July 1965 John S. Smith 453

THEHURRICANE-

JOHN S. SMITH

Weather Bureau Forecast Center, Chicago, 111. ABSTRACT

Climatological data in recent years have become sufficient for the further study of tornadoes which occur in hurricane systems. Severalcharacteristics of the hurricanetornado are determined from data for an 8-yr. period by plotting thecenter positions of each hurricane and its associated tornadoes. The data show: (1) a comparison betweenhurricane and non-hurricane tornadoes; (2) a “Significant Sector” fortornado-genesis; (3) a “Preferred Quadrant” of the hurricane for tornado-genesis; (4) the mostfavorable time of dayfor tornado occurrence; (5) tornado frequencies with,respect to various speeds and distances of the hurricane on and off shore; (6) a tenative hurricane model.

1. INTRODUCTION the “Preferred Quadrant.” Other significant patterns are established from therelationship of thetornado to the Although considerable research has been done on the hurricane. forecasting problemspresented byboth tornadoes and hurricanes, relatively little investigation has been made 2. GENERALCLIMATOLOGY intothe forecasting problems of tornadoesassociated with hurricanes. In this study of the hurricane-tornado Of 15 hurricanes that entered the from problem,a climatological analysishas been made by the andthrough the Atlantic Coastal plottingthe center position of eachhurricane and its States, 11 produced tornadoes. Atotal of 98 tornadoes associated tornadoes. was produced during the period from hurricane Connie in August 1955, to hurricaneCarla in September 1961. Of Recognition of hurricane tornadoes prior to 1955 was the hurricanes producing tornadoes, the average number apparently limited-unless therehas beensuddena of tornadoes per hurricane is 9, although hurricanes Audrey rash of hurricane-tornadoesin recent years, for since and Carla spawned more than 20 tornadoes each. 1955, the number of tornadoes reported with hurricanes Hurricane paths from the timeof occurrence of the first hasmore than tripled. It is likely thatthe reporting known to the last known tornado produced by the hur- system has improved rather than that there has been an ricane are plotted in figure l. The geographical location actual increase inthe number of hurricane-tornadoes. of thesetornadoes is shown in figure 2. These figures Data previous to 1955 weretherefore considered in- show that hurricanes moved inland wjth greater frequency sufficiently complete tobe included inthe study. through the Gdf Coast States than through the Atlantic The data sources used were the US. Weather Bureau Coast States and that tornadoes occurred in greater num- records [5, 6, 71. The criteria for inclusion in this study ber in the Gulf Coast States than in the Atlantic Coast were: (1) thetornado occurredwithin the cyclonic States. Of thetornadoes produced by these hurricanes, circulation of the hurricane; (2) some type of verification waspossible. the greater number was produced by the Gulf Coast hur- ricanes (see Appendix). In early studies, only brief statements were made with By States, ranks first with 20 hurricane-tor- thelimited data sample that wasavailable. In one of nadoes. Texasand are second with 14 each. the earliest studies, Mitchell [l] stated that the right-rear The northern andwestern limitsof the hurricane-tornadoes quarter of thehurricane produced themost tornadoes. areVermont and . The southern and eastern As the data sample increased, Dunn [2] concluded that limits are unknown, but they havebeen reported in Cuba sufficientinformation was notavailable to designate and [2]. which quadrant of thehurricane produced themost Table 1 shows that tornadoes occurred in all the months tornadoes. Malkin and Galway [3] stated that tornadoes of the hurricaneseason in 1955-1961, and that theseasonal had been observed only in the forward semicircle of the hurricane. As the data sample increased (tripled),more definite patterns developed and the previous remarks can now be TABLE1.-Monthly distribution of hurricanes and tornadoes during adjusted. It will be shown that an area of greatest con- the hurricane season, 1955-1961 centration of tornadoes within a hurricane can be deline- June July August September October ated.This area will be called the “Significant Sector.” It will also be shown that one quadrant of the hurricane Hurricanes.-. -... . - - - 1 2 2 5 1 Tornadoes____ ~ __._...... 23 16 8 50 1 has more tornadoes than the others and thiswill be called

