Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 16, Suppl. 1, pp 97-104, 2018 Copyright © 2018 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg

ISSN 1313-3551 (online) doi:10.15547/tjs.2018.s.01.019

WHY WERE THE MOST LONG-LIVED PEOPLE IN ANTIQUITY?

R. Pamukova1*, E. Radev1, M. Vizeva2

Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University – , Medical College, "Y. Filaretova", Medical University – Sofia, Bulgaria

ABSTRACT Thracians were the strongest, the most warlike and the most long-lived among the people of Antiquity, according to historians. On their lands emerged the first European knowledge in medicine, agriculture and livestock breeding. Part of their millennial knowledge has spread around the world contributing to medicine, dietology, phytotherapy, phytochemistry, surgery, hygiene and pharmacognosy. In our analysis we will review medical practices, medicinal plants and foods with long standing tradition and their potential application in complex programs for active longevity.

Key words: History of Medicine, Thracians, Longevity, Bulgarian Traditional Medicine, Surgery, Phytotherapy, Mediterranean Diet

INTRODUCTION stockbreeders emerged who introduced the According to the Eurostat Mortality and Life two main ways of food production in Europe. Expectancy Statistics from 2015, Of particular interest is their way of eating, rank amongst the populations with the lowest which is now associated with the life expectancy rate in the EU - 74.7 years (1). Mediterranean diet, well known in medical literature. The Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry, The remarkable Thracian material culture published in 2013, outlines that around 25% includes the creation of the first cities, the of contemporary Bulgarians descend from emergence of sanitary culture, early writing tribes inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula since and medicine. prehistoric times, later becoming part of the Thracian culture. (2) The medical practice in our lands has a rich history evidenced by archaeological At the same time, scientific and historic discoveries of complex surgical operations sources suggest that Thracians were the made thousands of years ago. Contemporary strongest, the most militant and the longest- pharmacy and medicine use medicinal plants lived among the ancient populations. (3). which, according to a number of scientific What was the secret of their longevity? sources, were used by the Thracians thousands of years ago. For the Hellenic tribes, is the north, which is the world's direction or the source of The purpose of this article is to trace the path wisdom. (3) According to archaeological data, of millennial medical knowledge in our lands the first European civilization arose in and the Balkan Peninsula to the present day, Thracian lands around the area of Varna and by analyzing the emergence of agriculture, the River. Later, it gradually livestock, medicine and the contribution of expanded on the Balkan Peninsula. (4-7) this culture to the development of modern There, the first societies of farmers and European medicine - surgery, phytotherapy, ______dietology, hygiene and civilized conditions of *Correspondence to: R. Pamukova, Sofia, 52 life, contributing to the active longevity of Solunska Str., Mobile: 0988 077 29, people. [email protected] Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 16, Suppl. 1, 2018 97

PAMUKOVA R., et al. BULGARIANS IN THE 21st CENTURY A conclusion was made that around 25% of Eurostat information on life expectancy at modern Bulgarians come from tribes birth in the EU-28 countries showed a slight inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula since decline in most of them in 2015 (data prehistoric times, which also formed a part of published in 2017). It was estimated at 80.6 the Thracian culture. years (0.3 years lower than 2014), reaching 83.3 years for women (0.3 years lower than WHY THRACIANS WERE THE 2014), and 77.9 years (0.2 years lower than LONGEST-LIVED PEOPLE? 2014) for men. The comparative analysis Thracians were the strongest, the most shows that nowadays Bulgarians rank among militant, and the longest lived among the the shortest living nations in the 28 EU populations of the Ancient World. (3). Member States - 74.7 years. Eurostat reports According to the of , that Bulgarian women have the lowest life Book V-3-10, "if one man ruled them, they expectancy in the EU - 78.2 years, and the would have been invincible and far stronger Spanish women have the highest life than all other people." It is reported that the expectancy - 85.8 years. (1) Thracians had a very active lifestyle, and that

