Anthropometrical Orofacial Measurement in Children from Three to Five Years Old

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Anthropometrical Orofacial Measurement in Children from Three to Five Years Old 899 MEDIDAS ANTROPOMÉTRICAS OROFACIAIS EM CRIANÇAS DE TRÊS A CINCO ANOS DE IDADE Anthropometrical orofacial measurement in children from three to five years old Raquel Bossle(1), Mônica Carminatti(1), Bárbara de Lavra-Pinto(1), Renata Franzon (2), Fernando de Borba Araújo (3), Erissandra Gomes(3) RESUMO Objetivo: obter as medidas antropométricas orofaciais em crianças pré-escolares de três a cinco anos e realizar a correlação com idade cronológica, gênero, raça e hábitos orais. Métodos: estudo transversal com 93 crianças selecionadas por meio de amostra de conveniência consecutiva. Os responsáveis responderam a um questionário sobre os hábitos orais e as crianças foram submetidas a uma avaliação odontológica e antropométrica da face. O nível de significância utilizado foi p<0,05. Resultados: as médias das medidas antropométricas orofaciais foram descritas. Houve diferença estatística nas medidas de altura da face (p<0,001), terço médio da face (p<0,001), canto externo do olho até a comissura labial esquerda/direita (p<0,001) e lábio inferior (p=0,015) nas faixas etárias. O gênero masculino apresentou medidas superiores na altura de face (p=0,003), terço inferior da face (p<0,001), lábio superior (p=0,001) e lábio inferior (p<0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na altura do lábio superior em sujeitos não brancos (p=0,03). A presença de hábitos orais não influenciou os resultados. O aleitamento materno exclusivo por seis meses influenciou o aumento da medida de terço médio (p=0,022) e da altura da face (p=0,037). Conclusão: as médias descritas neste estudo foram superiores aos padrões encontrados em outros estudos. As médias orofaciais aumentaram conforme a idade. Houve superioridade nas medidas para o gênero masculino e para as crianças não brancas, mas não para presença de hábitos orais. DESCRITORES: Antropometria; Face; Medidas; Criança; Pré-Escolar INTRODUÇÃO ergonomia, desporto e engenharia. Na área da saúde, a utilização pela Fonoaudiologia, como um A antropometria é definida como a ciência que dos métodos para a avaliação morfológica da face, estuda as medidas de tamanho, peso e proporções destaca-se na última década 2-14. do corpo humano 1. A mesma tem sido utilizada em A avaliação antropométrica orofacial é baseada diversas áreas do conhecimento como a saúde, na localização de pontos específicos da face do sujeito e execução de medições de forma não invasiva 3,15; é uma técnica de baixo custo e que não (1) Curso de Fonoaudiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio oferece riscos à saúde do sujeito 3,4,14. Por resultar em Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. dados objetivos, podem ser comparados, uma vez (2) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), estabelecido o padrão de normalidade de medidas Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. antropométricas orofaciais para a população 3. O (3) Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia da Universidade paquímetro digital, um dos instrumentos utilizados Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. para a medição, é de fácil manipulação e trans- Trabalho realizado na Clínica Infanto-Juvenil da Faculdade de porte; por ter graduação de 0,01 mm, não apresenta 5 Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul diferença clinicamente significante . (UFRGS) Na motricidade orofacial, área de conheci- Conflito de interesses: inexistente mento da Fonoaudiologia, o paquímetro é usado Rev. CEFAC. 2015 Maio-Jun; 17(3):899-906 900 Bossle R, Carminatti M, Lavra-Pinto B, Franzon R, Araújo FB, Gomes E na avaliação quantitativa da face, mais especifi- média aritmética entre elas. As medidas analisadas camente em avaliações de frênulo de língua, na foram: terço médio da face (glabela a sub-nasal paralisia facial, na estética facial, no estudo da (g-sn)); terço inferior da face (sub-nasal a gnatio predominância mastigatória, entre outros 16. Os (sn-gn)); altura da face (glabela a gnatio (g-gn)) - procedimentos da antropometria podem ajudar o soma do terço médio com o inferior; canto externo fonoaudiólogo a complementar o exame clínico, do olho direito à comissura do lábio direita (ex-ch); fornecendo informações da caracterização da face canto externo do olho esquerdo à comissura do e dados reproduzíveis 11,12,16. lábio esquerda (ex-ch); lábio superior (sub-nasal ao Referências da normalidade de medidas antro- ponto mais inferior do lábio superior (sn-sto)) e lábio pométricas orofaciais são encontradas na literatura, inferior (do ponto mais superior do lábio inferior porém, a maioria refere-se a crianças em idade ao gnatio (sto-gn)). Não foi realizada a medida da escolar, adolescentes e adultos 1,3,4,6,9,16,17. Dados largura da face (zy-zy), pois o instrumento para sobre medidas da face de crianças abaixo de medição utilizado não comporta tal medida. seis anos de idade são encontrados somente na Como preconizado na literatura, para a coleta 1 literatura internacional . Assim, o objetivo deste das medidas antropométricas orofaciais, todas