DOCSLIB.ORG

Using Alternative Feed Ingredients in Livestock Diets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Using Alternative Feed Ingredients in Livestock Diets 2/25/2018 Using Alternative Feed Ingredients in Livestock Diets Dr. Brian Richert Purdue University March 8, 2017 “Consumers want animal protein raised with same natural supplements humans use” 62% of Millennials (80% have changed their diets) 72% new of natural health supplements were available for livestock 43% recognized probiotics Cargill Feed4Thought survey of 1000 consumers - Feb 13, 2018, published in FeedStuffs 1 2/25/2018 Antimicrobial Regulatory Environment 6 key areas of change in the next 5 years: 1. Withdrawal of growth promotion uses of antibiotics 2. Expansion of antimicrobial use reporting 3. Legislative initiatives to remove antimicrobial class for prevention or control of disease in food animals 4. Increased sensitivity of FSIS residue testing (LS-HPLC) Penicillin example 5. Use of the AMDUCA regulations as a regulatory tool to attempt to decrease use of targeted drug classes in food animals 6. Potential for FDA/CVM hearings on the hazard status of the use of tetracyclines and penicillins (likely other drugs) in animal feed. Antibiotic Usage Reporting – FDA 2016 (Dec. 2017) • Annually, each drug manufacturer must report the sales and distribution Route lbs of antibiotics that are approved for use Med. Import. Feed 13,173,052 in food animals. Injection 766,126 • Is reported by pounds of active ingredient Intramammary 35,578 • Limitations: Oral or 199,021 • Not actual usage data Topical • Some drugs approved for food animals AND companion animals Water 4,222,053 • Veterinarians are authorized to Total 18,395,828 change dose in non-feed related Not Med. All Routes 12,366,807 antimicrobials Import. • Not species specific. 2 2/25/2018 Medically Important Feed Grade Antibiotics Antimicrobial Specific drugs approved for use in feed Class Aminoglycosides Apramycin, Hygromycin B, Neomycin, Streptomycin Diaminopyrimidines Ormetoprim Lincosamides Lincomycin Macrolides Erythromycin, Oleandomycin, Tylosin Penicillins Penicillin Streptogramins Virginiamycin Sulfas Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine, Sulfaquinoxaline Tetracycline Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline 3 2/25/2018 Medically Important Water Soluble Antibiotics Antimicrobial Class Specific drugs approved for use in water Aminoglycosides Apramycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin Lincosamides Lincomycin Macrolides Carbomycin, Erythromycin, Tylosin Penicillins Penicillin Sulfas Sulfachloropyrazine, Sulfachlorpyridazine, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine, Sulfaquinoxaline Tetracycline Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline Antibiotics NOT affected by Guidance 209/213 Antibiotics that are not medically important: Ionophores (monensin, lasalocid, narasin (Skycis,etc. ) Bacitracin (BMD, bacitracin zinc) Bambermycins (Flavomycin) Tiamulin (Denagard) Carbadox (Mecadox) Other drugs (that are not antibiotics), including: Anthelmentics: Coumaphos, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin Beta agonists: Ractopamine, Zilpaterol Coccidiostats: Clopidol, Decoquinate, Diclazuril 4 2/25/2018 Key Gut Functions Food digestion – enzyme development. Nutrient absorption – transport systems, etc. Barrier function – e.g. chemical & physical barrier: pH in stomach, mucus layer, etc. Microbiota - diversity, balance between ‘beneficial’ bacteria & pathogens. Immune system – active system that if not over-stimulated, secrete immunomolecules “The Search for the Magic Bullet” Antibiotics They work Results can be variable Antibiotic alternatives In general, positive results are less than and/or less consistent than antibiotics. However, positive results have been observed How do we increase/optimize their efficacy? How do we chose the alternative product? When do we use them? Why? – Enteric vs Respiratory vs Systemic 5 2/25/2018 Main Antibiotic Alternatives of Interest Key ingredients (Plasma, TM, Syn. AA) Direct Fed Antimicrobials (DFM) / Probiotics Prebiotics Organic Acids Fiber types Essential Oils Enzymes Seaweed Extracts Others: Yeast fractions, herbal compounds Direct Fed Antimicrobial 6 2/25/2018 Direct Fed Microbials Definition: “a source of live (viable), naturally occurring microorganisms.” (FDA) Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts exert a health benefit on the host’ (FAO/WHO) Postulated Modes of Action of DFMs Competitive inhibition of gut epithelial receptors Competition for nutrients Production and secretion of antimicrobial compounds Stimulation of the immune system Gut – Brain axis – modifying behaviors 7 2/25/2018 Competitive inhibition of gut epithelial receptors Pathogen DFM Competitive inhibition of gut epithelial receptors Often referred to as “competitive exclusion” If a DFM is classified as a competitive exclusion product, then it is classified as a drug by FDA- CVM, and therefore must be approved through a new drug application. 