GENETIC ANALYSIS among the gods, they worshiped only In 2013, a study “Y-Chromosomal Diversity (god of war), (god of wine) and in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about (goddess of hunting). (8) Thus, their Their Ancestry” was published. This scientific gods represented their way of life. Historical research was conducted by an international data and a number of excavations reveal that team of leading Italian and Bulgarian the Thracians were actively engaged in scientists working at the Department of fishing, e.g. of carp, hunting the following Medical Genetics, Medical University - Sofia, species - lion, lynx, red deer, brown bear, wild Department of Biology and Biotechnology, bull, etc. (5, 6, 8, 9). Probably, their physical Pavia University, Institute of Experimental activities, as well as their diet, herbal Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology therapies, surgery, psychotherapy, relatively with a Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of comfortable lifestyle and sanitary culture have Sciences and Institute Department of contributed to their longevity.

Microbiology "Stefan Angelov" - Bulgarian Nowadays archaeologists find interesting Academy of Sciences. artifacts from this progressive population of

To better define the structure and origin of the long-lived people who have created leading Bulgarian paternal gene pool, the team has innovations for their time and the first writing examined the Y-chromosome variation in 808 in the world.

Bulgarian males. The lineage analysis The golden treasure of Varna, which is the provided the following interesting results: R- "oldest gold of the world" (Picture 1) dates L23 is present in Eastern Bulgaria since the back to around 5 000 BC and it contains more post glacial period (5.2% of the surveyed than 3,000 gold objects. It was discovered on men); haplogroup E-V13 has a Mesolithic age the shores of Lake Varna in 1972. It is in Bulgaria from where it expanded after the indisputable among archaeologists and arrival of farming (18.1%); haplogroup J- historians that the first European civilization M241 probably reflects the Neolithic was born around Varna. (4, 5) westward expansion of farmers from the earliest sites along the (3.8%). (2)

Picture 1. The oldest processed gold in the world, around 5 000 BC, Varna Archaeological Museum, Bulgaria (4) 98 Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 16, Suppl. 1, 2018

PAMUKOVA R., et al. The Neolithic period on the European Herbalism and surgery have been applied by continent, when agriculture and the livestock medical practitioners at that time. The breeding revolution started, first developed Neolithic settlement at Durankulak Lake around the area of Varna and the River belongs to the second half of the 6th Danube on the Balkan Peninsula. There were millennium BC. From the medicinal plants appropriate conditions - coastal limes and there were found wormwood (Artemisia valleys of larger rivers where there was absinthium), hops (Humulus lupulus), yarrow enough fresh water to satisfy people's living, (Achillea milefolium), etc. (5) According to household and hygiene needs. According to the legend, the Thracian used the archaeological data, the population white yarrow during the to cure domesticated goats and sheep around 10 000 bleeding wounds and thus the plant was BC. In the following millennia they begun to named after him “Achillea”. Nowadays it is breed horses, rabbits, dogs, birds, incl. home applied for similar purposes. peacocks, etc. The first farmers planted different varieties of wheat (the earliest one Pollen grains of vine, cornel, etc., were cultivated was Einkorn wheat), barley, found, as well as remains of fish, fruits, common vetch, legumes - peas, lentils, garlic, vegetables and others, testifying that the onions, etc. The cereals were harvested with Thracian diet was very similar to the well the help of sickles with unsurpassed known in the medical literature productivity until the end of the Mediterranean diet since prehistoric times (Karanovo). (4,7,9) During this early period and deepest antiquity. Surgery has also been they started to grow the vine (, developed. In the ancient necropolis were Village of Chavdar, Sofia, Durankulak- found skulls of people who were operated by Blatnitsa). (5, 7, 9) means of a very fine circle. Many trepanned skulls show signs of cranial injuries or The oldest European civilization slowly neurological diseases, often in the same spread westward to the rest of the continent region of the skull where the trepanation and eastward to parts of Asia, introducing circle was made. (5, 11) agriculture, livestock breeding, crafts such as goldsmithing, metalworking and pottery, as The Karanovo Settlement Mound is located well as the oldest writing (4, 6, 7) in the northern part of the Thracian Plain. The excavations reveal cultures dating from The term Danube proto-alphabet signifies the VIIth millennium BC with small letters on clay tiles and writings in caves interruptions. There was found one of the found during archaeological discoveries from earliest stamps made of clay with some of the the lower Danube River dating from the oldest written signs of the Danube proto- Neolithic Age (around 6 000 BC). Popular alphabet dated around 6 000 BC. There are samples are the signs in the Magura cave, the later mounds in Karanovo proving the Karanovo print, which according to some continuous millennial development of this studies is an astronomical map, the tiles from interesting culture. There were found 18 Gradeshnica, the tablets from the village of surgical instruments with gold and silver Tataria (Tărtăria - Tăttria), Alba county in inlay (Picture 2), which according to present-day and many others. analyses of the leading eye specialist Assoc. According to K. Kirilov's analysis, 26 of the Prof. Dr. Koev are only slightly different contemporary Cyrillic alphabet letters have from the modern ones. Of interest is an prototypes in Magura (10). It is instrument that is identical to the Daviel acknowledged by the international scientific cataract spoon for Ophthalmic Surgery, community that the Sumerian cuneiform developed and used in Europe around 15 to script came about 2000 years later (around 17 centuries later for the first time -- on 8 4000 BC) and to date the Danube signs are April 1747 by Louis XV's personal physician the oldest in the world, known to science. (6, Jacques Daviel during his extracapsular 9, 10, 11) cataract extraction. (12)

