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Yangon University of Economics Master of Development Studies Programme YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM IN KYAIKTHALE VILLAGE KHIN THANDAR HTAY MDevS -3 (13th BATCH) SEPTEMBER, 2018 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM IN KYAIKTHALE VILLAGE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Development Studies (MDevS) Supervised by: Submitted by: Daw Mayli Wong Khin Thandar Htay Lecturer Roll No. 3 Department of Economics MDevS (13th Batch) Yangon University of Economics September, 2018 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME This is to certify that this thesis entitled “A Study on the Effects of Community-Based Tourism in Kyaikthale Village”, submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Development Studies has been accepted by the Board of Examiners. Board of Examiners Professor Dr. Tin Win Rector Yangon University of Economics (Chief Examiner) Professor Dr. Ni Lar Myint Htoo Pro-Rector (Acting) Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) Professor Dr. Cho Cho Thein Professor and Head Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) Professor Daw Aye Aye Myint Professor and Head (Retired) Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) Dr. Naw Htee Mue Loe Htoo Associate Professor Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) September, 2018 ABSTRACT Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is gaining prestige in developing countries as an alternative to mass tourism. The main theme of CBT is to ensure environmental, social and cultural sustainability while empowering the local community. This study examines the positive and negative effects of community-based tourism on local people at Kyaikthale CBT Village, Twante Township. Qualitative research method was used to conduct the interviews with key informants. Included in the sample were tourism coordinators, community authoritative persons, development workers as well as people who had little or no involvement with tourism in Kyaikthale Village. The study’s findings illustrate how a local community in the developing world is affected by tourism in a relatively short period of time. Results identified in this study provide a good case for decision making and implications that communities in the developing world will encounter in trying to acquire effective management of tourism development in their communities. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Dr. Khin Naing Oo (former rector) and Rector, Professor Dr. Tin Win, Dr. Tun Aung (former pro-rector) and Pro-Rector, Dr. Ni Lar Myint Htoo in giving me a chance to pursue this Programme. I also extend my gratitude to Dr. Thida Kyu (former head of Department of Economics) and Programme Director and Head of Department of Economics, Professor Dr. Cho Cho Thein for their efforts in managing the invaluable Programme and active guidance. Moreover, I would like to thank my supervisor, Lecturer Mayli Wong for her guidance and all my grateful teachers from the MDevS Programme. I am especially grateful to the staff of the Yangon University of Economics library for their encouragement and assistance. Then, I would like to thank the scholars who had been similar field of study and the interviewees who are kind, patient and open- minded while I was conducting the interviews. Moreover, I am grateful to all my classmates for creating such a supportive environment to learn from each other during the two years Programme. After that, to anyone whose name that I did not mention but who has contributed to my thesis in one way or another, thank you very much for your generosity and kindness. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank my beloved family: my mother, father and sisters for their understanding, cooperative and supportive words and acts to do further studies and I hope that this achievement will make you proud. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale of the Study 1 1.2 Objective of the Study 3 1.3 Method of Study 4 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 4 1.5 Organization of the Study 4 Chapter II Literature Review 5 2.1 Concept and Types of Tourism 5 2.2 Sustainable Tourism 7 2.3 Community-Based Tourism 10 2.4 Types of Residents 15 2.5 Contributions of Tourism 17 Chapter III Overview of Myanmar Tourism Sector 23 3.1 Tourism in Myanmar 23 3.2 Tourism Policy Framework in Myanmar 24 3.3 Myanmar Visitor Profile 25 3.4 Tourist Destinations in Myanmar 27 3.5 Community-Based Tourism Initiatives in Myanmar 30 iii Chapter IV Community-Based Tourism in Kyaikthale Village, Twante 35 4.1 Profile of Twante Township 35 4.2 Brief Introduction to CBT in Kyaikthale Village 37 4.3 Survey Profile 40 4.4 Perceived Effects 41 Chapter V Conclusion 48 5.1 Findings 48 5.2 Suggestions 49 REFERENCES 50 APPENDIX 53 iv LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page 2.1 Enabling conditions of community influencing the success of CBT 14 2.2 Types of Residents 17 2.3 