The Continues

: How did the United States • : gain allies and aid during : the Revolutionary War? . American Diary ...... Reading Guide The Continental Congress sent Jonathan Content Vocabulary Austin of Boston to France to deliver the desert (p. 162) inflation (p. 164) news of the American victory at Saratoga. Academic Vocabulary Benjamin Franklin was already in France aid (p. 161) issue (p. 165) Key People and Events trying to get that country to help the Bernardo de Galvez (p. 161) Americans fight against the British. As Marquis de Lafayette (p. 163) Friedrich von Steuben (p. 163) soon as Austin arrived, Franklin nervously Juan de Miralles (p. 163) inquired, "Sir, is Philadelphia taken?" Judith Sargeant Murray (p. 165) Austin answered, "Yes sir. ... But sir, I Abigail Adams (p. 165) Reading Strategy have greater news than that. General Taking Notes As you read, use a Burgoyne and his whole army are prisoners diagram like the one below to determine what aid the Patriots of war!" received during the American -quoted in Liberty! The Revolution .

Sources of Aid to the Pat.riots Gaining Allies France News of the American victory at Saratoga IM®IGf¥1 Even with aid from other nations and caused a shift in France's policy. Realizing individuals, the Patriots had difficulty financing their that the Americans had a chance of defeating war for independence. Britain, the French openly announced sup­ History and You Have you ever had to ask friends port for the United States. In February 1778, for help when you could not complete a task? Was the the French and the Americans worked out a task easier to complete? Read about how the Americans trade agreement and an alliance. France sought help during their fight for independence. declared war on Britain and sent money, ...... equipment, and troops to aid, or help, the L ike Ben Franklin, many Americans were American Patriots. excited by news of the victory at Saratoga in October 1777. Even more, Saratoga marked a Spain turning point in the war. The European Other European nations also helped the nations, especially France, realized that the American cause. They did so mostly because Americans might actually win their war they hated the British. Although Spain did against Great Britain. not recognize American independence until Now was the time for the Americans to after the Revolution, Spain declared war on seek support from Great Britain's rivals. By Britain in 1779. The Spanish governor of Lou­ late 1777, Benjamin Franklin had been in isiana, Bernardo de Galvez (GAHL•ves), Paris for a year. He was trying to get the raised an army. Galvez's soldiers forced Brit­ French to support the Americans' fight for ish troops from Baton Rouge and Natchez. independence. With his skill and charm, Then the army captured British forts at Mobile Franklin gained many friends for the United in 1780 and Pensacola in 1781. Galvez's cam­ States. The French had given the Americans paign through hundreds of miles of wilder­ money secretly, but they had not fully com­ ness diverted British troops from other fronts mitted to an alliance. of the war.

Primary Source Franklin Memorabilia The World's First Celebrity While serving as America's first ambassador to France, Benjamin Franklin was greatly admired by the country's nobles and thinkers. After all, he was a man of great charm and many talents­ philosopher, writer, printer, scientist, inventor, politician, and diplomat. Much like a singer or movie star today, Franklin became so popular in America and Europe that his likeness appeared on many items-medallions, rings, watches, and small boxes. Fashionable ladies even adopted a hairstyle that resembled the famous fur cap that Franklin wore.

Making Connections How do you think Franklin used his personality and talents to benefit the American cause? Would you consider him a celebrity? Are there any celebrities today who are like Franklin? Explain. Winter at "We had a hard duty to perform," he wrote Word of the French-American alliance did years later, "and little or no strength to per­ not reach the United States until the spring of form it with." Most of the men lacked blan­ 1778. Meanwhile, British general Howe and kets, shoes, and shirts. Martin made a pair of his forces spent the winter in comfort in rough moccasins for himself out of a scrap Philadelphia. set up camp at of cowhide, which hurt his feet.

