DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient Human Mitochondrial Genomes from Bronze Age

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ancient Human Mitochondrial Genomes from Bronze Age www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the Received: 26 July 2018 Accepted: 20 March 2019 genetic history of Thracians Published: xx xx xxxx Alessandra Modi1, Desislava Nesheva2, Stefania Sarno3, Stefania Vai 1, Sena Karachanak- Yankova2, Donata Luiselli4, Elena Pilli1, Martina Lari1, Chiara Vergata1, Yordan Yordanov5, Diana Dimitrova6, Petar Kalcev7, Rada Staneva2, Olga Antonova2, Savina Hadjidekova2, Angel Galabov8, Draga Toncheva2 & David Caramelli1 One of the best documented Indo-European civilizations that inhabited Bulgaria is the Thracians, who lasted for more than fve millennia and whose origin and relationships with other past and present- day populations are debated among researchers. Here we report 25 new complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient individuals coming from three necropolises located in diferent regions of Bulgaria – Shekerdja mogila, Gabrova mogila and Bereketska mogila – dated to II-III millennium BC. The identifed mtDNA haplogroup composition refects the mitochondrial variability of Western Eurasia. In particular, within the ancient Eurasian genetic landscape, Thracians locate in an intermediate position between Early Neolithic farmers and Late Neolithic-Bronze Age steppe pastoralists, supporting the scenario that the Balkan region has been a link between Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean since the prehistoric time. Spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) performed on Thracian and modern mtDNA sequences, confrms the pattern highlighted on ancient populations, overall indicating that the maternal gene pool of Thracians refects their central geographical position at the gateway of Europe. Bulgaria is situated in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, at the connection point between Southeastern Europe, Eurasian steppe, Anatolia and the Aegean islands. Te presence of modern humans in this region is attested starting from 40 kya by the Paleolithic series at Bacho Kiro and Temnata Dupka Caves1–3. Some archaeo- logical sites associated with early farmers, as well as the earliest evidence of copper metallurgy in Europe, indicates that this area played a signifcant role both in the Neolithic and in the Metal Ages4. One of the best documented Indo-European civilizations that inhabited Bulgaria consists in the Tracians, whose cultural legacy is still evident in the modern society. Diferent theories have been historically proposed about the origin of the Tracians. Today it is assumed that the Tracian culture emerged and formed in the early Bronze Age5–7, a period characterized by strong cul- tural changes and movements of people westward from the Steppe8. During the 5th and 4th millennium BCE, the inhabitants of the eastern region of Balkans were organized in diferent groups of indigenous people that, over time, were named under the single ethnonym of “Tracians”9–11. According to historical and archaeological sources, the Tracian culture fourished during the 2nd and 3rd millennia BCE12,13. Te rich cultural and histori- cal heritage, represented by fortresses and necropolises, as well as by the world-famous Panagyurishte, Valchitran, Lukovit and Rogozen treasures, dates back to this period. In the later periods, several populations (Greeks, 1Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. 2Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofa, Sofa, Bulgaria. 3Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 4Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy. 5Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofa, Bulgaria. 6The Regional Historical Museum of Sliven, Sliven, Bulgaria. 7The Regional Historical Museum of Stara Zagora, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. 8The Stephan Angelof Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofa, Bulgaria. Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva and Stefania Sarno contributed equally. