YPE OF MONITORING SITE SITE OF MONITORING YPE T H N The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

PART II ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Part II The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

1SITE DESCRIPTION

The Marine Community Monitoring Program has adopted both the Nautical Chart and the Coastal 1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION Series 50km grid for Atlantic Canada. The grid systems are used to determine a groups monitoring Whenever a site is monitored, a description of the location and allow spatial comparison of data site including its location, physical and social collected (and also helps to determine where gaps in characteristics should be recorded. If monitoring a monitoring activity are present). permanent re-locatable site, the site description is recorded on a Site Registration Form. The site To facilitate the summarising and display of data the description is used in site re-location, so it is 50km grid (Coastal Series) reference of the Atlantic essential that all site descriptions are clear and Canada Nautical Chart reference for each site should concise. If monitoring on an opportunistic basis, be recorded on a Site Registration Sheet or Data with no permanent re-locatable sites then the site Sheet. A set of these nautical grid reference sheets description is recorded on a Data Sheet. for Nova Scotia are provided in Part I. You have the option of which grid system you would prefer to use The most important descriptions are the site position but it is extremely important that you make your LQ ODWLWXGHORQJLWXGH DQG WKH µPXG¶ PDS ZKLFK DUH choice clear on the data sheets. both essential for the re-location of sites. Descriptions like the chart/grid reference number and the site position in latitude/longitude are 1.3 SITE NAME essential. The remainder of this section details each of the site descriptions listed on the Site Registration It is advantageous but not essential to record the Form and Data Sheets. name of the site being monitored on the Site Registration Form and/or Data Sheet. A site name provides a simple way of referring to the site instead 1.2 THE NAUTICAL CHART RI XVLQJ WKH VLWH¶V JULG UHIHUHQFH QXPEHU :KHQ naming sites use the official name as taken from AND NSTDB COASTAL charts, maps; local names; or a descriptive name.

SERIES (50KM) MAP 1.4 SITE POSITION (LATITUDE

SYSTEMS AND LONGITUDE) Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Canadian The monitoring site position should be recorded in Hydrographic Service have developed two grid latitude and longitude using the format: degrees, systems for the collection and summarising of minutes and decimals of a minute (to three decimal fisheries data. The grids cover the coastal and places). offshore waters of Canada, but in this case, Nova Scotia specifically. The Nautical Chart (Atlantic The site position in latitude and longitude is used for Coast) is used for commercial fisheries data while the re-location of permanent sites and is recorded in the Coastal Series 50km grid system is used for the CBEMN database. recreational fisheries data. Topographical Maps can also be used instead of the Coastal Series Map, The position of a site in latitude and longitude can however bathymetry is not displayed. Both the be determined using either of two standard methods Nautical Chart and Coastal Series systems employ a which are detailed below. grid system with easy reference. The Coastal Series (and topographic maps) systems are compromised of a letter and number. The number is read of the USING A GPS UNIT TO DETERMINE vertical axis and the letter is read of the horizontal axis. The Nautical Chart is 4 digit reference SITE POSITION (LATITUDE & number, which varies depending on what region you are in. LONGITUDE)