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC 454 REVIEWWEATHER MONTHLY Vol. 93, No. 7 3. TORNADOCOMPARISONS In comparing hurricane and non-hurricane tornadoes, it is notedthat thenon-hurricane tornado is approximately twice as large in path length and width. Because of the conditions within a hurricane,less than half of the tornado reports included details on path length, width,direction of movement or relatedstatistics; however, thestatistics that were availableare worth noting and comparing althoughthey may changewith improved andmore numerous data. Based on 35 reports, the hurricane- tornado traveled on the ground an average distance of 7.6 mi. and had an average widthof 97 yd. The non-hurricane tornado had anaverage path lengthof 16 mi. on the ground [SI and an average width of 250 yd. [9]. The largest reported dimensions of a hurricane-tornado were alength of 35 mi.and awidth of 800 yd. These figures are an order of magnitude smaller than the largest for the non-hurricanetornado [SI. Themly apparent similarity in thestatistics of the two types of tornadoes is theirdirection of travel. The predominant direction of travel for both types was to the FIGURE1.-Approximate paths of hurricanes during the occurrence northeast (8-point scale). The second mostfrequent, of associated tornadoes, 1955-1962. Date-time groups are to the direction of movement was tothe northwest forthe nearest 6-hr. synoptic map time. hurricane-tornado as compared to an eastward direction for the non-hurricanetornado. Hailstorms reported within the vicinity of the hurricane tornadoes were rare (7 cases), but it is interesting to note that all 7 cases occurredin the right quadrants of the hurricane. Some of the hurricane centers were over land and some over sea during the occurrence of hail. The size of the hailstones ranged from gin. in diameter to thesize of golfballs. Duration of the hailstormsvaried from a few minutes to half an hour (see Appendix).

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HURRICANE TORNADO Spatial distribution of tornadoes associated with hur- ricanes is shown in figure 3. Distance from tornadooccur- rence tothe hurricane center was measuredfrom the location of the tornado to the hurricane’s center position at the synoptic time nearest to the time of the tornado. Quadrants were determined by the direction of the hur- ricane’smotion duringthe time of tornado occurrence. The hurricanecenter positions at synopticobservation times were considered to be more accurate and consistent than center positions given by hourly sources. The most significant information revealed by figure 3 ist,he high concentration of tornadoes (55 tornadoes- 56 percent of the cases) in the area between the radii at FIGURE2.-Known hurricane tornadoes from1955 to 1962. 30’ and 120’ from the path of the hurricane’s movement Dashed line is path of the tornado-producing hurricane model. and 100 mi. to 250 mi.from the hurricane center. This area will be referred to as the “Significant Sector” of the hurrica.ne. The SignificantSector contained the largest maximumoccurred during themonth of September. number of tornadoeswhether the hurricanecenter was Five hurricanes spawned 50 tornadoes during this month. over land or sea. Of the tornadoeswithin this area, 61 The seasonal minimum occurred in the month of October percent occurred when the hurricane centerwas over land. with one hurricane producing only one tornado. By quadrants, the maximum number (46 tornadoes-

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC July 1965 John S. Smith 45 5

PATH OF HURRICANE MOVEMENT PATHOF HURRICANEMOVEMENT

LEFT FRONT RIGHT FRONT LEFT FRONTOUADRANTLEFT RIGHTOUADRANT FRONT QUADRANT QUADRANT

M ,”

LEFTQUADRANT REAR RIGHTQUADRANT REAR FIGURE4.-Each quadrant’s tornadoes are plotted into four 6-hr. EYE Positions ” O time periods (alternateshaded areas). Distances of tornadoes I Over Land e are estimated in the unknown-time sectors. Time is OMT. 93 Tornodoes plotted. 5occurred beyond ihe 400-mile rodius

