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Life Sciences, 2018; 6 (3):744-754 Life Sciences ISSN:2320-7817(P) | 2320-964X(O)

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Life Sciences, 2018; 6 (3):744-754 Life Sciences ISSN:2320-7817(P) | 2320-964X(O) International Journal of Int. J. of Life Sciences, 2018; 6 (3):744-754 Life Sciences ISSN:2320-7817(p) | 2320-964X(o) International Peer Reviewed Open Access Refereed Journal Original Article Open Access Physiological characterization and evaluation of common bean genotypes against anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams-Scriber) races in West Shewa, Ethiopia Yohannes Keterew1*, Woubit Dawit2, Thangavel Selvaraj2 and Alemu Lencho2 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Wolkite University P.O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia, East Africa. 2 Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia, East Africa. *Email: [email protected] |+251-913073294. Manuscript details: ABSTRACT Received :02.10.2017 Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop in the Revised : 03.12.2017 daily diet and good source of cash and food nutrients. Despite its economic Accepted : 30.08.2018 significance, anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Published : 20.08.2018 (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams-Scriber is one of the most destructive diseases and Editor: Dr. Arvind Chavhan causes significant yield losses in common bean growing areas. The pathogen possesses a very high degree of pathogenic variability, but there are lack of Cite this article as: knowledge of population race structure and variability of the pathogen in Yohannes Keterew, Woubit Dawit, West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study was conducted to Thangavel Selvaraj and Alemu Lencho (2018) Physiological identify C. lindemuthianum races and evaluation of common bean genotypes characterization and evaluation of against the virulent isolates. Race analysis was carried out by inoculating 51 common bean genotypes against isolates on to the 12 differential hosts. Among 51 isolates, 15 physiological anthracnose (Colletotrichum races were identified and designated as races 19, 67, 68, 73, 82, 99, 128, 154, lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams-Scriber) races in West Shewa, 296, 389, 589, 649, 1033, 1403 and 1703 of which 10 of them (19, 67, 82, 99, Ethiopia, Int. J. of. Life Sciences, 154, 389, 649, 1033, 1403 and 1703) were new races identified for the first Volume 6(3): 744-754. time in Ethiopia. The most virulent race was 1703 made seven differential hosts’ resistant genes ineffective and the least virulent race was 128, which Copyright: © Author, This is an conquer only one resistant gene of the differential cultivar. There were no open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons races found to be pathogenic to differential cultivar G2333 and the Attribution-Non-Commercial - No differential cultivar, Michelite was found to be the most susceptible with Derives License, which permits use virulence gene frequency of 64.7%. Besides, differential cultivar Widusa, TO and distribution in any medium, and AB136 were highly resistant while G2333 was the highest resistant to all provided the original work is isolates. Among 36 common bean genotypes screened against seven virulent properly cited, the use is non- commercial and no modifications or races, 19.4% were resistant and 16.2% highly susceptible to the virulent adaptations are made. races. Thus, the effective differential cultivars and common bean genotypes could serve as sources of resistant genes under West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Available online on In general, the results of this study are very promising for enhancing http://www.ijlsci.in common bean production and improving food security in study area. ISSN: 2320-964X (Online) ISSN: 2320-7817 (Print) Key words: Common bean, Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Disease intensity, Physiological races. © 2018 |IJLSCI www.ijlsci.in | 744 Physiological characterization and evaluation of common bean genotypes against anthracnose INTRODUCTION impracticable for growers but use of genetically resistant cultivar is the most effective, efficient, Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important economical and ecologically safe management strategy legume crop in the daily diet of more than 300 million for anthracnose management (Esteban et al., 2003; people of the world’s population (Hadi et al., 2006; Meziadi et al., 2016). However, the wide natural Meziadi et al., 2016). It is one of the most important variability of C. lindemuthianum and the potential for the crops that provide protein. In particular, in developing appearance of new virulent races presents a major countries, the importance of common bean is beyond challenge for bean breeders (Mahuku et al., 2002). limit as a source of cash and full food nutrients (Popelka Hence, to develop durable