Part II Section 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

A Global Positioning System (GPS) unit is the most visible from the site and marked on the nautical effective and accurate method of determining a site chart position in latitude and longitude. GPS units operate by tracking and using satellites to determine their If a monitoring site is located on or adjacent to a position to within ± ~20 meters (error can vary). The distinctive feature, that is marked on the chart. Then price of GPS units has dropped in recent years due the site position can be plotted onto the chart using to their popularity, so basic units cost around $200. the distinctive feature as a guide. For example, if a monitoring site is located on a navigation marker, GPS units are listed as an optional item on the then the site can be plotted onto a chart, as Method Sheets. Despite their optional tag it is navigational markers are marked on charts. strongly recommended that participants use GPS units for their monitoring work. The CBEMN has several GPS units (along with an extensive suite of 1.5 ¶MUDğ MAPS monitoring equipment) in its monitoring equipment $µPXG¶PDSLVDKDQG-drawn map of the monitoring bank that can be lent out site, drawn from an underwater and above-water (http://www.envnetwork.smu.ca/). If a GPS unit is SHUVSHFWLYH µ0XG¶ PDSV SURYLGH D PHGLXP IRU not available, then refer the following for alternative recording any additional information on the site methods of determining the site position in latitude ORFDWLRQ µ0XG¶ PDSV VKRXOG EH GUDZQ RQ WKH Site and longitude. Registration Form or Data Sheet. These maps are a key reference for the re-location of monitoring sites Basic GPS units like the Garmin Etrex are simple to and therefore need to be as detailed and accurate as use. It is important that if at all possible, groups use possible. The information that should be recorded on the following Datum and Map projection to record µPXG¶PDSV¶LQFOXGH coordinates: NAD 83 (CSRS98) UTM zone 20 N. x position and size of distinctive features (regardless of whether they are marked on a nautical chart); x DQLQGLFDWLRQRIQRUWKVXFKDVDµQRUWKDUURZ¶ ALTERNATIVE METHODS TO x estimated distance/s between distinctive feature/s; DETERMINE SITE POSITION x anchorage areas when the site is visited; (LATITUDE & LONGITUDE) x distinctive benthic habitat/s; x compass bearing/s of distinctive features; and If a GPS unit is not available a site position in x the position of what is being monitored latitude and longitude can be determined by plotting the site position on a nautical chart and reading the latitude and longitude off the chart axes. 1.6 WATER DEPTH Latitude and longitude read off the chart is in the Water depth should be recorded for any monitoring format of degrees, minutes and seconds and needs to sites located over water. Water depth can assist in converted to the format degrees, minutes and site re-location. Water depth should be recorded decimals of a minute prior to being recorded on the using a series of standard categories and can be Site Registration Sheet and or Data Sheet. It is also determined using various methods including: important to record the datum, which is written on x electronic echo/depth sounder; the chart usually near the legends. x depth gauge on SCUBA; and x YSI profile.

PLOTTING THE SITE POSITION ON A NAUTICAL CHART Plotting a site position on a nautical chart can be carried out in two ways using distinctive landmarks,

Part II Section 1 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

1.7 WEATHER AND SEA 1.9 IMPACTS Any human impacts and/or natural impacts in the CONDITIONS vicinity of the monitoring site should be recorded on Some methods such as water clarity request optional the Site Registration Form. This information can be observations on weather and sea conditions. Where used to assist in the analysis of the data collected possible this information should be recorded as these during monitoring.. environmental variables can affect the main factors that are being monitored (ie water clarity). For example storms can result in short term declines in 1.10 SITE REGISTRATION water clarity. NUMBER 1.8 CONTROL AND IMPACT The Site Registration Number is a unique number that is assigned to permanent monitoring sites. To obtain a Site Registration Number a copy of the Site SITES Registration Form is submitted to the CBEMN. A On Site Registration Forms there is a check box on check is made to see if the site has been registered whether the monitoring site is classified as a control before, and if not, a new Site Registration Number or impact site. Indicating whether a site is a control would be assigned. or an impact site can assist in drawing conclusions from the data. The Site Registration Number is recorded on every Data Sheet that is completed for the site. This Impacts sites are sites where there are known human removes the necessity to fill in all the descriptive impacts. For example when measuring water clarity, details every time the site is monitored. a site would be classified as an impact site if it was located in the vicinity of a sewage outlet. Control sites are sites where there are no known human 1.11 SITE RE-LOCATION activities that impact on what you are monitoring. The position of each permanent site is described on a For example when measuring water clarity, a site Site Registration Form. When re-locating permanent would be classified as a control site if there were no sites, a copy of the Site Registration Form should be human activities that affected the water quality eg. referred to. In particular, the site position (latitude no nutrient or sediment run-off as a result of human DQGORQJLWXGH DQGWKHµPXG¶PDSDUHWKHWZRPRVW activities. important site descriptions.

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2RATING SYSTEM

2.1 RATING SYSTEM EQUIPMENT RATING On the top of every Method Sheet are four rating B Basic equipment systems to assist groups in determining whether a H particular method is suitable (ie. compatible with the Key pieces of equipment can be homemade capabilities of the group). The rating systems take P Key pieces of equipment need to be into account the skill level, equipment requirements purchased and the estimated time required to carry out the method. It should be noted that the rating systems O Optional equipment are provided only as a guide, and the method and relevant sections should be thoroughly reviewed prior to monitoring. 2.4 TIME RATING The time rating provides a rough guide to the 2.2 SKILL AND EXPERIENCE amount of time required to complete monitoring (from fieldwork to data entry). It should be noted WKDWWKHWLPHUDWLQJGRHVQ¶WWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWIDFWRUV RATING such as the travel time to sites. The skill and experience rating provides a guide to the complexity of the method and the level of skill TIME RATING and experience required by the majority of the participants involved. The rating system is divided into three levels; basic, intermediate and advanced. < ½ hour