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE The first instances of sanitary culture and The first European medicine emerged in public health in Europe were also found in the this remarkable civilization with region of Northern Bulgaria. Excavations interesting culture and first forms of carried out near Ruse and testify that writing. It was perfected from generation in settlements dated from the Neolithic Period to generation and contributed to the active (6 000-4 000 BC) were used waste pits longevity of the Thracians. serving also for waste areas. (13) All of the prehistoric and antique settlements were built close to fresh water sources - rivers and lakes Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 16, Suppl. 1, 2018 99

PAMUKOVA R., et al. to provide drinking and sanitary water. In the area near Provadia, , in the area of Durankulak Lake there is a village eastern part of the Danube plain. Historians with the oldest stone houses in Europe, determine its age between 4 700 and 4 200 measuring around 150 to 170 sq.m. (6,000 to BC - about 1,500 years before the beginning 5,000 BC). Archaeological finds reveal the of the Mycenaean civilization. (5, 6, 14) oldest city in Europe in the same geographic

Picture 2. Koev, K, Surgical instruments from the Karanovo Mound, Bulgaria

People have kept their body temperature with poetry and music therapy, he has also given leather and woven fabrics weaved on vertical rise to herbal therapy and medicine. The looms, sometimes decorated with gold, beads philosopher and rhetorician Alcidamas credits or molluscs as early as about 10,000 to 6,000 with the invention of writing (3, 6) BC. (4, 5, 7) The Thracian leader recorded his knowledge of herbalism, medicine, philosophical and The Thracian leader, , was a religious sciences, as well as his poetry on clay physician and a priest of the Thracian and gold tiles. The existence of "books" of tribe inhabiting the two banks around the Orpheus has many different sources of mouth of the Danube River. He played a evidence. On a bronze mirror from the V significant role in the ancient culture and century BC, the legendary Thracian is depicted medicine. His methods impressed the with a lyre and a basket of scrolls and books. legendary fathers of philosophy Socrates and (6) According to his books were , and the latter studied them in the famous written on the most precious metal of all – gold "Charmides" dialogue, written around 380 BC: for its divine and medicinal properties (Picture According to it "it is a mistake for physicians 3). (3, 4, 6) to treat the soul or the body separately. The diseases are treated in a complex method The Derveni papyrus, found in Derveni, consisting of the use of herbal remedies and in 1962, contains a philosophical healing of the soul. The latter consists of a treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an statement of reasonable principles from which Orphic poem in hexameters, concerning the wisdom is born in the soul. Once the soul birth of the gods. Fragments of the poem are accepts it, it would be appropriate to give a quoted making it "the most important new remedy from plants for the health of the head piece of evidence about philosophy and and the rest of the body." (15) Initial results religion to come to light since the from studies of long-lived people older than 90 Renaissance" (16) The papyrus dates to around launched in the beginning of 2017 by R. 340 BC, making it Europe's oldest surviving Pamukova outline that wisdom; realism and manuscript. Plato in his dialogue “The positivism in addition to natural lifestyle Republic” tells of priests who would offer contribute to their long and active lives. purifications to the soul using books by Orpheus and his student Musaeus. (15) Greeks of the Classical age venerated Orpheus According to Batacliev (1989) only 363 as the greatest of all poets and musicians; it fragments are left from the enormous work of was said that while Hermes had invented the Orpheus (3). The historian W. Mitford wrote lyre, Orpheus had perfected it. Some sources that the very earliest form of a higher and more credit Orpheus with further gifts to mankind: cohesive ancient religion was manifested in the medicine and writing, The Hellenes note that Orphic poems: Those poems, unquestionably Orpheus, besides the father of Thracian music, 100 Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 16, Suppl. 1, 2018