Valley Forge, about 20 miles (32 km) to the PRtMARY SouRCE west of the British. Washington and his troops "The only alternative I had, was to endure this endured a winter of terrible suffering. They inconvenience or to go barefoot, as hundreds of my lacked decent food, clothing, shelter, and companions had to, till they might be tracked by their medicine. Washington's greatest challenge at blood upon the rough frozen ground:' Valley Forge was keeping the Continental -Joseph Martin, in A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier Army together. Because it was difficult to get supplies Not surprisingly, many men deserted, or delivered due to snowstorms and damaged left without permission, while the Continental roads, the built huts and Army was camped at Valley Forge. Some gathered supplies from the countryside. officers resigned. The army seemed to be fall­ Several volunteers-including Washington's ing apart. wife, Martha-made clothes for the troops Yet with strong determination, the Con­ and cared for the sick. Washington declared tinental Army survived the winter. Condi­ that no army had ever suffered "such uncom­ tions gradually improved and new soldiers mon hardships" with such "patience and joined the ranks in the spring. "The army fortitude." grows stronger every day," one officer wrote. Joseph Martin, a young private from "There is a spirit of discipline among the Connecticut, spent the winter at Valley Forge. troops that is better than numbers."

Primary Source A Turn Point at Vall ---- Winter Soldiers For the Continental Army, the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge was terrible. Soldiers suffered through a lack of food and clothing, and many became ill and died. By March, better weather had arrived along with a trickle of food and supplies. By April, Baron von Steuben was turning the troops into a fighting force.

ad"~aked a_nd starving as they are, we cannot enough of :;es~~:i~~~?mparable patience and fidelity [faithfulness]

-, letter to Governor George Clinton February 16, 177B

.... Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge, winter 1777

Camp bed used at Valley Forge T In April 1778, Washington told his troops Friedrich von Steuben (STOO•buhn), a of the Patriots' alliance with France. Every­ former army officer from Prussia, also came one's spirits rose at the thought of help from to help Washington. Von Steuben drilled the overseas. The Continental Army celebrated Patriot troops at Valley Forge, teaching them with a religious service and a parade. military discipline. He spoke little English, so he used aides to translate drills and a training Help From Overseas manual that he wrote. Von Steuben turned Among the leaders at Valley Forge was a the ragged Continental Army into a more French noble, the Marquis de Lafayette effective fighting force. (LAH•fee•EHT). Lafayette was filled with Juan de Miralles (mee•RAH•yays) arrived enthusiasm for the ideas expressed in the in Philadelphia in 1778 as a representative of Declaration of Independence and he rushed Spain. At his urging, Spain, Cuba, and Mexico to join the battle for freedom. Lafayette wrote: sent financial aid to the colonies. Miralles "The future of America is closely bound up befriended many Patriot leaders and loaned with the future of all mankind." money to the cause. Upon his arrival in Philadelphia, Lafayette Other Europeans who had recently moved offered his services to General Washington. to the United States also joined the Patriot Lafayette became a trusted aide to Washington. cause. In fact, almost two-thirds of soldiers in Other Europeans also volunteered to work the Pennsylvania regiments were foreign­ for the Patriot cause. Two Poles-Thaddeus born. Kosciusko (kawsh•CHUSH•KoH), an engi­ Even with the help of foreign nations like neer, and Casimir Pulaski, a cavalry officer­ France and Spain, the Patriots would find it contributed to the American efforts. Promoted difficult to defeat the British. The Continental to general, Pulaski died in 1779, fighting for Army still needed large amounts of money to the Continental Army. continue to fight the war.

Valley Forge today £.

Baron von Steuben drills American recruits at Valley Forge, 1778. ~

The Continental Army received important help from Europeans. Friedrich von Steuben was a Prussian officer who arrived at Valley .Fqrge on February 23, 1778. Von Steuben beg~n by training a "model company" of 100, chosen rrlen. Each company commander was responsible. for traioipg , Describing What happened at Valley the men in his company, including new recruits. : Forge to change the course of the war?

The American Revolution Chapter 6 163 Molly Pitcher : Abigail Adams • Heroine at the Court House • Wife of , delegate to the • Continental Congress Molly Pitcher may have done more • than carry water to American soldiers • Abigail Adams famously argued for at the Battle of Monmouth Court House • women's rights in a letter to her in New Jersey on June 28, 1778. : husband, telling him, "If According to legend, when her husband • [particular] care and attention collapsed from the heat, she : is not paid to the Ladies we heroically took his place in battle. • are determined to [start] a On February • [rebellion], and will not hold ourselves bound by any • 21, 1822, • Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation:' Pennsylvania • recognized Molly Pitcher's service : CRITICAL to the nation by granting her an . ~------~=-~------~ • 1. Analyzing Why do you think Molly Pitcher became a annual pension of $40. • • legendary heroine? • 2. Evaluating Both Molly Pitcher and Abigail Adams chal­ lenged traditional women's roles. Why do you think their actions were accepted by society at that time?