SKILL & EXPERIENCE RATING ½ -1 hour

Basic Method: minimal experience 1-2 hours and skills (eg. primary schools) >2 hours

Intermediate Method: minimal experience and specialized skills 2.5 FREQUENCY RATING The frequency rating provides a rough guide to the minimum frequency that sites should be revisited Advanced Method: skills and and monitored. Specific details of frequency are experience required (eg. university addressed in the methods. students) FREQUENCY RATING

2.3 EQUIPMENT RATING Opportunistic The equipment rating provides a guide to the Daily equipment that is required to carry out monitoring. Groups/individuals should refer to the equipment list Monthly in the methods for specific details. It should be noted that some equipment requires participants to have suitable skills and training. Seasonally

Annually

Part II Section 2 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

3STANDARD EQUIPMENT USED IN MONITORING

x the pipe is then heated over a flame until the PVC starts to flatten; 3.1 GENERAL EQUIPMENT x when the PVC is almost flat it is placed into an oven (150 q C) between compressing weights to LIST make a perfectly flat surface; and This section describes some of the standard x the flattened PVC is then drilled in one corner equipment/materials that are commonly used in so that a pencil can be attached using a piece of monitoring. The section provides information on rubber tubing. where equipment can be purchased or how to build it. USING A SLATE The most effective way to use an underwater slate is to draw a copy of the Data Sheet on one side and 3.2 UNDERWATER SLATES leave the other side blank. Copying the Data Sheet Underwater slates are used by SCUBA divers for onto the slate simplifies the collection of data by writing underwater. The typical underwater slate is ensuring that all data is collected, and makes constructed of rigid white plastic, which can be transcribing the data to a Data Sheet easier. The written on using a waterproof pencil. The pencil is blank side of the slate can be used for drawing the attached to the slate using a piece of rubber tubing. µPXG¶PDSRUIRUDGGLWLRQDOQRWHV

Underwater slates can be purchased from most dive If multiple sites are being monitored in a day then stores or they can be home-made. there must be an equivalent number of slates, or alternatively at the completion of each site, the data on the slate is transcribed to a Data Sheet, so that the slate can be reused.

It is essential that the data written onto the slate are transcribed onto a Data Sheet as soon as possible. This should be done to reduce the risk of the data being accidentally erased from the slate. It is important to transcribe the data accurately, as it is A typical underwater slate possible to make mistakes that could ruin the monitoring efforts. CONSTRUCTING AN UNDERWATER An alternative to writing directly on the slate is to SLATE photocopy the Data Sheets onto waterproof paper. Making your own underwater slate is a simple and This can then be attached to the slate using rubber inexpensive process. Slates can be made from any bands, clips, or waterproof tape. The advantage of flat rigid white plastic that can be written on using a WKLV LV WKDW WKH GDWD GRHVQ¶W KDYH WR EH WUDQVFULEHG pencil. Moffat (1994) describes the construction of from the slate to a data sheet. Instead the data sheet underwater slates from PVC sewerage pipe. is dried and stored. The one draw back is the cost and availability of waterproof paper. ATERIALS M A couple of good tips to remember when using x PVC sewerage pipe (internal diameter of 10cm slates is to ensure that the pencil is waterproof and and 3 mm thick); that it has been sharpened prior to the dive. It is a x a 30 cm length of small surgical rubber; and good idea to carry a spare pencil, in case the one x waterproof pencil. attached to the slate breaks or is lost.

METHOD 3.3 TAPE MEASURES x a 20cm length of sewerage pipe is cut using a hacksaw; Tape measures are a commonly used tool in x the length of pipe is cut down one side; monitoring and are used for measuring objects, defining transects, and in site description. The best

Part II Section 3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual type of tape measure to use a fibreglass tape in a plastic case, with a winding mechanism. These tapes Compasses are available most dive stores, camping lack metal parts, so have a longer lifespan in the stores, boating stores. It is best to get a waterproof marine environment. Fibreglass tapes come in a compass. variety of lengths, up to 100 meters in length. Fibreglass tapes are easily abraded and can snap, so they have to be used with care.