PAMUKOVA R., et al. of great antiquity are found scattered among thus received many names, according to the the writings of the philosophers and historians variety of effects of which he is the cause” [e.g. in the Hymn to Jupiter, quoted by That purer religion, then according to the Aristotle in On the World]. The main ideas of undisputable testimony of Herodotus, was the enlightened Thracian are that: “One God brought into by its first once governed the universe. He is the creator inhabitants…from Thrace. Pythagoras and and preserver of all things. God being One has Plato later took some of his ideas. (17)

Picture 3. The oldest book in the world, 600 years BC, made of 24-carat gold, 6 pages, cult to Orpheus (National History Museum, Bulgaria)

Picture 3 shows the oldest book in the world knowledge of Thracian medicine was (600 BC) made of 6 pages of 24 karat gold. It honoured and respected. (3, 14) The book is is related to the Orpheus cult. The book was one of the most significant manuals on plant discovered around 60 years ago in a tomb anatomy, tree and plant propagation as well as uncovered during digging for a canal along medicinal uses of plants written in ancient the River in southwestern Bulgaria. (6, times. Likewise, it was influential in the 18) Renaissance and it was translated and reissued, cited by a number of authors over Followers, who were devoted to "Orphic way 2,300 years; most recently in 2012 in the of life" — often practiced music therapy, World Vocabulary for Medicinal Plants in 5 and used medicinal plants (3, 6, volumes (19, 20). 17) According to Theophrastus of Eresos Orpheus shared the believe that “the Earth is "De Materia Medica" by Pedanius the prolific parent of every herb, for Earth is Dioscorides (I century), describes dozens of the Vesta of God, on whose fertile surface medicinal plants used by the Thracians. That they growg, as on the soft bosom of a mother book is the first pharmacopoeia in Europe and or a nurse.” (6) We learn from Argonautica the world - a book containing descriptions of that he used the “powers” of the following plants and the medicines that can be obtained plants were – anise (Pimpinella anisum), from them. Thus were set the foundations of lavender (Lavandula spica), (Paeonia pharmacy, pharmacology and peregrina) among dozens of other. His most pharmacognosis. (19, 21, 22) The medicinal famous student in herbal medicine was Linus. plants cited there used by the Thracians cover (3) the most important areas of medicine - gastroenterology, cardiology, pulmonology, During the millennia of antiquity, knowledge nephrology, parasitology, gynaecology, about the effect of medicinal plants has been ophthalmology, dermatology and others. (19, accumulated, enriched and passed on from 21, 22, 23, 24) In contrast to many classical one generation to another. Theophrastus of authors, the book by Dioscorides about the Eresos (III century BC), writes " Enquiry into application of medicinal plants was not Plants " (Historia Plantarum), approx. 350- "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because it 388 BC, one of the most important books on was constantly used and never left circulation botany and medicinal plants in Antiquity. It to present days. In the medieval period it was describes botanical species and their use in circulated mainly in , Greek and Arabic. medicine in ancient Thrace, alongside these in In the Renaissance from 1478 onwards, it was Ancient Egypt, a proof that in antiquity the printed in Italian, German, Spanish, French, Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 16, Suppl. 1, 2018 101