FIGURE3.-Tornadoes associated with hurricanes (1955-1962) with reference to center and direction of movement of the hurricanes. rant’s tornadoes were plotted into four 6-hr. time sectors Hurricane center positions at sea and over land are shownby open (fig. 4) to determine the most favorable time period per and solid circles respectively. Rangemarks are 50 n. mi. apart. “Significant Sector” (shadedarea) contains 56percent of the quadrant.The time sectors marked “unknown”were tornadoes. used when tornadoobservation times were reported as late afternoon, etc. Distances from tornado to hurricane center were estimated from the tornado location to the 51 percent) occurred inthe right-front quadrant. This nearest 6-hr. position of the hurricane. quadrant is therefore designated at the“Preferred Optimum time frequency per quadrant is most clearly Quadrant.”Fifty percent of thetornadoes in the Pre- defined bythe cluster of tornadoesin the right rear ferredQuadrant occured duringthe hurricane’s, move- quadrant between 1200 and 1800 GMT. The center of ment over land.The second greatestnumber per thecluster is about 200 mi. from thehurricane center quadrant (29tornadoes-32 percent) occurred in the andhas a radius of about 50 mi. Fifty-onepercent of right.rear quadrant. Seventy-five percent of thetor- thetornadoes in the right-rear quadrant occurred in nadoes in thisquadrant occurred when thehurricane this cluster. center wasover land. In all quadrants, 62 percent of In the right-front quadrant, there are two clusters of the tornadoes occurred withthe hurricane center over occurrences at centerdistances of 140 mi. and 225 mi. land. from thehurricane center. The time periods of the The most favorable time of day for the development clusters are 0900 to 1200 GMT and 1500 to 2100 GMT, of the hurricane-tornado has varied with the size of the respectively. Sixtypercent of thisquadrant’s tornadoes data sample. Atone time, Brooks [4] found that 80 are in these two clusters. percent of all the cases occurred between 1800 and 0300 Thereliability of these quadranttime frequencies is GMT. In alater study, Malkin and Galway [3], using questionablebecause of the small data sample of each alarger data sample, found no apparenttime period quadrant; however, because of the high ratio of tornadoes favored over another. The size of the data sample used in each cluster to the total number of tornadoes in each byMalkin and Galway wasapproximately 25 cases; quadrant,these time frequencies may be sufficiently however, less than 50 percent gave tornado observation reliable for limited use when applied with other proba- times tothe nearest hour. In thisstudy 80 tornadoes bilities. (82 percent) occurred between 0900 and 2100 GMT (fig. 4). Thedistribution of tornadofrequency as a hurricane To increase further the usability of figure 3, each quad- moves from the sea to inland areas is shown in figure 5.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC 456 REVIEWWEATHER MONTHLY Vol. 93, No. 7

SPEED OF HURRICANE MOVEMENT IN "LAT./ 6 HOURS FIGURE6.-Tornado frequencies with respect to the speed of the hurricane at sea and over land.