A cheaper alternative to tape measures is a pre- measured length of non-stretch rope cord that is marked with a suitable metric scale. The marks can be applied to the rope using a waterproof marking pen. Lines may need to be re-marked after use as the marks do rub off or fade. Compass

3.6 TIDE CHARTS Tide charts are used to provide an accurate prediction of the regular tidal cycles. Tide charts should be referred to when monitoring in intertidal and shallow areas. Tide charts can be purchased from stores (eg. dive). Daily tide charts are also usually listed in newspapers and on the internet. Some methods such as those measuring beach width require that monitoring is carried out at low tide. Fibreglass Tape 3.7 NAUTICAL CHARTS/ 3.4 DIVE BAGS Dive bags are useful for keeping together monitoring COASTAL SERIES equipment underwater. Dive bags are also useful in underwater litter surveys for the collection of litter. CHARTS Dive bags can be purchased from most dive stores. Nautical/Coastal Series charts are an essential tool used in monitoring and are a key safety item for all boat users. If a GPS is not available, then a chart can EHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHDVLWH¶VODWLWXGHDQGORQJLWXGH

3.8 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS Aerial photography is a valuable resource that can be used in monitoring to: x assist in the selection of sites; x create maps (eg. habitat maps); and x monitor broad scale change in the cover of habitats. Dive Bags The entire Atlantic Canada coastline has been 3.5 COMPASS photographed and in most cases repeatedly photographed over the years. A compass (magnetic) is an essential tool used in monitoring. Compasses are used for site description To find out what photographs area available and to and re-location, and for the alignment of transects order aerial photographs, groups/individuals should and fixed photography. Compasses are also an contact Service Nova Scotia and Municipal essential safety/navigation aid on boats. Relations Geomatics Centre: Tel: 424-5400 or 1-800-670-4357 Fax: 424-0720 It is essential that all monitoring participants know how to use a compass for taking bearings, and know It is generally not necessary to purchase every to keep compasses away from metallic objects when photograph in a series. Instead every second taking bearings. photograph can be purchased. This is due to the

Part II Section 3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual coverage of aerial photographs overlapping (so they can viewed in 3D, which is not necessary for The basic transect line consists of a length of rope or monitoring). a tape measure that is laid out over the substrate.

It is recommended that the photographs to be used Observations along transects are carried out while in are laminated to protect them. If using the the field. It is also possible to video transects. This photographs in the field, it is recommended that footage can be viewed at a later time applying one of laminated colour copies of the photographs are used. the three transect methods. If you need to draw on the original photographs it is best to use a china graph pencil, which can be easily removed. BELT TRANSECTS Belt transects are the simplest and most adaptable type of transect used in monitoring. Belt transects are used to monitor the presence, absence, and 3.9 PHOTOGRAPHY AND abundance of a wide variety of elements. The length and width of the belt transect are varied to accurately VIDEO sample the elements being monitored. Photography and video are excellent tools for monitoring and documenting sites. Some of the TRANSECT LINE CONSTRUCTION methods in the manual refer to the optional use of Transect lines are basically a length of line/rope cut cameras and video (terrestrial and underwater). to a specified length. The cheapest type of transect line can be made from non-stretch rope or cord that LAND CAMERAS is cut to the length of the transect (eg. 20 meters). Transect lines are best made out of high visibility There are a variety of land cameras on the market colours (yellow, white, etc.). The rope/line used ranging from cheap disposables to more expensive should be dense enough so that it sinks (instead of models that use film or are digital. Any type of floating). If the transect line is too buoyant or is camera can be used in monitoring, but it is important being used in areas of high water movement, it may that the type of camera used is kept constant. be necessary to add weights. Weights can be attached at points along the transect (every one to CAMERA TRIPOD five meters). A camera tripod is a useful piece of equipment for terrestrial cameras. Tripods can be useful in fixed- Belt transects do not require the line to be marked point photography, as they can be used to with a scale. Point intercept transects require the line standardise and replicate the position of the camera. to be marked at predetermined points (sample points). For example a 20 meter transect lines could have sample points every meter (20 sample points). UNDERWATER CAMERAS For line intercept transects lines the line needs to There are a variety of underwater cameras on the have a scale marked on it (increments of 0.5 m). market ranging from the relatively cheap disposables to the more expensive. The inexpensive disposable To assist in the deployment, retrieval and storage of cameras take suitable photographs. It should be transect lines, it recommended that the line is wound noted that underwater photography unlike terrestrial onto a reel. Reels reduce tangles when deploying photography requires a certain degree of skill and and retrieving the transect. When the transect line is understanding of the principles and techniques of be retrieved, care must be taken not to damage the underwater photography. benthic fauna and flora. Transect lines commonly become entangled around objects on the seabed.

