Römische Hinterlassenschaften Im Gemeindegebiet Kladovo in Serbien“

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Römische Hinterlassenschaften Im Gemeindegebiet Kladovo in Serbien“ MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit „Römische Hinterlassenschaften im Gemeindegebiet Kladovo in Serbien“ verfasst von Marina Brzakovic, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 885 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Masterstudium Klassische Archäologie Betreut von: ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Verena Gassner 2 „Magnum est stare in danubii ripa“ (Plin. paneg. 16, 2) 3 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorwort ……………………………………………………………………………. 7 2. Die Gemeinde Kladovo und das „Eiserne Tor“ …………………………………… 9 3. Forschungsgeschichte ……………………………………………………………... 13 4. Geschichte der Gegend während der römischen Kaiserzeit und Spätantike ……… 18 5. Fundstätten ………………………………………………………………………... 26 5.1 Die Straße entlang der Donauschlucht …………………………………... 26 5.2 Kastell bei Hajdu čka Vodenica ………………………………………...... 36 5.3 Tabula Traiana …………………………………………………………… 42 5.4 Römische Überreste in der Umgebung von Tekija ……………………… 45 5.5 Kastell Transdierna bei Tekija …………………………………………... 47 5.6 Kastelle beim Trajanskanal …………………………………………….... 63 5.7 Trajanskanal ……………………………………………………………... 66 5.8 Kastell Diana bei Karataš ……………………………………………….. 71 5.9 Kastell bei Kladovo ……………………………………………………… 85 5.10 Kastell Pontes bei Kostol ……………………………………………….. 90 5.11 Trajansbrücke ………………………………………………………….. 103 5.12 Römische Überreste zwischen Mala Vrbica und Velika Vrbica ………. 110 5.13 Kastell bei Rtkovo …………………………………………………….... 113 5.14 Kastell bei Korbovo ……………………………………………………. 116 5.15 Kastell bei Vajuga ……………………………………………………… 119 5.16 Kastell bei Milutinovac ………………………………………………… 121 5.17 Siedlung bei Velesnica …………………………………………………. 124 5.18 Kastell bei Ljubi čevac ………………………………………………….. 125 5.19 Kastell und Zivilsiedlung Egeta bei Brza Palanka ……………………... 127 5.20 Kastell bei der Mündung der Slatinska reka …………………………… 139 6. Nachwort ………………………………………………………………………….. 141 7. Abbildungsverzeichnis ……………………………………………………………. 147 8. Literaturverzeichnis ………………………………………………………………. 151 9. Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………. 165 10. Lebenslauf ……………………………………………………………………….. 167 5 6 1. Vorwort Als jemand, der aus diesem Gebiet stammt, war es mir ein großes Anliegen, die Geschichte und die kulturellen Hinterlassenschaften aus römischer Zeit, die sich in der Gemeinde Kladovo befinden, der Allgemeinheit näher zu bringen, da ich feststellen musste, dass nur sehr wenig Wissen über diesen Abschnitt des römischen Limes über die Grenzen von Serbien in die restliche Welt vorgedrungen ist. Während der Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Thema wurde mir bewusst, dass der Forschungsstand dieses Limesabschnittes weit unter dem Stand des restlichen liegt, und das, obwohl er einer der beeindruckendsten und wichtigeren Limesabschnitte darstellt (insbesondere bei der Eroberung und Verteidigung der Provinz Dakien). Der Hauptgedanke dieser Masterarbeit war und ist daher, sämtliche römische Fundstätten, die sich im Gebiet der Gemeinde Kladovo in Serbien befinden, in einer einzigen Arbeit und auf deutscher Sprache zusammengefasst vorzustellen, um einerseits einen Überblick über die vorhandenen römischen Bauten und Verteidigungsanlagen zu geben und andererseits einen Überblick zu der Geschichte und Entwicklung des Limes in diesem Gebiet zu geben. Das zu behandelnde Gebiet befindet sich am Rand der einstigen Dacia Ripensis (Abb. 1), entlang derer sich am rechten Ufer der Donau insgesamt 14 Befestigungen 1 unterschiedlicher Größe und Funktion einst gereiht haben. Während des letzten Jahrhunderts wurden diese teilweise bis gänzlich archäologisch untersucht und dokumentiert, wobei neben den Fundamenten der Befestigungsanlagen auch Wohnarchitektur und Nekropolen ergraben werden konnten. Die bisher erschienen Publikationen über die erforschten Befestigungsanlagen erfolgten lediglich in serbischer Sprache und Schrift, zwei Faktoren, mit denen die meisten Menschen nicht vertraut sind und die somit ein Problem bei der Verbreitung der bisherigen Resultate darstellten. Daneben sind die Publikationen zu den einzelnen Ausgrabungen, von denen etliche nur in Form von Vorberichten erschienen sind, meistens unvollständig und auf mehrere Zeitschriften verteilt und weisen oft widersprüchliche Angaben auf. Sowohl die Funde, als auch die Dokumentationen zu den Feldforschungen sind oftmals ein Durcheinander und schwer zugänglich, was eine Aufarbeitung zusätzlich erschwert. Zudem wurden viele der Befestigungsanlagen nur teilweise untersucht, was das Erhalten eines vollständigen Bildes im Vorhinein unmöglich macht. Trotz dieser Schwierigkeiten möchte ich mit dieser Arbeit versuchen, die Gebäudestrukturen, Befestigungsanlagen und die Infrastruktur aus römischer Zeit so gut es geht in dieser Arbeit 1 Die 14 römischen Befestigungsanlagen werden in den folgenden Kapiteln vorgestellt werden. 