8 2/25/2018 Competition for Nutrients Micoorganisms in a continuous flow culture will compete for nutrients Therefore, it is possible that this occurs in the GIT Production and Secretion of Antimicrobial Compounds Bacteriocins Hydrogen peroxide Organic acids Bacteriocin: A substance that certain bacteria can release which kills closely-related strains of other bacteria, but without rupturing their cell membranes. 9 2/25/2018 Microorganisms approved for use in the United States (AAFCO, 2006) 44 different organisms Aspergillus Bacillus Bacteroides Bifidobacterium Enterococcus Lactobacillus Leuconostoc Pediococcus Propionibacterium Propionibacterium shermanii Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10 2/25/2018 Simon et al., 2003 Probiotics for pathogen control • Competitive exclusion culture reduces E. coli shedding in challenged neonatal pigs (Genovese et al., 2000). • Competitive exclusion cultures reduce Salmonella Cholerasuis in challenged neonatal pigs (Fedorka-Cray et al., 1999; Genovese et al., 2003). • Microcin-producing E. coli does not reduce Salmonella shedding in weaned pigs (Frana et al., 2004). • Few (if any) defined probiotic strains with in vivo efficacy 11 2/25/2018 Prebiotics What are Prebiotics ? “A non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by, selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon (GI Tract) that can improve the health of the host” (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). 12 2/25/2018 Prebiotics Most common prebiotics used are oligosaccharides which include mannan- oligosaccharide and fructo-oligosaccharides etc. Lactose, lactulose etc., are also considered prebiotic. How do oligosaccharides function? Cell surface receptor 1.Prevents pathogen binding 2. Fermentable CHO 3. Immunomodulation 13 2/25/2018 Oligosaccharides for pathogen control Few studies in pigs FOS in water reduces Salmonella shedding in challenged early-weaned pigs (Letellier et al., 1999) No effect of MOS on E. coli K88 in challenged piglets - but lower coliform (White et al., 2002) No effect of MOS on Salmonella shedding in weaners (Burkey et al., 2004) Organic Acids 14 2/25/2018 Background Post-weaning lag Insufficient HCL secretion Insufficient enzymatic secretion Immune compromised Potential for opportunistic pathogenic bacterial to colonize the GIT Diet Acidification Addition of Organic Acids Improved growth rate Improved feed efficiency Decreased scouring Decreased gastric pH Increased nutrient digestibility Altered microflora colonization of GIT HOW? 15 2/25/2018 Mode of Action Gastric/GIT pH Digesta transit time Manipulation of gut microflora Pancreatic enzyme secretion Intra-duodenal SCFA increase pancreatic secretions (Harada et al., 1986; Sano et al., 1995) Gut morphology ↑ epithelial cell proliferation with ↑ [SCFA] (Sakata et al., 1988) ↑ microvilli length and cell number with ↑ concentrations of sodium butyrate (Galfi and Bokori, 1990) Intermediary metabolism Substrates for TCA cycle ↑ aspartate transferase and succinate dehydrogenase activity with fumaric acid addition to rat diets (Tschierschwitz et al., 1982) Citric Acid Effect on Stomach pH 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.81 3.8 3.6 0.0 3.5 3.6 1.5 3.60 0.0 3.4 3.48 3.0 3.4 2.0 3.3 Stomach pH Stomach 3.31 3.33 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 P < 0.05 P < 0.05 Radcliffe et al., 1998 16 2/25/2018 Manipulation of Gut Microflora Selection of “beneficial” commensal bacteria by a lowering of GIT pH Acidic conditions favor the growth of lactobacillus in the stomach (Fuller, 1977) Competitive exclusion Lactobacilli → increased lactic acid → reduced pH Manipulation of Gut Microflora Bacteria H+ + A- HA H+ + A- HA Organic acids can diffuse through semi-permeable bacterial membranes and then disassociate into H+ and conjugated bases, lowering cytosolic pH and inhibiting cytosolic enzyme activity. 17 2/25/2018 Commonly Used Category Effective Against Use Acids Formic (C1) Organic Yeasts and some bacteria E.coli and salmonella in contaminated feed Potassium Organic Bacteria diformate (C1) Acetic (C2) Organic Bacteria, yeasts and Prevents E.coli molds Propionic (C3) Organic Molds Prevents E.coli Lactic (C3) Organic Bacteria Butyric (C4) Organic Bacteria Citric (C6) Organic Bacteria Sorbic (C7) Organic Yeasts, molds and some bacteria Fumaric Organic Bacteria Prevents E.coli Phosphoric Inorganic Bacteria Prevents E.coli Sulfuric Inorganic Hydrochloric Inorganic Multifactorial Analysis of the Performance Responses to Short Chain Acids (Formic, Fumaric, Citric) and Potassium Diformate in Weaned Piglets. Item Formic Acid Fumaric Acid Citric Acid Potassium diformate Experiments 6 18 9 3 Observations 10 27 19 13 Acid levels