Alternatively, a fibre glass tape measure can be used 3.10 TRANSECT LINES instead of a rope transect line. The advantages to Transects are a standard sampling tool used in using a tape measure is that it is compact and monitoring. Transects characteristically have a already has scale (useful in line intercept and point length that is greater than the width. The length of intercept transects). The disadvantages include the transect varies, depending on what is being expense of tapes, lifespan, and buoyancy. The best monitored. When using transects underwater, the tapes to use are the fibreglass tapes, which can be length is typically less than 50 meters and up to 10 purchased in lengths up to 100 meters. meters wide (dependent on visibility). Transects on land can reach many kilometres in length and many meters in width. In the majority of circumstances transect length and width are kept standard.

Part II Section 3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

entry of water prevents the quadrat from being too LAYING OUT A TRANSECT LINE buoyant. If there are buoyancy problems lead When laying out a transect line, it essential that the weights can be inserted inside the pipe. line follows the contours of the substrate. Transect lines should be anchored at the start and finish points to prevent any movement. The transect line should be laid out in a straight line in a standardised 3.12 SECCHI DISK direction, which is easily achieved by following a Secchi disks are a standard tool used in the compass bearing. measurement of water clarity. Secchi disks are easy to built and easy to use. Laying out a transect is a relatively simple process on land, however it can be difficult underwater. Under ideal conditions (flat bottom, calm CONSTRUCTION OF A SECCHI DISK conditions) transect lines can be laid out using boats, Secchi disks are a simple piece of equipment that or a single diver. When conditions are not ideal can be easily made at home. They can be purchased (undulating bottom, strong currents) transect lines from a supplier, but are expensive. The following are best laid out by two divers, one laying out the materials are required to construct a secchi disk. transect and the second following behind ensuring that the transect follows the substrate. Materials: x a small square of marine ply; 3.11 QUADRAT x one stainless steel eye bolt; one divers lead weight; Quadrats, like transects, are a standard sampling x device used in monitoring. Quadrats are typically x one 30m length of cord (non-stretch); square (equal sides). Quadrats come in a variety of x black and white paint; and sizes, which are based on their coverage area, eg. x one black water proof marker. 0.25 m2, 0.5 m2, 1.0 m2. Quadrats are used primarily for monitoring the presence, absence, abundance and The following steps should be carried out: estimated percentage cover of elements that are x draw a circle with a diameter of 20 cm on the immobile or have limited mobility. The quadrat size marine ply; used is dependent on the size and abundance of the x using a saw cut out the circle; elements being monitored. For example a small x divide the circle into alternating quarters with quadrat would be used to monitor small marine black and white paint (see diagram); snails and a large quadrat would be used to monitor x drill a hole through the centre of the disk so that seaweed abundance. the stainless steel eye bolt can be passed through; QUADRAT CONSTRUCTION x drill a hole through the centre of the lead divers weight; Quadrats can be constructed from a variety of thread the bolt through the disk and divers materials, including wood, metal, PVC piping, and x weight. Tighten the nuts so that the weight is rope. The basic requirement for constructing a firm attached to the bottom of the disk; quadrat is that all the sides of the quadrats are equal and the quadrat is square. For example when x take the cord and mark 0.5m increments along constructing a 1 m2 quadrat, each side should be 1 its length using a black waterproof marker; and meter in length. The following describes the x attach one end of the cord to the eye of the bolt. construction of a 1 m2 PVC pipe quadrat.

Materials x four 1 meter length of ½ inch PVC pipe; x four elbow joints; x PVC glue; and x drill.

