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University of Warwick Institutional Repository University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/66360 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Contested Legalities, (De)Coloniality and the State: Understanding the Socio-Legal Tapestry of Pakistan by Raza Saeed A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law University of Warwick, School of Law 1 April, 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... i Declaration ......................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... v Glossary .............................................................................................................................................. vii Statutes Cited .................................................................................................................................... ix Case Law Cited .................................................................................................................................... x I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 A. The need to examine Pakistan’s Legal Tapestry ................................................... 6 B. Outline and Structure ...................................................................................................... 14 II. Background and Methodology ......................................................................................... 18 A. Background to the Study ............................................................................................... 18 i) Examining People’s Law and Proto-Legality .................................................. 18 ii) From Proto-Legality to the wider Socio-Legal context of Pakistan .... 22 B. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 25 C. Research Method ............................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 1: Overview of the Study ........................................................................................ 32 1.1. Chapter Synopsis ........................................................................................................... 32 1.2. Law in Pakistan: Binaries of Opposition ............................................................. 32 1.3. Main Research Question ............................................................................................. 37 1.4. Four Narratives and Four Assertions ................................................................... 42 1.5. The Crises of Law in Pakistan .................................................................................. 48 1.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 49 Chapter 2: A History of Legal Uncertainty: Post-Independence Turmoil in Pakistan ...................................................................................................................................... 50 2.1. Chapter Synopsis ........................................................................................................... 50 2.2. A History of Legal and Constitutional Uncertainty ......................................... 51 2.3. Crafting a Post-Colonial State: A brief history of constitutional crises, 1947-1973 ..................................................................................................................... 56 2.3.1. From Independent State to a Crown Dominion ...................................... 59 2.3.2. First Martial Law and the Division of Pakistan ....................................... 66 2.4. On Religion and State Law: A brief history of Islamisation of laws, 1973- 1999 ................................................................................................................................. 73 2.5. Between Islamisation and ‘Enlightened Moderation’: A brief history of constitutional and legal frameworks – 1999-2013 ..................................... 82 2.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 94 Chapter 3: The Socio-Legal Tapestry of Pakistan ......................................................... 96 3.1. Chapter Synopsis: The Plurality of Pakistan’s Legal Architecture ........... 96 3.2. Constitutional Arrangement and Common law ............................................... 97 3.3. Islamic law ..................................................................................................................... 102 3.3.1. Islam and the Constitution ............................................................................ 103 3.3.2. Islamic law, Judicature and parallel mechanisms of Justice ........... 107 3.3.3. Islamic provisions and the Penal law of Pakistan ............................... 112 3.4. Traditional Law and Informal Courts ................................................................ 115 3.5. Colonial Law and the Tribal Regions ................................................................. 128 3.6. ‘Lawlessness’ and the demand for a Leviathan ............................................. 138 3.7. Pakistan’s Socio-Legal Tapestry and the Narratives of Law .................... 142 Chapter 4: Tracing the limits of the Dominant Legal Narrative in Pakistan .. 144 4.1. Chapter Synopsis ........................................................................................................ 144 4.2. ‘There is but one law for all…’ ............................................................................... 145 4.3. The dominant narrative of Law in Pakistan: State-Law as ‘The Law’ . 149 4.3.1. The Exclusivity and Singularity of Law and Justice ............................ 151 4.3.2. Law and the ‘Administration’ of Justice ................................................... 155 4.3.3. Justice, Management and Governance ...................................................... 157 4.3.4. Peace and Provision of Justice ..................................................................... 160 4.4. Problematising the Dominant Narrative on Law in Pakistan ................. 161 4.5. The Dominant Narrative and Legal Positivism ............................................. 165 4.5.1. Of Grundnorm and Commands ..................................................................... 166 4.5.2. The demand for a Leviathan ......................................................................... 172 4.6. Legal Centralism: Moving from legal postivism to other narratives ... 177 Chapter 5: Local Responses to an ‘Alien Law’: The Islamic Narrative of Law in Pakistan ................................................................................................................................. 180 5.1. Chapter Synopsis ........................................................................................................ 180 5.2. ‘A burden on the soul is alien law’ ...................................................................... 181 5.3. A note on Islamic Narrative and ‘Natural Justice’ ........................................ 188 5.4. An Islamic Grundnorm .............................................................................................. 195 5.5. Pakistan’s socio-legal context and the challenges for Islamic Narrative ......................................................................................................................................... 199 5.6. Concluding remarks .................................................................................................. 202 Chapter 6: Local Responses to an Alien Law: Legal Pluralism and Popular Legality ................................................................................................................................... 204 6.1. Chapter Synopsis ........................................................................................................ 204 6.2. ‘The Law of the People’ ............................................................................................ 206 6.3. ‘Law is much more than State Law’: The Plurality of Legal Pluralisms ......................................................................................................................................... 214 6.4. The Romanticism of Plurality and Concluding remarks ........................... 224 Chapter 7: Approaching Law through Rights: Human Rights Narrative in Pakistan ................................................................................................................................... 228 7.1.
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