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.T. (email: [email protected]) or D.C. (email: [email protected]) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2019) 9:5412 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41945-0 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Figure 1. Geographical location of the necropolises in Bulgaria. Black triangles specifcally indicate the locations of the considered archaeological sites while the grey dots refer to current Bulgarian provinces. Te map is plotted using https://www.freepik.com/, processed with Adobe Illustrator CS6 and modifed with Photoshop CS6 (2012) by Dimitar Spassov - web developer ([email protected]) and Desislava Nesheva. Image is attributed to valeria_aksakova/Freepik. Macedonians, Slavs and proto-Bulgarians) arrived in the Balkans, reaching the lands occupied by Tracians and mixing with them, thus infuencing their cultural and biological identity11. Genetic analyses on both autosomal variations14 and uniparental genetic markers15–17 of present-day Bulgarians, locate them between Eastern European and Mediterranean populations, with a particular afnity to the neighboring groups from Greece and the Balkans16. In addition, the Bulgarian maternal genetic pool particu- larly suggests a major Western Eurasian origin, tracing their ancestry to lineages that witness a complex genetic structure of the region today and refect diferent peopling and admixture events from the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of the Neolithic and Post-Neolithic in Europe15. Recent genome-wide ancient DNA (aDNA) based stud- ies on Southeastern Europe, have shown that Neolithic population from present-day Bulgaria was closely related with the northwestern-Anatolian-Neolithic ancestry that signals the spread of Early farmers across Europe, except for the individuals lived in the mid-sixth millennium BC in Malak Preslavets, who revealed a signifcantly higher level of hunter-gatherer-related ancestry than the other Balkan Neolithic individuals18. Starting from the early 3rd millennium BCE, migrations from the adjacent Pontic-Caspian and Eurasian steppe also played an important role in the transformation of the European genetic landscape, and the contribution of Steppe ancestry to Southeastern European populations increased particularly during the Bronze Age18. Although our under- standing of the population and cultural dynamics occurred in the (pre-) history of Balkan Peninsula is starting to be increasingly elucidated, the genetic details on the local civilization remain unknown and this information is only partly available for the ancient (proto-) Bulgarian people18,19. We now have the opportunity to investigate the genetic structure of the Tracians, an ancient people that lasted for more than fve millennia and whose origin and relationships with other past and present-day populations are still debated among researchers. To investigate the genetic structure and population history of this ancient civilization, we analyzed 25 com- plete mitochondrial genomes from three Tracian necropolises (Fig. 1 and Table 1) along with modern and ancient European data. Te characterization of the Tracian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variability may have important implications for understanding the dynamics of interaction between Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, and will also contribute to better clarify the genetic evolution of European populations and the origin of contemporary Bulgarian gene pool. Results We successfully reconstructed complete or almost entire mitochondrial genomes for 26 individuals, 3 from Shekerdja mogila, 1 from Gabrova mogila and 22 from Bereketska mogila (Table 2). All the resulted sequences reach the standard quality requested to guaranty the reliability of the NGS data; CtoT patterns range between 20% to 46%, average fragment size vary from 44.4 base pair (bp) to 67.4 bp and no signifcant levels of present-day human contamination were detected (Table 2). Only one sample, BM-51, showed a high level of contamination and was not considered in the following statistical analyses. Te direct radiocarbon dating performed on the samples BM 44, SM 8.1 and GM 30.3 placed the remains at II-III millennium BC (CEDAD, Centro di DAtazione e Diagnostica, Univerità del Salento, Italy) (Table 1), that corresponds to the age estimated according to the archaeological record. Te mtDNA sequences obtained were assigned to 21 diferent haplogroups, representative of the mitochondrial variability of Western Eurasia (Table 2 and Supplementary Table S1). Phylogenetic links between haplotypes of the Tracian samples and comparison ancient data are shown in the Median Joining Network (Fig. 2). Most of the Tracian individu- als belong to sub-lineages of the macro-haplogroup H, which accounts for an overall frequency of 33%. Tis is the most frequent mitochondrial lineage in present-day Europe, representing over 40% of the total mtDNA variability20. Its frequency observed in the Tracians samples is almost similar to the frequency in contempo- rary European population. Two individuals belong to haplogroup HV, an ancient European lineage likely orig- inating in the Mediterranean region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)21. In ancient samples, HV has been identifed in one Mesolithic specimen from Sicily22 and in early Neolithic remains from Spain23, Germany8 and Russia18,24; Mathieson et al.18 reported a HV haplotype in one sample from Serbia dating from 5800 BCE. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2019) 9:5412 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41945-0