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Survey of Tiamulin+Oxytetracyclinein Control of CRD Complex Due to La Sota Vaccine in Broiler Chickens
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library European Journal of Zoological Research, 2013, 2 (4): 45-49 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN: 2278–7356 Survey of Tiamulin+Oxytetracyclinein control of CRD complex due to La Sota vaccine in broiler chickens Adel Feizi Department of Clinical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the most important diseases of poultry industry in Iran and all over the world. Mortality, poor weight gain and increasing of feed conversion ratio (FCR) were seen in MG infected flocks. Several drugs are used for prevention and control of MG, the purpose of this study was to investigateoxytetracycline + Tiamulinefficacy on MG, and its role on broilers performance.In this study, 240 Ross 308 broilers divided in 2 groups. In one of the groups, oxytetracycline + Tiamulinwere used in days 21 to 30 following La Sota vaccination for controlling vaccination reaction and in the secondgroup, placebo was used and that group mentioned as a control group. Gross lesions, mortality, and growth parameters include body weight gain,feed intake and FCR were calculated in all groups weekly after 21 st day.Results showed that in treatment groups mortality percent was significantly (p<0.05) lower than control group and pericarditis, perihepatitis and airsacculitis was sever in control groups in comparison to antibiotic treated groups. Also body weight and FCR was significantly were different between control group and oxytetracycline + Tiamulin group (p<0.05).It can be concluded that usage of these antibiotics simultaneously could prevent vaccination reaction due to La Sota vaccine and also following MG complications, economical losses in poultry and finally it can be improve broilers performance Key words: Vaccination Reaction, Mycoplasma Gallisepticum, Oxytetracycline, Tiamulin, Ross 308.
    [Show full text]
  • A Diverse Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistome from a Cave Bacterium
    ARTICLE Received 5 Jul 2016 | Accepted 1 Nov 2016 | Published 8 Dec 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13803 OPEN A diverse intrinsic antibiotic resistome from a cave bacterium Andrew C. Pawlowski1, Wenliang Wang1, Kalinka Koteva1, Hazel A. Barton2, Andrew G. McArthur1 & Gerard D. Wright1 Antibiotic resistance is ancient and widespread in environmental bacteria. These are there- fore reservoirs of resistance elements and reflective of the natural history of antibiotics and resistance. In a previous study, we discovered that multi-drug resistance is common in bacteria isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, an underground ecosystem that has been isolated from the surface for over 4 Myr. Here we use whole-genome sequencing, functional genomics and biochemical assays to reveal the intrinsic resistome of Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a cave bacterial isolate that is resistant to most clinically used antibiotics. We systematically link resistance phenotype to genotype and in doing so, identify 18 chromosomal resistance elements, including five determinants without characterized homologues and three mechanisms not previously shown to be involved in antibiotic resistance. A resistome comparison across related surface Paenibacillus affirms the conservation of resistance over millions of years and establishes the longevity of these genes in this genus. 1 Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1. 2 Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to G.D.W. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 7:13803 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13803 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13803 nderstanding the evolution and origins of antibiotic rhizophila (formerly identified as Micrococcus luteus) resistance genes is vital to predicting, preventing and (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2).