NAUTICAL MILES AT SEA ON SHORE increased again at a speed of 3.5" of latitude per 6 hr. (35 kt.). FIGURE5.-Tornado frequencies with respect to the distance of the hurricane center from the coast line (point zero). Time frequen- During the period when the hurricanecenter was at cies (inset) of tornado occurrences withrespectto hurricane center sea, a maximum tornado frequency occurred with a hurri- positions at sea and over land. cane speed of 0.5" of latitude per 6 hr. (5 kt.). A second but much smaller tornado frequency peak occurred with a Distancefrom the coastline (point zero inthe figure) hurricane speed of 2.5" of latitude per 6 hr. (25 kt.). was determined from the actual path and coastal entry As the hurricane center moved inland from the coast point of eachhurricane. The firstsignificant increase line, the first maximum frequency occurred as the hurri- in number of tornadoes -occurred as the hurricane center cane accelerated to a speed of 2" of latitude per 6 hr. (20 reached a distance of about 275 mi. from the coast (off- kt.). As the hurricanecontinued to accelerate the fre- shore). A second increase in tornado frequency occurred quencydiminished rapidly at 2.5" to 3" of latitude per as the hurricane center reached the vicinity of the coast 6 hr. (25-30 kt.) before increasingsharply at the speed (75 mi. at sea bo 25 mi. on shore) and the peak frequency of 3.5" of latitude per 6 hr. (35 kt.). occurred after the hurricane had traveledsome 375 mi. 5. TENTATIVEHURRICANE MODEL over land. In plottingthe individual hurricane-tornadoes (see By combining the characteristics related to maximum Appendix) of thesethree frequency peaks it was noted tornado possibilities, we canconstruct thetentative thattornado outbreaks (severaltornadoes occurring in pattern of atornado-producing hurricane model. This a 6-hr. time period) occurred more often with the coastal hurricane model under certain conditionswould be capable area and 375 mi. inland peaks than when the center was of producing a maximumnumber of tornadoes. The 275 mi. at sea. The only significant time period (inset primaryconditions necessary areaprescribed motion time graphs) occurred at 1600 GMT during the maximum vector for the hurricane, and its entry on shore during frequency over land. the most favorable time period for tornado occurrence. The frequency of occurrence of hurricane-tornadoes in In direction, the hurricane shouldfollow an approximate relationto varying speeds of the hurricane is shown in path (fig. 2) from 2" longitude west of Key West, Fla., to figure 6. The figure is divided into periodswhen the 2" latitude south of Lake Charles, La., and then recurve hurricanecenter was at seaand over land. It clearly northward to enter the coastin the vicinity of Beaumont, shows thatthe number of tornado occurrencesvaried Tex.From this point the hurricane should continue to directly with the speed of the hurricane's movement over recurveand move north-northeastward to northeastern landand inverselywith the speed of the hurricane's Louisiana, extreme northwestern Alabama, and to central movement at sea. In general, as the hurricane progressed . from the sea to inland areas, the maximum frequency of The speed of the hurricane in the vicinity of Key West, tornadoes (60. percent) occurred when the speed of the Fla., should be approximately 0.5" of latitude per 6 hr. hurricane was 0.5" to 1.5" of latitude per 6 hr. (5-15 kt.). This same speed should be maintained in the area south The frequency then slowly decreased to the minimum at of Louisiana until the hurricane has recurved and entered 2.5" to 3" of latitude per '6 hr. (25-30 kt.)and then the coast. The hurricaneshould then accelerate to 1.5"