Money Problems Life on the Home Front Getting money to finance the war was a major problem. The Continental Congress IM®"'b!¥1 The ideals of liberty and freedom that had no power to raise money through taxes. inspired the American Revolution carried through to Although the Congress received some money the issues of women's interests and slavery. from the states and from foreign countries, History and You Have you ever taken on more duties much more was needed to finance the war. at home when another person was away? Read how To pay for the war, the Congress and the women's roles changed during the American Revolution. states printed hundreds of millions of dollars' ...... worth of paper money. The bills quickly lost their value, though. The amount of bills in T he war changed the lives of all Americans, circulation grew faster than the supply of even those who stayed at home. Thousands gold and silver backing them. This led to of men were away in military service, so inflation, which means that it took more and many women took charge of their families. more money to buy the same amount of Other women ran their husbands' or their goods. The Congress stopped issuing the own businesses. paper money because no one would use it. However, the Americans had no other way to Changing Attitudes finance their fight for independence. The ideals of liberty and freedom inspired the American Revolution. These same ideals Reading Check Describing How did Lafayette also caused some women to question their help the Patriot cause? place and treatment in American society.

164 Chapter 6 The American Revolution In an essay on education, Judith Sargeant Americans made similar arguments. In New Murray of Massachusetts argued that wom­ Hampshire enslaved people asked the leg­ en's minds are as good as men's. Girls, there­ islature for their freedom "so that the name of fore, should get as good an education as boys. slave may not be heard in a land gloriously Most girls received little schooling, so this contending for the sweets of freedom." was a radical idea. From the start of the war, African Americans Abigail Adams also stood up for women's fought for the American cause and hoped the interests. She wrote to her husband, John Revolution would help end slavery. Vermont, Adams, a member of Congress: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Penn­ sylvania attempted to abolish slavery in their PRIMARY SouRCE states. The issue, or matter, of slavery would "I can not say that I think you [are] very generous to remain unsettled for many years, however. the Ladies, for whilst you are proclaiming peace and good will to Men, Emancipating all Nations, you insist Treatment of Loyalists upon retaining an absolute power over Wives:· During the war, thousands of Loyalists -from Adams Family Papers fought on the side of the British. Some Loyal­ ists spied and informed on the Patriots. Many Hopes for Equality Loyalists, however, fled the colonies. The Revolutionary War ideals of freedom Loyalists who remained in the United and liberty inspired some white Americans to States faced difficult times. Their neighbors question slavery. As early as the Stamp Act often shunned them. Some became victims of crisis, religious groups and other groups had mob violence. Loyalists who actively helped voted to condemn slavery. the British could be arrested and tried as trai­ In 1778 Governor William Livingston of tors. Patriots executed a few Loyalists, but New Jersey asked the legislature to free all such measures were unusual. enslaved people in the state. He said slavery was "utterly inconsistent with the principles Reading Check Describing How were Loyalists of Christianity and humanity." African treated by the Patriots during the war?

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Vocabulary Critical Thinking 5. Creative Writing Write a para­ 1. Write a paragraph that explains 4. Determining Cause and graph in which you describe how the following terms relate Effect Use a diagram like the what might to the war for independence: one below to identify the effects have experienced when she of the Revolutionary War on helped the soldiers during the women who remained at home. winter at Valley Forge. Main Ideas er the l'iit:r.Y~~fliT···--.....- 2. Explaining Why did the Patriots 6 . ._,._... _ .. '\~~~061 find it hard to finance the war How did the United States gain for independence? allies and aid during the 3. Discussing How did the war for Revolutionary War? independence affect slavery in the United States?