    [Show full text]
  • EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use
    Ref. Ares(2019)6843167 - 05/11/2019 31 October 2019 EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on implementing measures under Article 37(4) of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products – Criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction On 6 February 2019, the European Commission sent a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a report on the criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for the treatment of certain infections in humans in order to preserve the efficacy of those antimicrobials. The Agency was requested to provide a report by 31 October 2019 containing recommendations to the Commission as to which criteria should be used to determine those antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans (this is also referred to as ‘criteria for designating antimicrobials for human use’, ‘restricting antimicrobials to human use’, or ‘reserved for human use only’). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) formed an expert group to prepare the scientific report. The group was composed of seven experts selected from the European network of experts, on the basis of recommendations from the national competent authorities, one expert nominated from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one expert nominated by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), one expert with expertise on human infectious diseases, and two Agency staff members with expertise on development of antimicrobial resistance .
    [Show full text]
  • Third ESVAC Report
    Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 25 EU/EEA countries in 2011 Third ESVAC report An agency of the European Union The mission of the European Medicines Agency is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health. Legal role Guiding principles The European Medicines Agency is the European Union • We are strongly committed to public and animal (EU) body responsible for coordinating the existing health. scientific resources put at its disposal by Member States • We make independent recommendations based on for the evaluation, supervision and pharmacovigilance scientific evidence, using state-of-the-art knowledge of medicinal products. and expertise in our field. • We support research and innovation to stimulate the The Agency provides the Member States and the development of better medicines. institutions of the EU the best-possible scientific advice on any question relating to the evaluation of the quality, • We value the contribution of our partners and stake- safety and efficacy of medicinal products for human or holders to our work. veterinary use referred to it in accordance with the • We assure continual improvement of our processes provisions of EU legislation relating to medicinal prod- and procedures, in accordance with recognised quality ucts. standards. • We adhere to high standards of professional and Principal activities personal integrity. Working with the Member States and the European • We communicate in an open, transparent manner Commission as partners in a European medicines with all of our partners, stakeholders and colleagues. network, the European Medicines Agency: • We promote the well-being, motivation and ongoing professional development of every member of the • provides independent, science-based recommenda- Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibition of Peptide Bond Formation by Pleuromutilins: the Structure of the 50S Ribosomal Subunit from Deinococcus Radiodurans in Complex with Tiamulin
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKMMIMolecular Microbiology0950-382XBlackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004? 200454512871294Original ArticleStructure of 50S ribosomal subunit in complex with TiamulinF. Schlünzen et al. Molecular Microbiology (2004) 54(5), 1287–1294 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04346.x Inhibition of peptide bond formation by pleuromutilins: the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Deinococcus radiodurans in complex with tiamulin Frank Schlünzen,1 Erez Pyetan,2,3 Paola Fucini,1 clic nucleus composed of a cyclo-pentanone, cyclo-hexyl Ada Yonath2,3 and Jörg M. Harms2* and cyclo-octane, and a (((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)thio)- 1Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 acetic acid) side-chain on C14 of the octane ring (Fig. 1A). Berlin, Germany. The drug is soluble in water and readily absorbed; it is 2Max-Planck-Research-Unit for Ribosome Structure, D- therefore one of the few antibiotics that can be easily 22607 Hamburg, Germany. administered to animals. So far, pleuromutilin derivatives 3Weizmann Institute of Science, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. are only employed in veterinary practice and most fre- quently to treat swine dysentery. However, the increasing number of pathogens resistant to common antibiotics has Summary raised a new interest in pleuromutilin derivatives, which Tiamulin, a prominent member of the pleuromutilin may be suitable for human therapy (Brooks et al., 2001; class of antibiotics, is a potent inhibitor of protein Bacque et al., 2002; 2003; Pearson et al., 2002; Springer synthesis in bacteria. Up to now the effect of pleuro- et al., 2003). mutilins on the ribosome has not been determined Early biochemical and genetic studies of the antimicro- on a molecular level.