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC July 1965 John S. Smith 45 7 of latitudeper 6 hr.through southern Louisiana,then HURRICANE CONNIE accelerate to, and continue at, thespeed of 3.5’ of latitude August 1C-12,1955 per 6 hr. from M.ississippi northeastward to Pennsylvania. Place Date/Time Remarks With this prescribed direction and speed of the hurri- 13 NW Myrtle Beach, S.C. 10/1330 PATH: Short, 200 yd. Conway, S.C. DIRECTION: W cane, it canbe seen that the maximum tornado possi- Harry Go. DAMAGE: Leveled svrl bldgs. bilities described in the previous section can be attained, INJURIES: 4 with the maximum number of tornadoes occurring from 30 ENE Florence, S.C. 10/1700 PATH: 8 mi., 75 yd. 6 NE Dillon, S.C. DIRECTION: WSW eastward to Alabama. Dillon Co. 21 N Wilmington, S.C. 10/1730 PATH: 1mi., 50 yd. 6. CONCLUSIONS Penderlea, N.C. DIRECTION: W Pender Go. DAMAGE: 5 barns The more significant of the findings from this sample 27 SSW Myrtle Beach, S.C. 10Iunk of data are: Near Georgetown, S.C. 1. The average hurricane-tornado was about 50 percent Georgetown, S.C. lO/unk smaller in path length and width than the average 35 ENE Salisbury, Md. 12/1m PATH: 3 mi., 50 yd. Bethany Beach, Del. DIRECTION: WNW non-hurricanetornado. Sussex Go. DAMAGE: Timber-bldgs. 2. The predominant direction of travel of the hurricane- HURRICANE DIANE tornado was to the northeast. August 19, 1955 3. Agreater number of tornadoesoccurred with hurri- 38 ESE Harrisburg, Pa. 19/unk DAMAGE: Farm crops, barns. canes moving inland over the Gulf Coast than over Honey Grove, Pa. the Atlantic Coast. Lancaster Go. 4. A greater number of tornadoesoccurred when hurri- Nantucket. Mess. 19/unk near ground cane centers were moving over land rather than over HURRICANE FLOSSY the sea. September 24-25,1956 5. The right front quadrant, with 51 percent of the tor- M) WSW Tallahassee 24/1300 PATH: 20 mi. nadoes, was the “Preferred Quadrant.” Wewahitchka, Fla. DIRECTION: NNE 6. A “Significant Sector” of the hurricane can be deline- Gulf Go. ated by the radii at 30” and 120° from the path of 35 ESE Tallahassee 24/early eve PATH: 5 mi. Eridu, Fla. DIRECTION: NNE the hurricane’s movement and between 100 mi. and Taylor Go. DAMAGE: Bldgs. and timber 250 mi. from the hurricane center. 30 NNE Cross City, Fla. 2412000 PATH: 3 mi., 60 yd. 7. was proportional Srn Ptn of DIRECTION: NNE The frequency of tornadoes inversely Suwannee Go., Fla. DAMAGE: Bldgs. tothe speed of thehurricane at seaand directly 50 WNW Daytona Beach, Fla. 25/early p.m. PATH: Short, narrow proportional to the speed of the hurricane over land. Candler, Fla. DAMAGE: Home and timber 8. The maximum frequencyprobability (60 percent) of 20 NNE Savannah, Ga. 25/2200 PATH: $5 mi., 35 yd. tornadoes occurred when the speed of the hurricane Hiltonhead, S.C. DIRECTION: NNW Beaufort Co. DAMAGE: Sheds, barns was 0.5’ to 1.5O of latitude per 6 hr. (5-15 kt.). 9. The maximum frequency of tornadoes in a hurricane moving from the sea to inland areas occurred when June 27-28, 1957 the hurricane center was (1) 275 mi. from the coast; 15 NE , La. 27/1000 DIRECTION: NE (2) 75 mi. at sea to 25 mi. inland; (3) 375 mi. inland Michaud, La. Seen on radar. 30 N Lafayette, La. 27/1030 DIRECTION: NE from the point of its entry on shore. Araudville, La. DAMAGE: Svrl houses damaged and 10. Hurricanesaccelerating over landwith an easterly trees uprooted. component produced more tornadoes than those with 8 W Dyersburg, Tenn. 27/1832 PATH: 100 yd. long DAMAGE: Saw mill and barn de- a westerlycomponent. stroyed. Trees uprooted. 11. Hurricanesmoving slowly at seawith a westerly 36 NW Meridian, Miss. 27/2030 PATH: 50 yd. wide component produced more tornadoes than those with 3 W , Miss. DAMAGE: 5 houses destroyed. an easterly component. INJURIES: 9 SO SE Memphis, Tenn. 27/2210 DIRECTION: N APPENDIX 4 N , Miss. DAMAGE: Considerable 65 N Meridian, Miss. 28/0032 PATH: 10 mi., 50 yd. This Appendix containsalist of known hurricane Brookfield, Miss. DIRECTION: NE DAMAGE: 7 houses destroyed. tornadoes from 1955 through the 1961 hurricane season. INJURIES: 1 fatality Tornadoes are list,ed under the hurricane fromwhich they 55 SSE Meridian, Miss. 28/0735 PATH: 10 mi., 50 yd. were spawned; location, date, and time are given. Com- Clara, Miss. DIRECTION: NE DAMAGE: Many houses and a school ments considered pertinentare made in the remarks 77 N Mobile, Ala. 28/0830 PATH: 3 mi., 100 yd. section. Tornadopath lengths and widths are given Whetly, Ala. DIRECTION: NE in miles andyards, respectively.“Direction” means DAMAGE: 2 houses and garages, timberland directiontoward which the tornadomoved. Time is 36 S Selma, Ala. 28/0850 PATH: 2 mi., 35 to 100 yd. Central Standard (unk=unknown). Oakhill, Ala. DAMAGE: Church and timberland

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC 458 MONTHLY WEATHERREVIEW Vol. 93, No. 7

