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Evaluating Inverted Siphons As a Means of Mitigating Salinity Intrusion in the Keith Lake/Salt Bayou System, Jefferson County, Texas

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Evaluating Inverted Siphons As a Means of Mitigating Salinity Intrusion in the Keith Lake/Salt Bayou System, Jefferson County, Texas Evaluating Inverted Siphons as a Means of Mitigating Salinity Intrusion in the Keith Lake/Salt Bayou System, Jefferson County, Texas A report Submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gulf of Mexico Program Grant No. MX-96401704 Submitted March 2009 Dharhas Pothina and Carla G. Guthrie, Ph.D. Texas Water Development Board Surface Water Resources Division 1700 North Congress Avenue Austin, Texas 78711-3231 Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................iii Project Advisors............................................................................................................................. vi Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... vii 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Recent Threats and Mitigation Efforts............................................................................ 4 1.3. Project Goals................................................................................................................. 13 2. DATA COLLECTION.......................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Data Management ......................................................................................................... 21 3. HYDRODYNAMIC AND SALINITY TRANSPORT MODEL......................................... 22 3.1. Background ................................................................................................................... 22 3.2. Choice of Model ........................................................................................................... 22 3.3. Model Domain .............................................................................................................. 24 3.4. Model Boundary Conditions......................................................................................... 26 3.5. Model Calibration ......................................................................................................... 31 4. DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS...................................................... 45 4.1. Feasibility...................................................................................................................... 45 4.2. Siphon Locations .......................................................................................................... 46 4.3. Choice of Scenario Year ............................................................................................... 49 4.4. Siphon Flow Estimates ................................................................................................. 50 4.5. Scenarios Evaluated...................................................................................................... 53 5. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 56 5.1. Comparison of Recent and Historical Conditions ........................................................ 56 5.2. 2003 Base Model Run................................................................................................... 62 5.3. Scenario Results............................................................................................................ 67 6. Discussion............................................................................................................................. 79 6.1. Hydrology and Salinity ................................................................................................. 79 6.2. Model Calibration and Caveats..................................................................................... 80 6.3. Effectiveness of Siphons as a Mitigation Strategy........................................................ 81 6.4. Future Research and Feasibility Studies ....................................................................... 82 7. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................... 86 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ 87 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................. 88 APPENDIX A: Bathymetry ......................................................................................................... A1 APPENDIX B: Calibrated Model Parameters ..............................................................................B1 APPENDIX C: Description of Accompanying DVD ...................................................................C1 i List of Tables Table 1.1 Timeline of hurricanes and tropical storm events affecting the hydrological and ecological conditions of the Keith Lake/Salt Bayou system. All events were recorded from the National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center...................................................................................5 Table 1.2 Timeline of events affecting the hydrological and ecological conditions of the Keith Lake/Salt Bayou system. Information is taken from the Joint Water Management Concept Plan (1990) unless otherwise noted................................................................................................................8 Table 2.1 Monitoring Stations in or adjacent to the Keith Lake/Salt Bayou system. J.D. Murphree WMA stations are semi-monthly point measurements. All other sites collected continuous data. Water quality parameters include temperature, conductivity, salinity and in some cases pH and dissolved oxygen. .................................................................................................................................17 Table 2.2 Additional sources of data .........................................................................................................21 Table 3.1 Description of two model grids developed for the Salt Bayou system......................................24 Table 3.2 USGS streamflow gauges used for determining coastal hydrology..........................................28 and daily surface water inflows to the study area.......................................................................................28 Table 4.1 Ten most typical years, for the period 1977-2007, as based on a ranking of the normalized deviation of precipitation or freshwater inflow from the mean annual distribution over the period of record. ..............................................................................................................................................50 Table 4.2 Summary description of 12 siphon flow scenarios evaluated for salinity mitigation at three locations, Salt Lake Control Structure (SL), Willow Lake (WL), and Salt Bayou Outfall (SBO)......54 Table 4.3 Description of six locations selected for evaluating salinity mitigation based on model results from 12 siphon flow scenarios..................................................................................................54 Table 5.1 Salinity mitigation results at six representative locations following a one-year simulation for each siphon under a constant 1.42m3/s flow. Mean and maximum reduction in salinity (ppt) are compared to the no-siphon base run. Results also are shown in Figures 5.10 and 5.11. ..............69 Table 5.2 Salinity mitigation results at six representative locations following a two-month simulation for three siphon flow-rate scenarios conducted at the Star Lake siphon. Mean and maximum reduction in salinity at six locations, as compared to the no-siphon base run for 2003 are reported. Results also are shown in Figure 5.12. ..........................................................................75 Table 5.3 Salinity mitigation results following a two-month simulation for three siphon flow-rate scenarios conducted at the Willow Lake siphon. Mean and maximum reduction in salinity at six locations, as compared to the no-siphon base run for 2003 are reported. Results also are shown in Figure 5.13. ......................................................................................................................................76 Table 5.4 Salinity mitigation results following a two-month simulation for three siphon flow-rate scenarios conducted at the Salt Bayou Outfall siphon. Mean and maximum reduction in salinity at six locations, as compared to the no-siphon base run for 2003 are reported. Results also are shown in Figure 5.14............................................................................................................................76 Table A.1 Description of Processed Survey Data....................................................................................
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