    [Show full text]
  • Review on the Major Antimicrobial Resistance Bacterial Pathogen of Poultry
    Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 2573-2196 Review Article Dairy and Vet Sci J Volume 12 Issue 4 - June 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Bushura Regassa DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2019.12.555842 Review on the Major Antimicrobial Resistance Bacterial Pathogen of Poultry Bushura Regassa* and Meksud Mohammed College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Ethiopia Submission: May 24, 2019; Published: June 19, 2019 *Corresponding author: Bushura Regassa, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant of poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a sourcesources. of Poultry resistant flocks bacteria/genes are often raised (including under zoonotic intensive bacteria) conditions that using may represent large amounts a risk ofto antimicrobialshuman health. Hereto prevent I reviewed and to data treat on disease, AMR in poultryas well pathogens, including avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum, Pasteurellamultocida, Clostridiumperfringens, Mycoplasma spp, Avibacteriumparagallinarum, Gallibacteriumanatis, Ornitobacteriumrhinotracheale (ORT) and Bordetella avium. A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, M. gallisepticum, and G. anatis. Among Enterobacteriaeae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of In contrast, levels of resistance among P. multocida isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCH-Vet Anresis.Ch
    Usage of Antibiotics and Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria from Humans and Animals in Switzerland Joint report 2013 ARCH-Vet anresis.ch Publishing details © Federal Office of Public Health FOPH Published by: Federal Office of Public Health FOPH Publication date: November 2015 Editors: Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, Division Communicable Diseases. Elisabetta Peduzzi, Judith Klomp, Virginie Masserey Design and layout: diff. Marke & Kommunikation GmbH, Bern FOPH publication number: 2015-OEG-17 Source: SFBL, Distribution of Publications, CH-3003 Bern www.bundespublikationen.admin.ch Order number: 316.402.eng Internet: www.bag.admin.ch/star www.blv.admin.ch/gesundheit_tiere/04661/04666 Table of contents 1 Foreword 4 Vorwort 5 Avant-propos 6 Prefazione 7 2 Summary 10 Zusammenfassung 12 Synthèse 14 Sintesi 17 3 Introduction 20 3.1 Antibiotic resistance 20 3.2 About anresis.ch 20 3.3 About ARCH-Vet 21 3.4 Guidance for readers 21 4 Abbreviations 24 5 Antibacterial consumption in human medicine 26 5.1 Hospital care 26 5.2 Outpatient care 31 5.3 Discussion 32 6 Antibacterial sales in veterinary medicines 36 6.1 Total antibacterial sales for use in animals 36 6.2 Antibacterial sales – pets 37 6.3 Antibacterial sales – food producing animals 38 6.4 Discussion 40 7 Resistance in bacteria from human clinical isolates 42 7.1 Escherichia coli 42 7.2 Klebsiella pneumoniae 44 7.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 48 7.4 Acinetobacter spp. 49 7.5 Streptococcus pneumoniae 52 7.6 Enterococci 54 7.7 Staphylococcus aureus 55 Table of contents 1 8 Resistance in zoonotic bacteria 58 8.1 Salmonella spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedres-Svarm 2005
    SVARM Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Preface .............................................................................................4 Summary ..........................................................................................6 Sammanfattning................................................................................7 Use of antimicrobials (SVARM 2005) .................................................8 Resistance in zoonotic bacteria ......................................................13 Salmonella ..........................................................................................................13 Campylobacter ...................................................................................................16 Resistance in indicator bacteria ......................................................18 Escherichia coli ...................................................................................................18 Enterococcus .....................................................................................................22 Resistance in animal pathogens ......................................................32 Pig ......................................................................................................................32 Cattle ..................................................................................................................33 Horse ..................................................................................................................36 Dog
    [Show full text]
  • Concept Paper
    Concept Paper: Potential Approach for Ranking of Antimicrobial Drugs According to Their Importance in Human Medicine: A Risk Management Tool for Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs Introduction This concept paper discusses a potential approach to considering the human medical importance of antimicrobial drugs when assessing and managing antimicrobial resistance risks associated with the use of antimicrobial drugs in animals. In 2003, FDA established a list ranking antimicrobial drugs according to their relative importance in human medicine primarily for the purpose of supporting a qualitative risk assessment process outlined in agency guidance. It was envisioned by the Agency at the time the current medical importance rankings list was published that it would periodically reassess the rankings to align with contemporary science and current human clinical practices. To that end, this paper describes a potential revised process for ranking antimicrobial drugs according to their relative importance in human medicine, potential revised criteria to determine the medical importance rankings, and the list of antimicrobial drug medical importance rankings that would result if those criteria were to be used. Disclaimer: This concept paper is for discussion purposes only. The intent of this concept paper is to obtain public comment and early input on a potential approach to consider the human medical importance of antimicrobial drugs when assessing and managing antimicrobial resistance risks associated with the use of antimicrobial drugs in animals. This concept paper does not contain recommendations and does not constitute draft or final guidance by the Food and Drug Administration. It should not be used for any purpose other than to facilitate public comment.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 June 2019