3 NW Evergreen, Ala. %/oca7 Stn abandoned. Fish and crayfish fell 30 NNE Albany, Ga. lO/l622 PATH: Short, narrow with precip. Vienna, Ga. DAMAGE: considerable Dooly Co. INJURIES: 1 20 SW Montgomery, Ala. %/0!235 PATH: 13 mi., 120 yd. Hail downtown Columbus, Ga. 3 S Haynesville, Ala. DIRECTION: NEto Hope Hull, Ala. DAMAGE: Houses and barns. When 70 SW Roanoke, Va. lO/aftn PATH:Unk., 300 yd. one home destroyed, owner inside Btn Potato Creek, Va. DAMAGE: Trees, tobacco crops, said dark mist was present surround- Turkey Knob, N.C. barns-hail and wind damage. Also ing home area. funnel cloud. 20 W Evergreen, Sla. %/0945 PATH: 20 mi., 150 to 400 yd. 35 NNE ,Ga. 11/1m PATH: Short,narrow DAMAGE: 7 houses Cumming (35E) DIRECTION: N Forsyth Co.,DAMAGE: Ga. Docks, boats, resort area 25 W Evergreen, Ala. %/loo2 PATH: 4 INJURIES: 6 Frisco City, Ala. DIRECTION: NE to Excell, Ala. DAMAGE:Svrl bldgs mostly at 38 NNW Albany, N.Y. Wlateaftn PATH: Short-narrow Excell Sacandaga Reservoir DAMAGE: Considerable-timber INJURIES: 8 North Broadalbin, N.Y. INJURIES: 5 Funnel cloud passed over city abt 5 Troy, Vermont 12/aftn toHail 1 Troy.in. at min. prev to tornado 45 SSP Montgomery, Ala. %/lo15 PATH: 14 mi., 125 yd. 0 SW Greenville. -441s. DIRECTION: NE DAMAGE: To Jr. College July 20-26, 1959 5 W Evergreen, Ala. %/lo25 PATH: 10 mi., 150 yd. 20 ESE Beaumont, Tex. 20/1117-1120 Several funnels andhail to 1 in. nr arpt DiRECTION: NE Jefferson Co. Arpt DAMAGE: House and store barn. 35 WNW LawMountain Park 22/1830 PATH: 20 mi., 2 mi. On ground 50 percent of time. Kiowa Co., Okla. DIRECTION: SW 6 W Evergreen, Ala. %/lo25 PATH: 1 mi., very narrow DAMAGE:Svrl homes, trees, out DIRECTION: NE bldgs. Abt 600 yd. NW from tornado listed Hail golf ball size. above. 50 WSW Oklahoma City, Okla. PATH: !4 mi., ?4 mi. 20SSW Montgomery, Ala. 28/1m1100 PATH: 35 mi., 150 to 200 yd.and Albert, Okla. 22/1900 DAMAGE: Trees, barns. Davcnport, Ala. skipping Caddo Co. $5 in. svr hail storm DIRECTION:NE from 2.9 35 NNW Brownsville, Tex. 24/1750 Ft. Deposit to Sprague Junct. Sebastian, Tex. Abt. 1100 C8T at Sprague Junct. Willacy Co. 16 ENE Evergreen, Ala. 28/1100 PATH: 12 mi., 200 yd. 58 SE San Antonio, Tex. %/night PATH: Small Brooke, Ala. DIRECTION: NE 10 NW Kennedy, Tex. DAMAGE: Barns DAMAGE: Considerable INJURIES: 2 45 S Montgomery, Ala. 28/1105 DIRECTION:NE thru Luverne, Sept. 29-3C-Oct. 1-2, 1959 Luverne. Ala. Ala. DAMAGE: Open country. 