as estudo foi obter medidas antropométricas orofaciais etapas metodológicas foram consideradas: locali- em crianças pré-escolares de três a cinco anos e zação precisa e palpação antes da marcação dos correlacionar com idade, gênero, raça e hábitos pontos antropométricos que foi realizada com lápis orais. apropriado; utilização do paquímetro sem o pressio- namento de suas pontas sobre a pele; examinador MÉTODOS em posição sentada à frente do pesquisado, sob incidência de luz artificial direta; sujeito avaliado Trata-se de um estudo transversal, observacional sentado com a cabeça em posição natural e com e contemporâneo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na os pés apoiados no chão; sujeito avaliado com Clínica Infanto-Juvenil da Faculdade de Odontologia os dentes em oclusão na posição habitual, sem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul máxima intercuspidação 3-5,9,13. (UFRGS) no período de março/2011 a março/2013. A antropometria foi realizada sempre pela A pesquisa foi aprovada, sob o número 19236, pelo mesma fonoaudióloga, com especialização na Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal do Rio área de motricidade orofacial e com experiência no Grande do Sul (UFRGS). manejo com o instrumento. O paquímetro utilizado A amostra foi constituída de 93 crianças, com foi o digital da marca DIGIMESS Pró-Fono/2006. idades entre três e cinco anos, selecionadas por Os itens de biossegurança foram atendidos. meio de uma amostra de conveniência consecutiva. Os responsáveis responderam um questionário Os critérios de inclusão no estudo foram além da sobre os hábitos orais (aleitamento materno, uso idade, apresentar dentição decídua com a erupção e frequência de chupeta e mamadeira, sucção de completa dos quatro primeiros molares. Foram digital, onicofagia, hábito de respirar pela boca). A excluídas crianças que já realizaram ou realizavam administração do questionário sobre hábitos orais tratamento fonoaudiológico independente da área; foi realizada por outra pesquisadora, que foi previa- crianças com histórico de tratamento ortodôntico mente treinada na leitura pausada e na entonação ou ortopédico facial; crianças com síndromes, constante para a aplicação de cada questão e malformação craniofacial e/ou doença neurológica, opções de respostas. crianças cujos responsáveis não permitiram a parti- cipação no estudo ou crianças que se indispuseram As crianças que apresentaram alterações nos a realizar as medidas antropométricas orofaciais aspectos odontológicos e/ou fonoaudiológico foram propostas. encaminhadas para os respectivos serviços, na Inicialmente, as crianças foram avaliadas por um própria instituição. Dentista Odontopediatra. A avaliação da oclusão foi Os resultados foram cruzados e analisados realizada em equipo odontológico, sob iluminação, e segundo hábitos orais, idade, gênero e raça. Em se observou ausência ou presença de maloclusões relação à idade, as crianças foram divididas em (mordida aberta anterior e/ou posterior; sobre- três grupos: de três anos a três anos e 11 meses; mordida; mordida cruzada anterior e/ou posterior, de quatro anos a quatro anos e 11 meses; de unilateral ou bilateral). cinco anos a cinco anos e 11 meses. Os sujeitos Para a avaliação fonoaudiológica foi utilizado o foram considerados como respiradores oronasais subitem “Face” do item número dois do Protocolo mediante respostas dos questionários, acrescida MBGR 18 que registra as medidas antropométricas da observação da fonoaudióloga durante a reali- orofaciais em três momentos e, ao final, se realiza a zação da antroposcopia e dos dados da avaliação Rev. CEFAC. 2015 Maio-Jun; 17(3):899-906 Antropometria de face em crianças 901 completa de motricidade orofacial, realizada por e dois meses (mínimo de dois meses e máximo de meio do Protocolo MBGR 18. quatro anos e um mês), entretanto somente cinco No sistema de classificação por cor ou raça da crianças foram amamentadas exclusivamente por população, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro seis meses. de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), constam A partir dos dados colhidos é possível analisar cinco categorias: branca, preta, amarela, parda que 80 (86%) crianças fizeram uso da mamadeira em e indígena 19. Neste estudo as crianças foram algum estágio da infância e que 62 (66,7%) utilizou divididas em brancos e não brancos, sendo que o artefato com bico comum. O uso de chupeta foi este último engloba as categorias preta, amarela, referido em 45 (48,4%) das crianças, entretanto 20 parda e indígena. A análise da raça foi realizada crianças ainda a utilizam. A exemplo da mamadeira, por meio das imagens fotográficas de cada sujeito, em 28 (62,2%) o tipo do bico é comum. Já no que considerando a concordância entre dois observa- se refere ao hábito de sucção digital, verificou-se dores; quando não havia concordância, um terceiro apenas 10 (10,8%) dos indivíduos tiveram esse foi convidado a opinar. comportamento, porém sete destes indivíduos Para a análise estatística dos dados obtidos ainda o mantém. foi utilizado o software Statistical Package for A média de idade da retirada da mamadeira, Social Science (SPSS) v.18.0 for Windows.
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