The 1-meter lengths of PVC pipe are joined using the PVC elbow joints, to form a square that has an area of 1 m2. If the quadrat does not need to be disassembled for transport or storage, the PVC pipe and joints can be glued into place. It is suggested that a hole is drilled in each length of the pipe to allow water to enter or drain from the quadrat. The Secchi disk

Part II Section 3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

3.13 THERMOMETER There are a variety of glass thermometers on the market. Thermometers are required for Method 2.2 Water temperature (thermometer). When selecting a thermometer select: x thermometers that use spirits instead of mecury. If the thermometer breaks there is no release of mercury into the environment; x thermometers that have an accuracy of ± 0.1 ºC; and x if possible a thermometer in a plastic cage for protection.

3.14 TEMPERATURE LOGGERS There are a variety of temperature loggers on the market that all remotely measure water temperature at regular intervals and store the measurements. The loggers vary in cost and in ease of use.

Part II Section 3 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

4SAFETY ISSUES

there is concern or uncertainty about conditions then it is better to play it safe and postpone monitoring 4.1 IMPORTANT (PLEASE until conditions improve. READ) "It is a condition of participation that the 4.3 GENERAL SAFETY RULES participant acknowledges and assumes The following are some general safety tips (rules) all risks associated with monitoring and that should be adhered to: holds CBEMN, its employees, and x never carry out monitoring by yourself. Try to ZRUN RQ D µEXGG\-V\VWHP¶ IRr both land and associates free from any and all liability, water based monitoring; causes of action, debt, claims and x always have one person to act has a lookout, demands of every kind and nature when monitoring in the water (snorkelling whatsoever which may arise out of or in /SCUBA) and land (intertidal); connection with participation in x wear the appropriate protective clothing, such as protective footwear when on beaches or monitoring." intertidal areas; x GRQ¶WKDQGOHRUKDUDVVIDXQD0DQ\VSHFLHVDUH THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY WHEN toxic, venomous or can inflict injury; MONITORING CANNOT BE STRESSED x GRQ¶W VZLP LQ WKH VHD DW QLJKW XQOHVV ENOUGH. This manual reinforces the issue of experienced and suitably equipped (lights etc.); safety throughout with constant references to this x be careful of currents when swimming or section. snorkelling. Swim into the curreQW'RQ¶WVZLP when currents are strong; It should be remembered that safety is the x act cautiously in small boats and observe all primary responsibility of individuals who should necessary safety precautions; always: x inform the designated safety person in the event x be aware of their surroundings; of any injury. Make sure all cuts and scratches x know their limitations; are cleaned up and treated promptly; x have the appropriate personal safety items; x sunburn and heat exhaustion are health hazards. x have appropriate training; Make sure you drink extra water before any x NQRZWKHWHDP¶VFRQWLQJHQF\SODQVDQG monitoring activities. x use their common sense. ENERAL SAFETY KIT INDIVIDUALS/GROUPS USING SCUBA 4.4 G FOR MONITORING SHOULD READ It is strongly recommended that all monitoring teams SECTIONS 4.7 put together a complete safety kit that includes: x a set contingency plan in the event of an emergency; 4.2 TEAM APPROACH TO x a suitably stocked first aid kit; SAFETY x communication equipment (eg. marine CB or mobile phone); Individuals/groups participating in monitoring x suitably qualified first aid officer; and should always discuss safety issues. The safest x oxygen revival kit (for SCUBA and if there is monitoring practices should be used and someone trained to use the kit). contingency plans developed in the event of an emergency. Individuals and groups should carry adequate safety equipment and first aid supplies 4.5 DANGEROUS OBJECTS while in the field. Monitoring can expose participants to dangerous materials particularly during litter surveys. Individuals/groups should evaluate conditions Participants should always wear safety equipment (weather/sea) at the monitoring site prior to such as sturdy enclosed shoes and gardening gloves. monitoring and as monitoring is carried out. This evaluation should take into account the Sharp objects (shards of metal, glass) can be LQGLYLGXDOVJURXS¶V FDSDELOLWLHV DQG HTXLSPHQW ,I encountered during litter surveys. These items