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Mitochondrial DNA from Pre-Historic
    Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice 4-30-2011 Ancient Mitochondrial DNA From Pre-historic Southeastern Europe: The rP esence of East Eurasian Haplogroups Provides Evidence of Interactions with South Siberians Across the Central Asian Steppe Belt Jeremy R. Newton Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses Part of the Cell Biology Commons, and the Molecular Biology Commons Recommended Citation Newton, Jeremy R., "Ancient Mitochondrial DNA From Pre-historic Southeastern Europe: The rP esence of East Eurasian Haplogroups Provides Evidence of Interactions with South Siberians Across the Central Asian Steppe Belt" (2011). Masters Theses. 5. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research and Creative Practice at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANCIENT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA FROM PRE-HISTORIC SOUTH- EASTERN EUROPE: THE PRESENCE OF EAST EURASIAN HAPLOGROUPS PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF INTERACTIONS WITH SOUTH SIBERIANS ACROSS THE CENTRAL ASIAN STEPPE BELT A thesis submittal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By Jeremy R. Newton To Cell and Molecular Biology Department Grand Valley State University Allendale, MI April, 2011 “Not all those who wander are lost.” J.R.R. Tolkien iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to every person who has motivated, directed, and encouraged me throughout this thesis project. I especially thank my graduate advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups Observed in Iraqi Population
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611 Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups Observed in Iraqi Population Nihad A.M. Al-Rashedi1, Mohammed A. Jebor2, Talib AH Mousa3, Ali H. Al-Saadi4 1, 3 Science College- Muthanna University; 2, 4Science Colleges- Babylon University Abstract: Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions I and II of control region were sequenced from 100 random healthy unrelated individuals of three sequential generations belong to the Arab ethnic of Iraqi population. The aim of this study was to detection the mtDNA haplotypes and classifying it into mtDNA haplogroups will be useful in forensic genetics applications and determining the Iraqi population history. The sequence variation within D-loop control region were analyzed the composition of haplogroups that showed high frequency of haplogroups U, H, J,M, D,T and N (18%, 14%,10%, 9%, 7%, 7% and 7%, respectively, moderate frequency of haplogroups L and I was (4%) and B, A, R and K (2%), and low frequency of haplogroup pre-HV (1%) . This study was indicated lack of V, P, Y, X, O, Z, Q, G, E and C haplogroups. Keywords: mitochondrial DNA, haplogroups, DNA Sequencing, Arabic Iraqi population 1. Introduction find it http://mtmanager.yonsei.ac.kr that enables automatically estimate the most mtDNA haplogroups Iraq is located in the Middle East which bordered by Saudi according to control‐region mutation variations and scanning Arabia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait and Turkey. The Iraqi of similar sequences from the database which includes over population consists of 75–80% Arabs and 20-25% others.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazons, Thracians, and Scythians , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 24:2 (1983:Summer) P.105
    SHAPIRO, H. A., Amazons, Thracians, and Scythians , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 24:2 (1983:Summer) p.105 Amazons, Thracians, and Scythians H A. Shapiro HE AMAZONS offer a remarkable example of the lacunose and T fragmented state of ancient evidence for many Greek myths. For while we hear virtually nothing about them in extant litera­ ture before the mid-fifth century, they are depicted in art starting in the late eighth! and are extremely popular, especially in Attica, from the first half of the sixth. Thus all we know about the Greeks' con­ ception of the Amazons in the archaic period comes from visual rep­ resentations, not from written sources, and it would be hazardous to assume that various 'facts' and details supplied by later writers were familiar to the sixth-century