23 Raleigh-Durham,N N.C. 29/1320 DAMAGE: Bldg roofs, trees. Butner, N.C. 20 S Montgomery, Ala. %/a.m. PATH: Short, 100 yd. Granville Co. 1 N of Sellers, Ala. DIRECTION: NE DAMAGE: Timber 55 NE Charleston, S.C. 30/early mrng Garden City, S.C. 20 SE Montgomery, Ala. %/a.m. PATH: 5 mi., 150 yd. Horry Co. Downing, Ala. DIRECTION: NE DAMAGE: House and barn. 70 NNE Lynchburg, Va. 30/15M) PATH: 2 mi., 100 yd. On ground 75 percent of time. Stanardsville, Va. DAMAGE: Bldgs and trees Greene Co. INJURIES: 1 fstslity 40 ESE Montgomery, Ala. %/1207 PATH: Short, 150 yd. DIRECTION: NE 42 NNE Lynchburg, Va. 30/1530 PATH: 3/a mi., 200 yd. DAMAGE: House and barn. 6 W of Charlottesville DAMAGE: Houses, trees Ivy, Va. INJURIES: 11 fatalities 65 ESE Montgomery, Ala. 2811745 PATH: 14 mi., 100 yd. Batesville, Ala. DAMAGE: 2 houses and barns 48 NW Richmond, Va. 30/1645 PATH: 6 mi., % mi. INJURIES: 1 3 W Palmyra, Va. DAMAGE: 14 houses, churches, barns, Fluvanna Co. trees. HURRICANE JUDITH July 9-12,1959 October 17,1959 35 NNE Jacksonville, Fla. 9/0126 Near shore linc 30 SE Brunswick, Ga. 35 NNW WestPalm Beach, 17/1430 Fla. Vcnty South Annapolis 10/0557 DAMAGE: Considerable Stuart, Fla. River, Md. Martin Co. Anne Arundel Co. EURRICANE DONNA Vcnty Elizabeth City, 10/0700 DAMAGE: Home, church Pasquotank Co. September 11,1860 Vcnty Norfolk, Va. 10/0730 PATH: Short, narrow. 55 WSW Richmond, Va. 10/1700 DAMAGE:svrl homes andbarns. Portsmouth, Va. DIRECTION: NE Buckingham Co., Va. Nelson Co. Hail for 30 min. DAMAGE: Svrl houses. Charleston, S.C. 11/13W1330 PATH: 8 mi., 100 yd. Possibility of 2 tornadoes. DAMAGE:Svrl houses, extensive 23 SE Richmond, Va. 10/1025 PATH: Short, narrow damage. Charles City, Va. DAMAGE: Barns INJURIES: 10 Accompanied by funnelcloud Eyehit shore 45 mi. SW Charleston 1300, paralleled coast 20-25 m.p.h., left 40 SE Elizabeth City, N.C. lO/lZaO to 1305 PATH: 5 mi., narrow shore ll/l900 Nags Head, N.C. DIRECTION: NE DAMAGE: Houses and trees S Myrtle Beach, S.C. 11/1435 INJURIES: 1 Garden City, S.C.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC July 1965 John S. Smith 459

