List of Classifications by Cancer Sites with Sufficient Or Limited Evidence in Humans, Volumes 1 To

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx

Lip Hydrochlorothiazide Solar radiation Oral cavity Alcoholic beverages Human papillomavirus type 18 Betel quid with tobacco Betel quid without tobacco Human papillomavirus type 16 Tobacco, smokeless Tobacco smoking Salivary gland X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radioiodines, including iodine- 131 Tonsil Human papillomavirus type 16 Pharynx Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms) Betel quid with tobacco Opium (consumption of) Human papillomavirus type 16 Printing processes Tobacco smoking Tobacco smoke, secondhand Nasopharynx Epstein–Barr virus Formaldehyde Salted fish, Chinese-style Tobacco smoking Wood dust Digestive tract, upper Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages 2

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Digestive organs Oesophagus Acetaldehyde associated with Dry cleaning consumption of alcoholic beverages Opium (consumption of) Alcoholic beverages Pickled vegetables (traditional Betel quid with tobacco Asian) Betel quid without tobacco Rubber production industry Tobacco, smokeless Very hot beverages (squamous Tobacco smoking cell carcinoma) X-radiation, gamma-radiation

Stomach Helicobacter pylori Asbestos (all forms) Rubber production industry Epstein–Barr virus Tobacco smoking Lead compounds, inorganic X-radiation, gamma-radiation Nitrate or nitrite (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation Opium (consumption of) Pickled vegetables (traditional Asian) Processed meat (consumption of) Salted fish, Chinese-style Colon and rectum Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms) Processed meat (consumption of) Night shift work Tobacco smoking Red meat (consumption of) X-radiation, gamma-radiation Schistosoma japonicum Anus Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus types Human papillomavirus type 16 18, 33 Liver and bile duct Aflatoxins Androgenic (anabolic) steroids Alcoholic beverages Arsenic and inorganic arsenic Clonorchis sinensis compounds 1,2-Dichloropropane Betel quid without tobacco Estrogen–progestogen contraceptives DDT Hepatitis B virus Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Hepatitis C virus Human immunodeficiency virus Opisthorchis viverrini type 1 Plutonium Schistosoma japonicum Thorium-232 and its decay products Trichloroethylene Tobacco smoking (in smokers and in X-radiation, gamma-radiation smokers’ children) Vinyl chloride Gall bladder Thorium-232 and its decay products Pancreas Tobacco, smokeless Alcoholic beverages Tobacco smoking Opium (consumption of) Red meat (consumption of) Thorium-232 and its decay products X-radiation, gamma-radiation Digestive tract, Radioiodines, including Iodine- unspecified 131 Respiratory organs Nasal cavity and Isopropyl alcohol production Carpentry and joinery paranasal sinus Leather dust Chromium(VI) compounds Nickel compounds Formaldehyde Radium-226 and its decay products Textile manufacturing Radium-228 and its decay products Tobacco smoking Wood dust Larynx Acid mists, strong inorganic Human papillomavirus type 16 Alcoholic beverages Rubber production industry Asbestos (all forms) Sulfur mustard Opium (consumption of) Tobacco smoke, secondhand Tobacco smoking Lung Acheson process, occupational Acid mists, strong inorganic exposures associated with Art glass, glass containers and Aluminum production pressed ware (manufacture Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds of) Asbestos (all forms) Benzene Beryllium and beryllium compounds Biomass fuel (primarily wood), indoor emissions from

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl household combustion of methyl ether (technical grade) Bitumens, occupational Cadmium and cadmium compounds exposure to oxidized bitumens and their Chromium(VI) compounds emissions during roofing Coal, indoor emissions from household Bitumens, occupational combustion exposure to hard bitumens Coal gasification and their emissions during Coal-tar pitch mastic asphalt work Coke production Carbon electrode manufacture Engine exhaust, diesel alpha-Chlorinated toluenes and Haematite mining (underground) benzoyl chloride (combined exposures) Iron and steel founding Cobalt metal with tungsten MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen carbide mustard-procarbazine mixture) Creosotes Nickel compounds Diazinon Opium (consumption of) Fibrous silicon carbide Outdoor air pollution Frying, emissions from high- Painting temperature Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution Hydrazine Plutonium Insecticides, non-arsenical, Radon-222 and its decay products occupational exposures in Rubber production industry spraying and application Silica dust, crystalline Printing processes Soot 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- Sulfur mustard para-dioxin Tobacco smoke, secondhand Tobacco smoking Welding fumes X-radiation, gamma-radiation Bone, skin, and mesothelium, endothelium, and soft tissue Bone Plutonium Radioiodines, including Iodine- Radium-224 and its decay products 131 Radium-226 and its decay products Radium-228 and its decay products X-radiation, gamma-radiation