resistant variety, adequate et al., 2004; Hadi et al., 2006; Akhavan et al., 2013; knowledge of the race structure and distribution of C. Meziadi et al., 2016). Globally, common bean is lindemuthianum is still insufficient in Ethiopia. cultivated on nearly 28 million hectares, producing Therefore, the current study was conducted to identify about 20 million tons annually. It is major staple food in C. lindemuthianum races and evaluation of common Eastern and Southern Africa and is recognized as the bean genotypes against the virulent isolates. second source of human dietary protein after maize and third most important source of calories after maize and cassava (Kelly et al., 2004; Ndee, 2013). METHODOLOGY In Ethiopia, over 3.3 million household producers grow Physiological race characterization of C. common beans as an important food crop and source of lindemuthianum cash. The major common bean producing areas of Ethiopia are central, eastern and southern parts of the Sample collection country (CSA, 2014). In 2013/14, total common bean The samples were collected from the six major common production in the country was about 4,574,116 quintals bean growing districts viz. Ambo, Toke Kutaye, Bako on approximately 326,465 hectares of land (2.6% of the Tibe, Elu Gelan (Ejeji), Dendi and Nono districts in West grain crop area) (CSA, 2014). Between the years, 2004- Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia; in the 2012, income from the exported common bean almost main cropping season of 2015. Common bean pods and tripled from USD 18 to 50 million (EEPA, 2012). Despite leaves with pronounced anthracnose symptoms were its economic significance and wide area of production, collected from naturally infected bean plants at 5-10 km the national annual average yield of common been intervals on the main and feeder roads in each randomly obtained in the year 2013/2014 is 1.5 tons/ha which is selected fields. Out of 71 fields inspected, the samples lower than the potential yield 4.5 tons/ha (CSA, 2014). were collected only from 55 fields that exhibited the disease symptom, while no disease symptom was The low national yield could be attributed to various observed in the remaining 16 fields Anthracnose constraints like moisture stress, low adoption of infected pods and leaves were cut with sterilized improved agricultural technologies, low soil fertility, scissors and placed in labelled envelope the transported pests, lack of improved seed varieties, poor cultural to Ambo Plant Protection Research Canter’s (APPRC) practices, shortage of land and environmental Laboratory for race identification. Samples were degradation (Legesse et al., 2006; Kutangi et al., 2010; preserved in a refrigerator at 4oC until further use. Meziadi et al., 2016). Among constraints, bean anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum Isolation of C. lindemuthianum from diseased lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams-Scriberis is samples one of the most devastating seed-borne diseases of The samples collected from different fields and cultured common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Ethiopia and on standard PDA medium in three replications. These cause a yield loss of 90-100% in many beans growing pieces of infected plant tissue were surface sterilized regions of the world (Ansari et al., 2004). Yield loss and placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. To incurred due to bean anthracnose in Ethiopia is restrict bacterial growth, PDA was amended with 100 estimated to be about 63% (Tesfaye, 1997). mg/l antibiotics Chloramphenical (CAM), and then poured into Petri plates. Colonies of C. lindemuthianum The spread of pathogen, the ubiquity of the inoculum start growing on standard PDA after three days of and high costs have made management of disease culturing. The colonies showed morphological www.ijlsci.in Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (3) July-September, 2018 | 745 Yohannes et al., 2018 Figure 1 Cultures of C. lindemuthianum growing on PDA media characteristics of gray at a young stage and became dark on PDA under continuous fluorescent light to promote black with very compact mycelia growth at their late better sporulation (Nicholsen and Warren, 1981). stage (Fig.1A) where as some of them are white dirty to Colonies produced from a single spore were maintained dark (Fig.1B). Thus, developed colonies on culture as a pure isolate. A total of 87 single pustule isolates medium were identified under a microscope for the were developed for further investigation on differential development of a pure culture of C. lindemuthianum. The cultivars and genotype infection analysis. spores of isolates were hyaline, cylindrical with both obtuse and base narrow and without septa and uni- Randomly selected 51 pure culture of single pustule nucleated. Out of 55 samples cultures on PDA, 31 isolates were multiplied for the inoculation of cultures (one culture/sample/field)
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