Greek. The problem of locating the Amazons is a good case in point. Most scholars assume that Herakles' battle with the Amazons, so popular on Attic vases, took place at the Amazon city Themiskyra in Asia Minor, on the river Thermodon near the Black Sea, where most ancient writers place it.2 But the earliest of these is Apollodoros (2.5.9), and, as I shall argue, alternate traditions locating the Ama­ zons elsewhere may have been known to the archaic vase-painter and viewer. An encounter with Amazons figures among the exploits of three important Greek heroes, and each story entered the Attic vase­ painters' repertoire at a different time in the course of the sixth century. First came Herakles' battle to obtain the girdle of Hippolyte (although the prize itself is never shown), his ninth labor.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Human Mitochondrial HV Lineages Spread from the Near East
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Rare human mitochondrial HV lineages spread from the Near East and Caucasus during post-LGM and Received: 11 January 2019 Accepted: 21 June 2019 Neolithic expansions Published: xx xx xxxx Michel Shamoon-Pour1, Mian Li2 & D. Andrew Merriwether1 Of particular signifcance to human population history in Eurasia are the migratory events that connected the Near East to Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Utilizing 315 HV*(xH,V) mitogenomes, including 27 contemporary lineages frst reported here, we found the genetic signatures for distinctive movements out of the Near East and South Caucasus both westward into Europe and eastward into South Asia. The parallel phylogeographies of rare, yet widely distributed HV*(xH,V) subclades reveal a connection between the Italian Peninsula and South Caucasus, resulting from at least two (post-LGM, Neolithic) waves of migration. Many of these subclades originated in a population ancestral to contemporary Armenians and Assyrians. One such subclade, HV1b-152, supports a postexilic, northern Mesopotamian origin for the Ashkenazi HV1b2 lineages. In agreement with ancient DNA fndings, our phylogenetic analysis of HV12 and HV14, the two exclusively Asian subclades of HV*(xH,V), point to the migration of lineages originating in Iran to South Asia before and during the Neolithic period. With HV12 being one of the oldest HV subclades, our results support an origin of HV haplogroup in the region defned by Western Iran, Mesopotamia, and the South Caucasus, where the highest prevalence of HV has been found. Te major subclade of R0, haplogroup HV has a pivotal position in human mitochondrial (mtDNA) phylogeny as the ancestral clade to haplogroup H-the most common clade in Europe1 and the best-defned mtDNA hap- logroup according to Phylotree2.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Eurasian Ancestry in Modern Siberians Based on Mitogenomic Data
    Derenko et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:217 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/217 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Western Eurasian ancestry in modern Siberians based on mitogenomic data Miroslava Derenko1*, Boris Malyarchuk1, Galina Denisova1, Maria Perkova1, Andrey Litvinov1, Tomasz Grzybowski2, Irina Dambueva3, Katarzyna Skonieczna2, Urszula Rogalla2, Iosif Tsybovsky4 and Ilya Zakharov5 Abstract Background: Although the genetic heritage of aboriginal Siberians is mostly of eastern Asian ancestry, a substantial western Eurasian component is observed in the majority of northern Asian populations. Traces of at least two migrations into southern Siberia, one from eastern Europe and the other from western Asia/the Caucasus have been detected previously in mitochondrial gene pools of modern Siberians. Results: We report here 166 new complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences that allow us to expand and re-analyze the available data sets of western Eurasian lineages found in northern Asian populations, define the phylogenetic status of Siberian-specific subclades and search for links between mtDNA haplotypes/subclades and events of human migrations. From a survey of 158 western Eurasian mtDNA genomes found in Siberia we estimate that nearly 40% of them most likely have western Asian and another 29% European ancestry. It is striking that 65 of northern Asian mitogenomes, i.e. ~41%, fall into 19 branches and subclades which can be considered as Siberian-specific being found so far only in Siberian populations. From the coalescence analysis it is evident that the sequence divergence of Siberian-specific subclades was relatively small, corresponding to only 0.6-9.5 kya (using the complete mtDNA rate) and 1–6kya(codingregionrate).