Positive Contributions of Tourism 19 3.1 International Tourist Arrivals and Entry Points in Myanmar (2011-2017) 26 3.2 Average Expenditure and Average Length of Stay in Myanmar (2011-2017) 27 4.1 Description of employment at the CBT 39 4.2 Characteristics of the Participants 41 4.3 Perceived Economic Effects 43 4.4 Perceived Environmental Effects 45 4.5 Perceived Sociocultural Effects 47 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page 2.1 Aspects of Sustainability 8 2.2 Sustainable tourism stakeholders 11 3.1 International Tourist Arrivals in Myanmar (2011-2017) 26 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APEC = Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation B & B = Bed and Breakfast CBT = Community-Based Tourism CIT = Community-Involved Tourism CSO = Central Statistical Organization CSO = Civil Society Organization FESR = Framework for Economic and Social Reforms GAD = General Administration Department GDP = Gross Domestic Product MOHT = Ministry of Hotels and Tourism NBT = Natured-Based Tourism NGO = Non-Governmental Organization NLD = National League for Democracy SDG = Sustainable Development Goals UN = United Nations UNEP = United Nation Environment Programme UNWTO = United Nations World Tourism Organization vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study In 2011, the political system of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar has gradually transformed into democratic leadership system after five decades under military rule and initiated political, social and economic reforms. Tourism development has been considered one of Myanmar’s priority sectors to achieve the economic growth. It has been prioritized in the Government’s Framework for Economic and Social Reforms (FESR) as potentially one of Myanmar most important sectors, with great potential to contribute to business opportunities and balancing social and economic development if managed and developed properly. Consequently, the National League for Democracy government opened up a long list of permitted areas for tourists to allow without having prior special permission. The increase of tourism in Myanmar has created opportunities for employment generation and is a driver of economic growth. In 2016, tourism supported an estimated 1,662,000 jobs, which constitutes 5.7% of total employment. In addition, tourism generated 6.6% of GDP (USD 2 billion) in 2016, up from only 3.6% (USD 220 million) in 2011 (The Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism , 2017). This boom in tourism has inspired local communities – especially rural, poor and marginalized people–to take up gainful employment and exploits income-generating opportunities in tourism value chains by providing goods and services to visitors. The tourism industry has a huge multiplier and positive spill-over effect on other economic sectors, which contributes to the economic growth of the nation (Macola & Unger, 2018). When globalization had brought the social changes across the worldwide, no country can live isolated successfully from the international community. It is also the same in the local community too (Suansri, 2003). But, it will not be easy for local communities to deal with the outside international community if they do not possess sufficient level of social, cultural and environment resources. 1 The idea of global warming is getting popular as a serious threat for the world and it became apparent that the public generated more interest in the environmental conservation, consequences of deforestation, exploitation of natural resources and its impacts on the people and climate. Rising awareness of the people on the environmental impacts created the significant awareness on protecting the environment. The potential benefits that tourism can offer are quite persuasive to use as a tool to alleviate poverty (Scheyvens, 2002). At the age of raising awareness on global warming, tourism has become an alternative method for livelihood for people dwelling in peripheral, rural, poor and developing countries of the world (Holden, 2013). Moreover, it can offer the rural people to pursue the alternative sources of income by receiving the visitors and developing the tourism rather than migration to urban areas and labelled as urban slum. Moreover, UN and other development organizations had raised the awareness to the alleviation of rural poverty in many countries. The development of urban community only may bring internal migrants, urban congestion, terrible traffic jam and air pollution. In that way, development strategies became targeted on the inclusiveness of the rural community. In that case, tourism sector has the great opportunity to create people of different cultural background together, employment stimulation and GDP growth. At the end of 20th century, scholars had begun aware of the destructions of massive tourism and it caused the introduction to the concept of sustainable tourism and community-based tourism.
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