46 NW Wilmington, S.C. 11/1300 PATH: 16 mi., 800 yd. Galveston, Tex. lZ/O4”04W PATH: 4.7 mi., 83 yd. Bladen Go., N.C. DAMAGE: Sml bldgs. DIRECTION: NNW 60 NNW Wilmington, S.C. 11/0600 DAMAGE:Sml bldgs. DAMAGE: Extensive-houses, bldgs Sampson Go., N.C. INJURIES: 8 Sighted on radar Galveston, Tex. 12/0600 PATH: 2.7 mi., 167 yd. HURRICANE ETHEL DIRECTION: N September 16-16,1960 DAMAGE: Extensive PanamaCity,Fla. 15/0449 DAMAGE: Sml houses E side 3 N Galveston, Tex. 12/0800 PATH: $4 mi., 66 yd. Port Bolivar, Tex. DIRECTION: NNW 11 NW PanamaCity 15/owO PATH: Short, narrow. DAMAGE: School-houses-bldgs West Bay, Fla. Sighted on radar E Panama1 ECity 16/0M)o PATH: $5 mi., 200 yd. 40 W Beaumont, Tex. 12/0730 DAMAGE: Houses Springfield and Millvale, Fla. Hardin, DIRECTION: NW Tex.

20 NW Apalachicola, Fla. 16/0655 PATH: Short-narrow. 37 SW Monroe, La. 12/1300 DAMAGE: 25 houses Port St. Joe, Fla. DIRECTION: NNW Hodge, La. INJURIES: 26-26 fatalities 48 SW Tallahassee, Fla. 15/0940 DIRECTION:NE 270/65 FM Texarkana, Ark. 12/1645 PATH: $5 mi., 100 yd. Sumatra, Fla. Fulbright, Tex. townDIRECTION: thru N 12 NE Apalachicola, Fla. 15/0850 DIRECTION:NE DAMAGE: Houses $45,OOO Vcnty Pensawla, Fla. 15/unk PATH: Short, narrow 50 NW Monroe, La. 12/Unk St. Rosa Island. Fla. Several funnel clouds over Fla. pan- Junction City, La. handle small hail Ow0 250/18 FM Shreveport, La. 13/05GU DAMAGE: 3 houses NAS PNS INJURIES: 2 70 NNE Mobile, Ala. 16/night PATH:Short, narrow 35Houston,,Tex. W 13/0700 DAMAGE: Bldgs; 11,000 lb. trailer Gosport, Ala. DAMAGE: Barn, house, trees, crops. 2 S Hockley, Tex. Clarke Go. 104/116 FM Oklahoma City, 13/0&0800 40 SE Birmingham,Ala. 16/0020 PATH: $& mi., 50 yd. Okla. Sylacauga, Ala. DIRECTION: N Wilburton, Okla. Talladega Go. DAMAGE: Bldgs, autos INJURIES: 2 Vcnty New Orleans, La. 13/0900 Lake Ponchartrain HURRICANECARLA 13 ENE Alexandria, La. 13/1419 DAMAGE: Trees uprooted September 1043,1961 20 S Mobile, Ala 10/1456 PATH: $5 mi., narrow ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DIRECTION: NW (Moved inland from see.) DAMAGE: Sml houses The author is indebted to Mr. D. C. House and Mr. J. G. Galway for their frequent suggestions and to Mr. R. P. Krebs for his assist- 21 SW Lafayette, La. 10/1660 DAMAGE: 150 houses Kaplin Abbeville, La. INJURIES: 1 death ance in compiling the climatological data. 20 SSW Lafayette, La. lO/lSoe Intercoastal City, La. REFERENCES 37 SW Lafayette, La. 10/1812 8 8. Gueydan, La. 1. C. L. Mitchell, “The Tropical of September 18-October 4, 1929,” Monthly Weather Review, vol. 57, No. 10, Oct. 1929, 26 N. Point au Fer, La. lOl2221 Morgan City, La. pp. 418-420. 26 NNW Point au Fer, La. l0/222l 2. G. E. Dunn,“Tropical ,” Compendium of Meteorology, Paterson, La. AmericanMeteorological Society, , Mass., 1951, pp. 18 NNE Baton Rouge, La. 11/1110 Hook echo obsvd 887-901. Watson, La. 3. W. Malkin and J. G. Galway, “Tornadoes Associated with Hurri- Vcnty Houston, Tex. 11/1147 DAMAGE: radio tower-bldgs. canes,” Monthly Weather Review, vol. 81, No. 9, Sept. 1953, pp. Bay City, Tex. 299-303. 16 NE New Orleans, La. ll/Unk DAMAGE: Homes $25,oOO 4. E. M.Brooks, “Tornadoes and Related Phenomena,” Compen- Slidell, La. INJURIES: 3 (at St. Joe) dium of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., 1951, pp. 673-679. 52 NNW Lufkin, Tex. 1111320 Jacksonville, Tex. 5. U.S. Weather Bureau Storm Data, Monthly, 1955-1961. Vcnty Houston, Tex. 11/17W DAMAGE: Houses $200,oOO 6. U.S. WeatherBureau, Climatological Data, National Summary, Channelview, Tex. INJURIES: 22 Annual, 1955-1961. 40 NNW New Orleans, La. ll/Unk 7. U.S. WeatherBureau, “SELS” Severe Weather Log, 1955-1961, 6 SW Hammond, La. City, Mo. 12-15 WNW Galveston, Tex 12/0230 PATH: $5 mi., 30 yd. 8. U.S. WeatherBureau, “Tornado Occurrences in the United Lamarque, Tex. DIRECTION: NNE States,” Technical Paper No. 20, Washington, D.C., 1952,43 pp. DAMAGE: bldgs-houses 9. Laura V. Wolford,.“Tornado Occurrences in the United States,” Galveston, Tex. 1210345 PATH: 2.3 mi., 116 yd. DIRECTION: NNW Technical Paper No. 20, Revised, US. WeatherBureau, DAMAGE: Extensive Washington, D.C., 1960,71 pp. INJURIES: 7 dead, 49 injured Radar hooks indicated Entered from the sea [Received September 13, 1963; revised April-23,1966.1

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 06:08 AM UTC