7 zu vereinen und sie soweit möglich ausführlich zu behandeln, um ein guten Überblick über den Donaulimes dieser Gegend zu geben. Es soll hier aber erwähnt werden, dass die vorliegende Arbeit trotz des zusammengetragenen Materials noch immer Lücken aufweist, da gewisse Angaben, wie beispielsweise Maßangaben, Bauweisen, detaillierte Pläne, etc. in den bisher veröffentlichten Resultaten fehlen und daher nicht miteinbezogen werden konnten. Ein besonderer Dank gilt vor allem Frau Jelena Kondi ć, der Museumsdirektorin des Archäologischen Museums in Kladovo und Grabungsleiterin vom Kastell Diana bei Karataš, ohne die diese Arbeit nicht zustande gekommen wäre und ohne deren freundlicher Hilfe und zur Verfügung Stellung von Informationen und Material ich nicht sehr weit gekommen wäre. Weiters gilt mein Dank Frau ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Verena Gassner für die Betreuung und Begutachtung meines Themas. Der größte Dank gilt allerdings meinen Eltern, vor allem meiner Mutter, die mich unermüdlich unterstützt und mir die Kraft und Motivation gegeben haben diese Arbeit fertig zu stellen. Abb. 1: Die Provinzen ab der Spätantike 8 2. Die Gemeinde Kladovo und das „Eiserne Tor“ Die Gemeinde Kladovo (siehe Abb. 2) befindet sich im Osten von Serbien, an der Grenze zu Rumänien, und erstreckt sich auf einer Fläche von 629 km². Von Nordwesten bis Süden wird das Gebiet von der Donau begrenzt, die zugleich auch eine natürliche Grenze zwischen Serbien und Rumänien bildet. Im Westen schließen zwei weitere Gemeinden, die Gemeinde Majdanpek und die Gemeinde Negotin, an die Region an. Von den insgesamt 23 Ortschaften – von denen die gleichnamige Stadt Kladovo den Verwaltungssitz innehat – liegen 18 am Ufer der Donau. 2 Das Ufer entlang der Donau, vor allem Abb. 2: Die Gemeinde Kladovo nach dem Ausgang der Donauschlucht, bot den Menschen seit jeher die günstigsten Bedingungen zum Leben und Siedeln, da der restliche Teil der Landschaft von hohen, steilen Gebirgen und der Donauschlucht geprägt wird und daher schwer erreichbar und bebaubar ist. Die Region bei Kladovo und innerhalb der Donauschlucht ist mit Abstand eines der bedeutendsten und schönsten Gebiete in Serbien. Schon alleine wegen der vielen archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften ist das Gebiet von enormer Wichtigkeit für das Land selbst und dessen Geschichte, aber auch für die Geschichte im Allgemeinen. Die ersten Nachweise von Menschen reichen zurück bis in die Steinzeit. Bereits vor den Ausgrabungen waren prähistorische Kulturen, wie die Star čevo-Kultur3 und die Vin ča-Kultur 4, bekannt. Das prominenteste Beispiel für eine prähistorische Kultur aus dem Djerdap-Raum ist jedoch die Siedlung von Lepenski Vir 5, nach dem auch die dort ansässige Kultur benannt wurde. Sie 2 <http://www.kladovo.org.rs/> (19.01.2014) 3 Die wichtigste Literatur zu der Star čevo-Kultur siehe: Ehrich u. a. 1933, 33-54; Fewkes 1936, 5-81; Garašanin 1954; Garašanin 1973; McPherron – Srejovi ć 1988; Schubert 1999. 4 Die wichtigste Literatur zu der Vin ča-Kultur siehe: Antonovi ć 1992; Garašanin 1951; Jovanovi ć – Srejovi ć 1959, 181-190; Srejovi ć 1984, 42-57; Srejovi ć u. a. 1990; Srejovi ć 2001; Vasi ć 1932-1936. 5 Die wichtigste Literatur zu Lepenski Vir siehe: Antonovi ć 2006; Babovi ć – Srejovi ć 1983; Babovi ć 2006; Radovanovi ć 2000, 330-349; Srejovi ć 1969. 9 stellt den ältesten Nachweis von Menschen in der Region dar und ist zugleich auch eine der ersten langfristig bewohnten Siedlungen Europas. Ihre einzigartigen Steinskulpturen zählen seit ihrer Entdeckung zu den wichtigsten steinzeitlichen Kunstwerken auf der Welt. Neben Lepenski Vir konnten während der Ausgrabungstätigkeiten in den 1960er Jahren entlang des gesamten Flusslaufes prähistorische Siedlungsspuren6 ausgemacht werden, allerdings nicht in dem Umfang, wie man sie bei Lepenski Vir angetroffen hat. Oftmals lieferten nur Anhäufungen von Keramikfragmenten Anhaltspunkte für eine einstige Besiedlung der Stellen. Ähnlich dazu verhält es sich mit den Bauwerken aus römischer Zeit. Im Zuge des Baus des Wasserkraftwerks wurden diese größtenteils erforscht, sodass die Grabungen eine dichte Kette von Kastellen liefern konnten, die entlang der Donau verliefen. 7 Neben den archäologischen Überresten gehört die Donauschlucht 8 mit dem Nationalpark „Djerdap“ zu den bedeutendsten Schätzen Serbiens. Sie zählt zu den schönsten und beeindruckendsten Schluchtlandschaften in Europa und ist zudem mit einer Länge von knapp 100 km die größte Flussschlucht Europas. Die Donau durchbricht hier die südlichen Karpaten und schafft somit eine natürliche Grenze zwischen Serbien und Rumänien, wo sich an etlichen Stellen die Felswände bis zu 500 m Höhe erheben. Zu beiden Seiten des Flusses wurden Naturschutzgebiete eingerichtet – auf der rumänischen Seite der Nationalpark
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