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Skin (melanoma) Solar radiation Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Polychlorinated biphenyls Skin (other malignant Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Creosotes neoplasms) Azathioprine Human immunodeficiency virus Coal-tar distillation type 1 Coal-tar pitch Human papillomavirus types 5 and 8 (in patients with Cyclosporine epidermodysplasia Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A verruciformis) Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated Hydrochlorothiazide Shale oils Merkel cell polyomavirus Solar radiation (MCV) Soot Nitrogen mustard X-radiation, gamma-radiation Petroleum refining, occupational exposures Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Mesothelium (pleura Asbestos (all forms) and peritoneum) Erionite Fluoro-edenite Painting Endothelium (Kaposi Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sarcoma) Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus Soft tissue Polychlorophenols or their sodium salts (combined exposures) Radioiodines, including iodine- 131 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin Breast and female genital organs Breast Alcoholic beverages Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Digoxin Estrogen–progestogen contraceptives Estrogen menopausal therapy Estrogen–progestogen menopausal Ethylene oxide therapy Night shift work

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

X-radiation, gamma-radiation Polychlorinated biphenyls Tobacco smoking Vulva Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus types 18, 33 Vagina Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human immunodeficiency virus Human papillomavirus type 16 type 1 Uterine cervix Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human papillomavirus types Estrogen–progestogen contraceptives 26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 82 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 Tobacco smoking

Endometrium Estrogen menopausal therapy Diethylstilbestrol Estrogen–progestogen menopausal therapy Tamoxifen Ovary Asbestos (all forms) Talc-based body powder Estrogen menopausal therapy (perineal use) Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Male genital organs Penis Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus type 18 Prostate Androgenic (anabolic) steroids Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Cadmium and cadmium compounds Firefighters, occupational exposure Malathion Night shift work Red meat (consumption of) Rubber production industry Thorium-232 and its decay products X-radiation, gamma-radiation Testis DDT Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) N,N-Dimethylformamide Firefighters, occupational exposure Perfluorooctanoic acid

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Urinary tract Kidney Tobacco smoking Arsenic and inorganic arsenic Trichloroethylene compounds X-radiation, gamma-radiation Cadmium and cadmium compounds Perfluorooctanoic acid Printing processes Welding fumes Renal pelvis and Aristolochic acid, plants containing Aristolochic acid ureter Phenacetin Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing Tobacco smoking Urinary bladder Aluminum production 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine 4-Aminobiphenyl Coal-tar pitch Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Dry cleaning Auramine production Engine exhaust, diesel Benzidine Hairdressers and barbers, Chlornaphazine occupational exposure Cyclophosphamide 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Magenta production Pioglitazone 2-Naphthylamine Printing processes Opium (consumption of) Soot Painting Tetrachloroethylene Rubber production industry Textile manufacturing Schistosoma haematobium Tobacco smoking ortho-Toluidine X-radiation, gamma-radiation Eye, brain, and central nervous system Eye Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Solar radiation Ultraviolet emissions from welding Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Brain and central X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radiofrequency nervous system electromagnetic fields (including from wireless phones)

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

Endocrine glands Thyroid Radioiodines, including Iodine-131 X-radiation, gamma-radiation Lymphoid, haematopoietic, and related tissue Leukaemia and/or Azathioprine Benzeneb lymphoma Benzeneb Bischloroethyl nitrosourea Busulfan (BCNU) 1,3-Butadiene Chloramphenicol Chlorambucil DDT Cyclophosphamide Diazinon Cyclosporine Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Epstein–Barr virus Ethylene oxide Etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin Etoposide Fission products, including Strontium-90 Firefighters, occupational Formaldehyde exposure Helicobacter pylori Glyphosate Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis B virus Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Magnetic fields, extremely low Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 frequency (childhood Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus leukaemia) Lindane Malaria (caused by infection Melphalan with Plasmodium falciparum in holoendemic MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen areas) mustard-procarbazine mixture) Malathion Pentachlorophenol Mitoxantrone Phosphorus-32 Nitrogen mustard Rubber production industry Painting (childhood leukaemia Semustine (methyl-CCNU) from maternal exposure) Thiotepa Petroleum refining, Thorium-232 and its decay products occupational exposures Tobacco smoking Polychlorinated biphenyls Treosulfan Polychlorophenols or their X-radiation, gamma-radiation sodium salts (combined exposures) Radioiodines, including Iodine-

List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–129a

Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence evidence in humans in humans

131 Radon-222 and its decay products Styrene Teniposide 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin Tobacco smoking (childhood leukaemia in smokers’ children) Trichloroethylene Multiple or unspecified sites Multiple sites Cyclosporine Chlorophenoxy herbicides (unspecified) Fission products, including strontium-90 Plutonium X-radiation, gamma-radiation (exposure in utero) All cancer sites 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (combined) a This table does not include factors not covered in the IARC Monographs, notably genetic traits, reproductive status, and some nutritional factors. b For benzene, the evidence in humans is sufficient for acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, including acute myeloid leukaemia; and the evidence in humans is limited for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphoid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and acute myeloid leukaemia in children Adapted from Table 4 in Cogliano et al. (2011) available at: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/11/jnci.djr483.short?rss=1

Last update: 26 March 2021