Part 2 Section 4 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual should be handled carefully using gloves. Care x two hand-held orange smoke signals or one should be taken when these items are placed in smoke canister; JDUEDJHEDJVVRWKDWWKH\GRQ¶WFXWWKURXJKWKHEDJ x a two-way marine band radio; and and cut the person carrying the bag. It is recommended that you check with the Syringes (needles) are becoming a common item Department of Transport for current information on found on beaches. Needles should only be stored in the minimum safety equipment to meet legal DSSURYHG FRQWDLQHUV µ6KDUSV´ FRQWDLQHU  1HHGOHV standards. should never be picked up, even with gloves on, but should be picked up using tongs and placed directly To ensure you have a trouble-free and enjoyable trip, into the container. One person should be allocated check that you boat, motor, fuel system, and the task of carrying the container and collecting any equipment are in good working order and ensure you needles spotted by others in the group. are carrying enough fuel. Aim to have at least 25 per cent of your fuel left over, after completing your trip If toxic or unknown chemicals are found, they in the worst conditions you can imagine. In addition, should be left where they are found. The location make sure you have the correct charts, a compass, should be noted and the team leader informed. The water, food, extra clothing, adequate tools and team leader should alert relevant local agencies, spares, an extra line for the anchor, as well as which are responsible for the removal and disposal sunscreen, hats and other sun protection. of the chemicals. Decide where you intend to go, your expected time Participants may come across discarded fishing line of return, the amount of fuel you will carry and during underwater surveys. The safest method for where you intend to launch. Let somebody, collecting line underwater is to find the end and preferably the duty officer at the local sea rescue wind the line onto a object (eg stick). Always have a group, know about your excursion and provide them knife available to cut the line free. Always be careful with the names and phone numbers of the people on of hooks. board, a description of your boat and registration numbers, your car and trailer registration numbers 4.6 BOATING and a list of your safety equipment. The ocean deserves your greatest respect at all times. When anchoring, it is wise to put out at least three Even experienced boaters can occasionally find times as much anchor line and chain as the depth of themselves in series difficulties. However, if you water you are anchoring in. For example, in 10 plan your trip well and take care to observe standard meters of water, put out at least a 30 metre anchor safety precautions, you will minimise the chances of line. any problems occurring. If divers are operating from a vessel they must Always check the weather forecast before you leave display a signal to warn other boaters. The dive flag and take into account in deciding where you should should be at least 750 millimetres long by 600 go, the load you can safely carry and the people you millimetres wide. The flag signifies that all boats take with you. Remember that a sea of 1.5 metres is should keep at least 50 meters clear. If this is not about the maximum for comfort on a trailable-sized possible, then the boat must proceed at the slowest boat. This is the approximate wave height that a possible speed that allows full control and maintain steady wind of about 15 knots will build up. A swell a lookout. of 1.5 metres on a calm sea can also preclude diving. Cancel the trip is necessary. Keep an eye on the Never leave your boat unattended. If the anchor line weather at all times while you are on the water, and should snap while you are diving below, you will be head for shore if you see a thunderstorm developing. stranded in deep water (literally). You should also consider accompanying another boat ± operating in pairs will increase your safety.

Always carry the minimum safety equipment on 4.7 SCUBA DIVING AND board, including: SNORKELLING x a bilge pump (mandatory on boats at least seven meters long, unless they have sealed, self- SCUBA diving, like many recreation pursuits, can draining decks), bailer or bucket; be dangerous and has claimed lives. Divers should never be complacent about safe diving practices. x a suitable fire extinguisher; Never dive on SCUBA if you have not completed an x suitable life jackets for each person on board; accredited course. Many of the sites you choose to an effective anchor and line; x dive and monitor may be explored by snorkelling. x two parachute distress flares You do not have to be a qualified SCUBA diver to