The American Revolution Chapter 6 165 VERBATIM WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING What were people's lives like in the past? U I have not yet begun to fight. " These two pages will give you some clues to everyday life in the JOHN PAUL JONES, United States as you step back in time with TIME Notebook. America\"first naval war hero, in 177.9, upon hearing that his ship was sinking while battling the British warship, Serapis American Voices U There, I guess King George will be able to read that. " ONE TEEN'S WRITINGS FROM THE "WINTER OF DEATH" JOHN HANCOCK, At 15, JOSEPH PLUMB MARTIN signed up with the Continental Army. after signing the Declaration At first, Martin was sure of his decision. But the fierce winter and lack of of Independence with his huge food and supplies at Valley Forge in 1778 shook his confidence. Here is what signature in 1776 Martin wrote about during that long winter that killed over 2,000 soldiers. U We must all hang together, 'We were absolutely literally starved. I do solemnly declare that I did not or most assuredly we shall all put a morsel of victuals [food] into my mouth for four days and as many hang separately. " nights, except a little black birch bark which I gnawed off a stick of wood, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, if that can be called victuals. I saw several of the men roast their old shoes 011 signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and eat them, and I was afte1warcls informed ... that some of the officers killed and ate a favorite little clog that belonged to one of them. If this is U The New England governments not 'suffering' I request to be informed what can pass under the name." are in a state of rebellion, blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent. " KING GEORGE Ill OF ENGLAND, 1774

U ... if particular care and attention are not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment [cause] a rebellion and will not hold ourselves bound to obey laws in which we have no voice or representation. " ABIGAIL ADAMS, in a letter to her husband John around the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence

Fan-tastic ACTION WHAT IT MEANS Open fan and wave it in front "I'm jealous:' Do you like to gossip at of your face. parties but are afraid others are listening? Close fan and strike it against your palm. "I'm angry:' Then this "secret Open fan and wave it very slowly. "I think you're interesting." language" is for Close the fan and place one end against "I don't want to talk." you. Just grab a your lips. fan and start gabbing! Open fan and quickly wave it. "I'm concerned." COLONIAL GAMES NUMBERS Nine Man Morris Scores a Ten! UNITED STATES AT THE TIME What are all the colonial kids playing? Number of crates­ It is that entertaining game Nine Man Morris. 342 which held thousands of 1. Get nine copper coins, nine silver coins, and a friend to play with you. pounds of tea-dumped into 2. Make a drawing like the one shown on a piece of paper. Boston Harbor by angry Patriots 3. Give yourself the copper coins and your friend the silver ones. who dressed as Native Americans on December 16, 1773 4. Take turns placing your coins on the dots in the drawing. 5. Be the hrst to line up three of your 6 Days it takes to travel coins in a row. between Boston and New York 6. Capture one of the other player's coins in 1772 by stagecoach. Each day, travelers spend 18 hours on the when you get three in a row. bumpy roads and, each night, 7. Keep playing until one player is down sleep in their clothes at inns to two coins. The other player wins!

350 About the number of MILESTONES miles ridden in 6 days (a record time) by Israel Bissell, 23, in EVENTS AND PEOPLE OF THE TIME 1775, warning colonists, "To arms, AMAZED. In 1771 world-famous PROHIBITED. Slavery, by the to arms, the war has begun!"; composer Amadeus Mozart upon New England Quakers at their the day after Paul Revere's hearing the glass armonica, which yearly meeting in 1770. The first more famous 20-mile ride was just invented by Benjamin colonial American group to do so, Franklin. This musical instrument the Quakers have declared the 10,000 The approximate touches different spinning glasses enslavement of others to be wrong. number of enslaved persons who to make music. It is similar to TRAINED. American soldiers at Valley earned their freedom by fighting rubbing the rim of a glass to make Forge in 1778 by German aristocrat, against the British a sound. Rumor has it that Mozmt Baron von Steuben, who speaks very might someday compose music little English. Hired by George for Franklin's invention. 40 Number of newspapers in Washington to get his soldiers in the colonies during the American shape, Von Steuben ranted, Revolution-six of which are screamed, and yelled at the troops­ published by women while an aide translated. But his raving paid off. He taught the soldiers to load rifles correctly and fight in formation. By the end of the long winter, the Americans were a more unified fighting force.

CRITICAL THINKING Explaining What does King George Ill mean when he says "blows must decide"? (See Verbatim) Analyzing Primary Sources What was Joseph Martin's mood at Valley Forge in 1778? Do you think modern-day troops in war face similar issues? Explain your answer.