PAMUKOVA R., et al. English, etc. and it has been actively used by 22) The most recent translations are in pharmaceutical and medical professionals German - from 2005, English - 2000 and even nowadays in the 21st century (19, 21, Italian - 2013 (19).

Picture 4. St. John's Wort (Hypericum Perforatum), a medicinal plant used by many long-lived people

Following its long way through the centuries antiviral effect, such as garlic (Allium and the millennia, the profound knowledge of sativum), anise (Pimpinella anisum), dill ancient Thracians about the effect of certain (Anethum graveolens), mint (Mintha spicata), medicinal plants has spread and entered into etc., supporting digestive and metabolic the medicine of Europe and the rest of the processes. (19, 21, 22, 23, 24) world. (19) Some of them are used nowadays in medicines and food supplements. For Numerous longevists, as well as doctors, example, St. John's Wort (Hypericum including ancient Thracians and Hypocrates, Perforatum) is applied today in medicine and used the plant St John’s wort (Hypericum is popular among many long-lived people. Perforatum) for treatment of back and joints pain. The plant also has a capillary CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH strengthening and vasotonic effect, which is The honey and the spices added as flavorings associated with the combined presence of to the food and wine, associated with god vitamin P (rutin) and vitamin C in its Dionysus, contributed to the active longevity composition. Hypericin tones the nervous of the Thracians. system in depressive states, sadness, insomnia, etc. (Weiss, 1974). The stimulation Epidemiological studies of different of new epithelial cells formation, the anti- populations worldwide prove the protective inflammatory and spasmolytic effect of St. effect of red wine in cardiovascular diseases. John's wort are mainly due to flavonoid Small amounts (20-30 ml of concentrated glycosides. (22, 24) Hops (Humulus lupulus), alcohol per day) or a glass of wine reduce the used by our ancestors since around 6,000 BC risk of ischemic heart disease. However, (excavated in Durankulak), also finds higher levels of alcohol increase health risks. application in geriatrics - it relaxes the (25, 26) nervous system, relieves insomnia, improves digestion, etc. The estrogenic effect of The traditional Mediterranean diet, rich in Humulus lupulus is being studied along that fruits, vegetables, moderate use of fish and of other species. (5, 22, 23, 24) meat, the limitation of sugar in food and beverages replaced by honey is similar to the Currently, the in-depth studies of medicinal Thracian diet, as evidenced by a number of plants, which are around 300,000 species, excavations. It contributes to low continue. (19) Of the 252 medicinal products cardiovascular mortality, decreased rated by WHO as valuable, 11% are only prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and low obtained from plants and contribute to the incidence of chronic diseases such as increased average life expectancy of people Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, nowadays. (19, 29, 30) rheumatoid arthritis, etc. In the medical literature it is associated with a long life. (25, CONCLUSIONS 27, 28) Scientific sources state that Thracians were the longest-lived people in the ancient times. Most spices used from Thracians to present According to archaeological discoveries, days are medicinal plants rich in valuable medicine in Bulgaria and the Balkan ingredients that have antibacterial and Peninsula has the longest standing tradition in