Part 2 Section 4 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual participate in monitoring or learn about and enjoy x after consulting dive tables, agree on a the marine environment. However, it is maximum time and depth limit; recommended that you complete an accredited x establish and review communication procedures snorkelling training program. and revise hand signals; x agree on air pressure for returning to the Prior to diving, ensure you are using the correct surface, usually 50 bar; equipment for the conditions, particularly if you x decide what to do if separated; and have not dived the area before or if you have not x discuss what to do if an emergency arises. dived on SCUBA for a while. Check all your equipment thoroughly to ensure it is in good Before entering the water, ensure you and your working order, ensure you have the correct number buddy run through the five-point equipment check; of weights and a suitable exposure suit for the x BCD - needs to be snugly adjusted and conditions. A compass and a knife are standard operating properly. It should be partially safety equipment. Always carry essential spare parts inflated before you enter the water; such a mask and fin straps, O-rings and a first aid x weight welt - should be fitted with weight kit. Ensuring you have the right equipment on the savers, have a right hand release and be free of day will make your dive much safer and much more all equipment and straps; enjoyable. x releases - check to see where they are and ensure they are secure; Always check the weather forecast on the morning air - check that your buddy's air is turned on, of your dive. However, don't just rely on the x ensure that the regulators are working, note forecast, and assess the dive site thoroughly before where the alternate air source is and how it is entering the water. If you are uncertain about the used and make sure the air-pressure hoses are suitability of the weather conditions for your not tangled; and planned dive, ask local experts. They will probably be able to suggest an alternative site if conditions are x final - make a final once over for dangling unsuitable. Be flexible and alter your plans if straps and missing equipment. necessary. Always use an approved dive table and stay within Regardless of whether you are snorkelling or its limits. While diving keep track of the time, depth, SCUBA diving, always display a dive flag and direction, temperature and air supply at all times. always dive with a buddy. If diving from a vessel, Never forget that at the end of your dive, you should make sure someone is left to watch the boat. Before ascend slowly and cautiously. A five-minute safety diving, you and your buddy should: stop at five metres is mandatory. While ascending, keep a look out for any boats in the area or other overhead obstacles. x inform a friend of your dive site and your estimated time of return; In the event of decompression sickness immediately x establish entry and exit points and techniques; call the nearest health centre/hospital. x choose a course to follow, taking currents and other factors into consideration;

Part 2 Section 4 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

5DATA QUALITY

5.1 DATA QUALITY To ensure that the data collected by the community is of a high quality, all participants will be required to be involved in a training program.

This training program will ensure: x the methods referred to in the manual are understood and implemented in the correct manner, and will address correct: x site selection x site re-location x use of equipment x monitoring methods x data collection x data analysis; x participation is environmentally sensitive; x the community has a general understanding of marine management issues in Atlantic Canada; and x safety issues arising from the methods.

Part 2 Section 5 The CBEMN Marine Community Monitoring Manual

6BE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WHEN MONITORING

6.1 LOOK BUT DON·T 6.4 INSTALLATION OF TOUCH TAGS AND OTHER Always take the µORRN EXW GRQ¶W WRXFK¶ approach when monitoring. It should not be necessary to touch STRUCTURES or handle any marine fauna or flora. The simple act Some methods describe the use and installation of of touching a marine creature can affect it adversely. marker/tags. Where possible keep the use of Another good reason for not touching or handling is markers/tags to a minium. When installing tags or that many types of marine fauna are toxic or can markers take care not cause any local damage. This inflict painful injuries. includes not hammering tags in living organisms.

The methods included in this manual are non- destructive sampling techniques ie. sampling is 6.5 COASTAL AREAS undertaken by observation and counts but not Coastal environments are fragile. When monitoring collections. along beaches and dunes, keep off stabilising dune vegetation and be careful to not cause any erosion. Where possible, use existing pathways to reach your 6.2 BE AWARE OF LOCAL destinations. Do not enter rehabilitation areas and check with local groups in the area if you have any REGULATIONS queries. Avoid walking on any fragile species in Groups/individuals involved in monitoring are not intertidal areas and if you move any rocks, ensure immune to existing laws and regulations. In most they are replaced in their original position. cases these laws and regulations are in place to protect the environment or ensure the safety of the community. Groups/individuals should liase with 6.6 SCUBA AND relevant management groups prior to and during monitoring. SNORKELLING 3DUWLFLSDQWV VKRXOG HQVXUH WKDW WKH\ FDUU\ RXW µEHVW GLYHUSUDFWLFHV¶ZKLFKLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ 6.3 BOATING x Do maintain neutral buoyancy through out the Boating activities have the potential to impact dive. greatly on marine habitats. Groups/individuals using x Do secure all gauges so they do not drag . boats during monitoring should ensure that they x Do beware of your fins when kicking. follow environmentally sensitive boating practices. x 'RQ¶W touch any marine life. x ensure adequate water depth to avoid damage to x Do take care when photographing. benthic habitats due to keel or propeller contact; x 'RQ¶W use bottom structures as hand holds. x ensure that anchors and/or chain do not impact x 'RQ¶W stand up in shallow water where there are on sensitive benthic habitats. Where possible sensitive benthic habitat. anchor in sand. If there is no suitable anchorage site, consider not anchoring; and x GRQ¶WDOORZZDVWHWRHQWHUWKHZDWHU

Part 2 Section 6