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-Europeans in the Ancient Yellow River Valley
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 311 April, 2021 Indo-Europeans in the Ancient Yellow River Valley by Shaun C. R. Ramsden Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out for peer review, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of a 'Drunken Scythian' in Greek
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute) 1st Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, AIIC 2013, 24-26 April, Azores, Portugal - Proceedings- THE IMAGE OF A ‘DRUNKEN SCYTHIAN’ IN GREEK TRADITION Joanna Porucznik, MA University of Liverpool/Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UK/Poland Abstract: Since the Greeks first came into contact with Scythian populations (who should be understood as a great conglomerate of various groups of peoples inhabiting the north Pontic steppes), many negative clichés concerning the Scythians occurred in Greek tradition. One of them is the stereotype of drunkenness among the Scythians and their lack of urbane manners that were commonly accepted by Greek society. This image of a drunken Scythian may have been created in Greek tradition due to the fact that the Scythians (Scythian aristocracy in particular) adopted the Greek tradition of the drinking of wine. This is visible in archaeological material from the northern Black Sea areas, where many amphorae and wine jars have been found in Scythian tombs. However, written sources indicate that the Scythians did not mix wine with water and this did not correspond with Greek customs, according to which drinking unadulterated wine was extremely ‘barbarian’ and inappropriate. This in turn may have become a catalyst behind the concept of drunkenness amongst the Scythians. Key Words: Scythians, Greeks, symposion, wine, the Black Sea Introduction: When studying the issue of the image of the Scythians in antiquity, the first thing that should be mentioned is the fact that the ancient Greeks used the name ‘Scythians’ to describe all nomadic populations inhabited vast territories of the steppes north of the Black Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 1 Politics & Military
    Part 1 Politics & Military ∵ Toni Ñaco del Hoyo and Isaías Arrayás-Morales - 9789004326750 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:11:16AM via free access Toni Ñaco del Hoyo and Isaías Arrayás-Morales - 9789004326750 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:11:16AM via free access CHAPTER 1 Rome, Pontus, Thrace and the Military Disintegration of the World Beyond the Hellenistic East Toni Ñaco del Hoyo1 and Isaías Arrayás-Morales The aftermath of the Gracchan crisis was a period of intense turmoil in many regions of Roman domain, East and West, although the loss of historical narra- tives such as those of Polybius and Livy have managed to shadow the scope of the troubles faced by the Republic during this period. Whereas the Cimbrian and Teutonic invasions and some regional conflicts in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain and Gaul kept the Roman armies busy in the West, in the East Macedonia, the Balkans and Asia, things were also extremely unsettled. It is possible to observe how the aftermath of certain dynastic conflicts and the ambitious political programmes endeavoured by some rulers in pursue of hegemonic dreams, as well as the continuous raids of nomadic peoples from beyond the Roman bor- ders, directly agitated the entire region for decades. Specifically, Mithridates VI Eupator king of Pontus and several Thracian kings envisioned Rome’s more active presence in Macedonia and Asia during the final decades of the second century BC as a threat to their military supremacy. Thus far, they had displayed garrisons and colonies, organized looting expeditions and systematically recruited foreign mercenaries for their reinforced armies.
    [Show full text]
  • Thracian Bulgaria Contents
    Dimana Trankova Miglena Vasileva Anthony Georgieff A GUIDE TO THRACIAN BULGARIA CONTENTS Who Are the Thracians? Hlyabovo Where Did the Thracians Live? Gluhite Kamani Shrines and Deities The Valley of Thracian Kings Megaliths Harmankaya Monumental Tombs Starosel Thracian Treasures Belintash Aleksandrovo Tomb Madzharovo Perperikon Buzovgrad Mezek Tomb Orlovi Skali Circles of Stone Karanovo Sboryanovo Mishkova Niva Begliktash Nonmaterial Heritage Tatul Timeline Who Were the Thracians? thracian kings' valley About 4,000 years ago the lands of modern of southeastern Europe? Or descended from later switched to mean "wild" and "savage." them timber and game; copper, iron, gold started hewing canals and ritual basins on Soon afterwards, Herodotus, in his Bulgaria were inhabited by people who built newcomers who changed the population in According to an ancient story, Thrace, the and silver mines dotted the mountains. their old shrines, situated on rocky peaks. History, gave an astonishing piece of fortifications and cities, buried their dead the region during the transition between the land of the Thracians, bore the name of a Healing mineral water springs lured the The everyday objects also changed. Jewellery, information about the Thracians. He wrote in monumental tombs, drank wine from Chalcolithic and the Bronze ages, in the first nymph called Thrake, a powerful sorceress Thracians to settle around, and the fertile pottery and tools all became more refined that they had been the most numerous gold and silver cups, and warred, traded and half of the 4th Millennium BC? These questions who would use her knowledge of herbs to soil nurtured the famed local wheat, horses and practical.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Origins of the Romanian People