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PAMUKOVA R., et al. Europe of around 10,000 years. Hence, that http://alexandradelova.blogspot.bg/2015/0 rich empirical expertise gives exclusive value 3 to the Bulgarian traditional medicine, which 5. Ismail A., T. Dimov, Archeological uses complex methods covering mainly Complex at Durankulak Lake - Nature, dietology, wine therapy, music therapy, Ecology, Discoveries. Regional psychotherapy and phytotherapy. Their History Museum undeniable effect has been proven after many http://www.dobrichmuseum.bg/index.php/ independent studies. Thanks to ancient bg/research/-research/30- sources some of the Thracian millennial arheologicheskiyat-kompleks- knowledge of the effects of certain medicinal durankulashko-ezero-priroda-ekologiya-i- plants has spread and entered the medicine of otkritiya Europe and the rest of the world. Some of 6. Sachev, E., The Bulgarians are at the Core them are studied and applied in our age. of Human Civilization. Second Supplementary and Extended Edition, Initial results from a research carried out by Publishing House “The New Civilization”, R. Pamukova among contemporary long-lived Sofia, 2017 people aged over 90 suggest that wisdom, 7. Todorova, Н, I. Vajsov. Der realism, hard physical work and positivism kupferzeitliche Schmuck Bulgariens. PBF contribute to their long life. The majority of XX, 6, Stuttgarrt, 2001. longevists surveyed use natural products such 8. Herodotus, History. New Bulgarian as garlic (Allium sativum), honey, drink University, Sofia, 2010 alcohol in moderate quantities, and many of 9. Architecture and Archeology - Settlement them collect medicinal plants that can be and Burial Mounds, Karanovo Settlement freely found in nature, which is important due Mound to the unfavorable economic situation of many http://www.bgjourney.com/Architecture/m elderly people. Many of them use St. John's ogili/ html. wort (Hypericum perforatum), thyme 10. Kirilov, K. 26 of Our Letters have (Thymus vulgaris), hawthorn (Crategus Prototypes in Magura. Bulgarian National monogyna) and other plants, traditionally Radio, 20.04.16 applied by the Thracians. http://bnr.bg/vidin/post/100683396 11. Χουρμουζιάδης Γ. Το Δισπηλιό It would be advantageous to issue an Καστοριάς: ένας λιμναίος προϊστορικός evidence-based medical guide for elderly οικισμός, Κώδικας, 1996. people and their relatives with practical advice 12. Koev, K., Surgical Instruments of the on healthy lifestyle, nutrition, psychotherapy Thracians from the 1st Century, Among and application of essential medicinal plants. Which for Eye Surgery, Similar to the In our days public health systems face many Modern Instruments. Bulgarian Medical challenges. The above natural, safe and cost Journal, 5, 2011, No 2 effective methods with proven millennial 13. Apostolov, M. History of Medicine. history of use by our ancestors would be Medicine and Physical Education, Sofia, beneficial in complex healthcare programs for 1977. active longevity. 14. BBC, Europe's 'oldest prehistoric town' REFERENCES unearthed in Bulgaria. BBC News, 1. Eurostat. Mortality and Life Expectancy 31.10.2012 Statistics, published in 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe- http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplai 20156681 ned/index.php/Mortality_and_life_expecta 15. Plato. Dialogues, Volume 1, Charmides, p. ncy 250-253, Volume 3, The Republic p. 364 2. Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, c–d. S., Science and Art, 1979 Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et 16. Kouremenos, T., GM Parássoglou, K. al. Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Tsantsanoglou, The Derveni Papyrus. Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Edited with Introduction and Commentary. Ancestry. PLOS ONE, 06.03 2013 Studi e testi per il "Corpus dei papiri http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id= filosofici greci e latini", vol. 13. Florence: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056779 Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki, 2006, Pp. 3. Kunovski, G., The Healing Tradition of xvi, 310 Bulgarians in the Past and Today, Volume 17. William Mitford, Baron John Mitford 1. ASI Print, Sofia, 2006, p. 89-108 Redesdale, John Freeman-Mitford 4. Delova, A., The Tharcians’ Gold Redesdale (1st baron) Printed for T. Treasures, Cadell, 1838, Vol. 1 p. 89-96

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