    Belgian Veterinary Surveillance of Antibacterial Consumption National consumption report 2018 Publication : 19 June 2019 1 SUMMARY This annual BelVet-SAC report is now published for the 10th time and describes the antibacterial use in animals in Belgium in 2018 and the evolution since 2011. For the first time this report combines sales data (collected at the level of the wholesalers- distributors and the compound feed producers) and usage data (collected at herd level). This allows to dig deeper into AMU at species and herd level in Belgium. With -12,8% mg antimicrobial/kg biomass in comparison to 2017, 2018 marks the largest reduction in total sales of antimicrobials for animals in Belgium since 2011. This obviously continues the decreasing trend of the previous years, resulting in a cumulative reduction of -35,4% mg/kg since 2011. This reduction is evenly split over a reduction in pharmaceuticals (-13,2% mg/kg) and antibacterial premixes (-9,2% mg/kg). It is speculated that the large reduction observed in 2018 might partly be due to the effect of extra stock (of pharmaceuticals) taken during 2017 by wholesalers-distributors and veterinarians in anticipation of the increase in the antimicrobial tax for Marketing Authorisation Holders, which became effective on the 1st of April 2018. When comparing the results achieved in 2018 with the AMCRA 2020 reduction targets, the goal of reducing the overall AMU in animals with 50% by 2020 has not been achieved yet, however, the objective comes in range with still 14,6% to reduce over the next two years. Considering the large reduction observed in total AMU in 2018, it is not surprising that also in the pig sector a substantial reduction of -8,3% mg/kg between 2017 and 2018 is observed based upon the usage data.
    [Show full text]
  • ESVAC 8Th Report. Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 30
    Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 30 European countries in 2016 Trends from 2010 to 2016 Eighth ESVAC report An agency of the European Union Mission statement The mission of the European Medicines Agency is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health. Legal role • involves representatives of patients, healthcare professionals and other stakeholders in its work, to facilitate dialogue on The European Medicines Agency (hereinafter ‘the Agency’ issues of common interest; or EMA) is the European Union (EU) body responsible for coordinating the existing scientific resources put at its disposal • publishes impartial and comprehensible information about by Member States for the evaluation, supervision and medicines and their use; pharmacovigilance of medicinal products. • develops best practice for medicines evaluation and The Agency provides the Member States and the institutions supervision in Europe, and contributes alongside the Member of the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) countries States and the EC to the harmonisation of regulatory with the best-possible scientific advice on any questions standards at the international level. relating to the evaluation of the quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products for human or veterinary use referred to it in accordance with the provisions of EU legislation Guiding principles relating to medicinal products. • We are strongly committed to public and animal health. The founding legislation of the Agency is Regulation (EC) No • We make independent recommendations based on scien- 726/2004 of the European Parliament and the Council of 31 tific evidence, using state-of-the-art knowledge and March 2004 laying down Community procedures for the expertise in our field.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma Bovis Isolates from Veal, Dairy and Beef Herds
    antibiotics Article Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Veal, Dairy and Beef Herds 1,2, 1, 3 3 Jade Bokma * , Linde Gille y , Koen De Bleecker , Jozefien Callens , 2 1, 2, Freddy Haesebrouck , Bart Pardon z and Filip Boyen z 1 Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (B.P.) 2 Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; [email protected] (F.H.); fi[email protected] (F.B.) 3 Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; [email protected] (K.D.B.); jozefi[email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Present address: Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, y University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2 Avenue de Cureghem, 7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium. Bart Pardon and Filip Boyen should be considered joint senior author. z Received: 18 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing mostly pneumonia in calves and mastitis in dairy cattle. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antimicrobial therapy remains the main control measure. Antimicrobial use in veal calves is substantially higher than in conventional herds, but whether veal calves also harbor more resistant M. bovis strains is currently unknown. Therefore, we compared antimicrobial susceptibility test results of M. bovis isolates from different cattle sectors and genomic clusters. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nine antimicrobials was determined for 141 Belgian M.
    [Show full text]