    『地域政策研究』（高崎経済大学地域政策学会） 第７巻 第２号 2004年 10 月 17 頁～ 38 頁 On the Origins of the Romanian People Elena Taralunga TAMURA Abstract I have been often asked where I come from and I have realized that not much is known about Romania, its location, language and history. This paper is an examination of the roots of Romanian history. It is supported by official historical evidence and some of the data is approved by the Romanian Academy of History and Archeology, whereas other information is taken from different sources such as: history of religions, different reports from the Institute of Dacology, encyclopedias, and folklore resources. Statements on history can be eventually confirmed as well as denied when some new discovery happens. Also, in the case of writing a research paper on the ancient history of a country the lack of sufficient and explicit written evidence left to this day, can obstruct the discovering of facts that are correct, free from ambiguity and vacillation.This paper covers the early historical beginnings of the people that inhabited the territory of modern Romania to the time when the Roman Empire changed the country north of Danube into a Roman colony. This paper comprises: A geographical description of Romania History: the beginnings, An explanation of the meaning of the Pelasgians Definition of who the Thracians were. The Dacians and the Getae and who they were. The Dacian kings and among them the most important, Buerebista and Decebal The change of Dacia into a Roman colony Conclusion － 17 － Elena Taralunga TAMURA Introduction The historic magnitude of different peoples on the earth does not always radiate with the same intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Continuity in Geto-Dacian Foreign Policy
    69 HIRUNDO 2008 Pattern of Continuity in Geto-Dacian Foreign Policy Under Burebista Paul Vădan Following the death of Alexander the Great, the ancient world was affected by prolonged po - litical turmoil as many states emerging after 323 BC, both within and without Alexander’s former Em - pire, sought to impose their regional hegemony at each other’s expense in an attempt to restore stability. In the context of such discourse in power politics, the Geto-Dacian state emerged and sought to assert itself in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic region under the rule of Burebista in the 1 st century BC. De - spite modern claims that Burebista’s achievements were without precedent in the history of Geto-Dacia, 1 this paper will attempt to place the rule of Burebista in the context of a long tradition of Geto-Dacian foreign policy of assertion and interaction with the Hellenistic οιкоυµένη (oikoumene the perceived Greek world as opposed to barbarian lands). In order to do this, we will need to analyze Burebista’s political and economic goals in order to determine whether his rule conformed to an established pattern. Unfortunately, such a project is ir - reparably flawed because no Geto-Dacian written accounts (if there were any) have survived; all that has been passed on to us in terms of literary “evidence” are approximately four hundred Geto-Dacian words that are still in use in the Romanian language. As a result, scholars are forced to appeal exclu - sively (and with caution) to Greek and Roman written sources if they are to construct a generally co - herent history of the Geto-Dacians.
    [Show full text]
  • Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA) Facts About Genetics Y-DNA Haplogroups Haplogroup E1b1b Haplogroup G2a
    3/13/2016 10:11 AM http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml DNA Tutorials Eupedia Home > Genetics > Haplogroups (home) > Haplogroup I1 Video Tutorials @ DNA Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA) Facts about Genetics Y-DNA haplogroups Haplogroup E1b1b Haplogroup G2a Haplogroup I1 Haplogroup I2 Haplogroup J1 Haplogroup J2 Contents Haplogroup N1c Haplogroup Q 1. Geographic distribution Author: Maciamo Haplogroup R1a Last update February 2015 (updated phylogeny). Haplogroup R1b 2. Origins & History Haplogroup T 2.1 How did I1 become Nordic? Famous Y-DNA 2.2 How did I1 become Germanic? Y-DNA by country 2.3 I1 in Finland 2.4 Germanic migrations Y-DNA Maps MtDNA haplogroups 3. Subclades & Haplotypes Haplogroup H 3.1 Grouping by STR Haplogroup HV 3.2 SNP Analysis Haplogroup I 4. Famous I1 individuals Haplogroup J Haplogroup K Haplogroup T Haplogroup U2 Haplogroup U3 Haplogroup U4 Geographic distribution Haplogroup U5 Haplogroup U6 Haplogroup I1 is the most common I subclade in northern Europe. It is found mostly in Scandinavia and Finland, where it typically represent over 35% of the male Y-chromosomes. Associated with the Norse ethnicity, I1 is found in all places Haplogroup V invaded by ancient Germanic tribes and the Vikings. Other parts of Europe speaking Germanic languages come next in Haplogroup W frequency. Germany, Austria, the Low Countries, England and the Scottish Lowlands all have between 10% and 20% of I1 Haplogroup X lineages. MtDNA by country Distribution of haplogroup I1 in Europe MtDNA Maps Diseases linked to mtDNA Regional history
    [Show full text]