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Beringian Paleoecology: Results from the 1997 Workshop Scott A Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 7}13 Beringian paleoecology: results from the 1997 workshop Scott A. Elias* Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado 1560, 30th Street, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA Abstract Much progress has been made in the various "elds concerned with Beringian studies since the publication of Paleoecology of Beringia in 1982. The 1997 Beringian Paleoenvironments workshop brought together Russian, Canadian, and American scientists, and the paleoecological and archaeological presentations gave rise to 20 papers. The main points of most of these papers are summarized here, in the context of speci"c research topics, including (1) timing and environments associated with the Old Crow tephra in Eastern Beringia; (2) Last Interglacial environments of Eastern Beringia; (3) interstadial environments from the middle of the Last Glaciation in Beringia; (4) full glacial environments in Beringia; (5) Lateglacial environments in Beringia; (6) early Holocene environments in Beringia; (7) Late Pleistocene archaeology of Siberia; and 8) the timing, adaptations, and possible migration routes of people entering the New World. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Our joint "eld of Beringian research has bene"tted greatly from the cessation of that undeclared war. Many The "rst book on Beringian paleoenvironments was scientists now travel back and forth between the US and The Bering Land Bridge, published in 1967 (Hopkins, Russia to visit "eld sites, collaborate on joint research 1967). The volume entitled Paleoecology of Beringia, pub- projects, and attend meetings. Attendees at the 1997 lished in 1982 broke considerable new ground in this "eld workshop presented new contributions on paleoenviron- Hopkins et al. (1982). Since then, scientists from North ments from prior to the Last Interglacial to the Holo- America and Russia have worked steadily on this topic, cene, as well as contributions on the archaeology of the and the 1997 Beringian Paleoenvironments workshop region (another of David Hopkins' scienti"c passions). provided a vehicle for the presentation of the next iter- East met west in a way that was scarcely possible until ation of Beringian research. Of course David Hopkins is a few years ago. The 1997 workshop was a scienti"c the common link between these two publications. David success, and the convenors (Julie Brigham-Grette and edited the "rst book, co-edited the second book, and has myself) took that opportunity to launch this volume on generally been a driving force in Beringian research for Beringian paleoenvironments. more than 50 years. The 1997 workshop brought to- The paleoecological and archaeological papers pre- gether a large group of people who came to honor David sented at the 1997 workshop gave rise to 20 papers and the accomplishments of his career in Beringian re- spanning many research themes, ranging from lake levels search. Especially noteworthy in this most recent work- and paleosols to the botanical composition of shop was the presence of many Russian scientists, who steppe}tundra and proposed routes of human migration acknowledge David as the one who began the di$cult from the Old World to the New. Some of the featured process of breaking down the barriers between scientists topics are as follows: on both sides of the Cold War who share an interest in Beringia. (1) Timing and environments associated with the Old Crow tephra in Eastern Beringia (2) Last Interglacial environments of Eastern Beringia (3) Interstadial environments from the middle of the last * Corresponding author. Tel.: #1-303-492-5158; fax: #1-303-492- glaciation in Beringia 6388. (4) Full glacial environments in Beringia E-mail address: [email protected] (S.A. Elias). (5) Lateglacial environments in Beringia 0277-3791/01/$- see front matter ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 7 7 - 3 7 9 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 3 5 - 9 8 S.A. Elias / Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 7}13 (6) Early Holocene environments in Beringia search of Elias et al. (2001) suggests that the OCt fell (7) The Late Pleistocene archaeology of Siberia during a cool period late in isotope stage 6. Forest (8) The timing, adaptations, and possible migration beds in the Noatak sequence lie well above the tephra routes of people entering the New World in riverbank deposits. McDowell and Edwards (2001) described a stratigraphic sequence from Birch Creek, In this paper, I will summarize the major new "ndings near Circle, Alaska. At this site, OCt was deposited relating to these topics, and synthesize regional recon- at least 6 m below sediments indicative of interglacial structions of paleoenvironments estimated for the vari- environments (i.e., sediments containing abundant ous time intervals. spruce pollen and macrofossils). Pollen spectra from loess deposits between the OCt and the interglacial 1.1. Timing and environments associated with the Old forest bed are indicative of cold climatic conditions. Crow tephra in Eastern Beringia The authors o!er three alternative explanations for this stratigraphic sequence, (1) the OCt was deposited The Old Crow tephra (OCt) is an ash that probably during the isotope stage 6/5 transition, and a strongly came from an eruption (or series of eruptions) from an developed glacial interval occurred early in stage 5; as-yet unidenti"ed volcano in the Alaska Peninsula (2) the OCt was deposited during a `non-Milankovitcha region. Estimates of the age of this tephra, based warm interval late in stage 6; and (3) the OCt was on "ssion-track and uranium-series ages, average deposited far earlier, perhaps as far back as isotope 140,000$20,000 years. However, the stratigraphic data stage 7, and the overlying `colda loess was deposited in from sites across Alaska and the Yukon con#ict as stage 6, followed by the forest bed, indicative of stage to the timing and environmental conditions associated 5 interglacial environments. Alternative 1 is essentially with the deposition of the OCt (Hamilton and Brigham- the same as the scenario reconstructed by Elias et al. Grette, 1991). Unfortunately, the data presented at the (2001) from the Nk-26 site on the Noatak River. Both 1997 workshop by PeH weH et al. (1997) and by Muhs the Birch Creek and the Noatak River fossil records et al. (2001) did nothing to change this situation. may contradict the results of the Eva Creek study, in The timing of this volcanic eruption (or series of erup- which the OCt may associated with full interglacial envi- tions) is critical to Eastern Beringian paleoenviron- ronments. mental research, because the OCt is a prominent It is possible that the solution to this problem lies in stratigraphic marker, tying together the chronologies multiple episodes of OCt ash deposition, emanating from of many sites in Alaska and the Yukon Territory. a series of eruptions of the same volcano over a period of New ages on this tephra will soon be forthcoming, perhaps several thousand years. Detailed trace-element but for the time being, we can only say with certainty analysis of OCt samples may resolve this issue. Until that the OCt was deposited sometime between late these are done, we are left with more questions than isotope stage 6 and the last interglaciation (isotope answers. stage 5e). Ideally, paleoecological reconstructions based on fossil beds intimately associated with the OCt 1.2. Last Interglacial environments of Eastern Beringia could be used to help clarify the age of the ash, but there has never been a general consensus about these recon- Related to the OCt topic is the issue of isotope stage 5e structions, and the 1997 workshop only added to the environments in Beringia. Given that the main forest bed controversy. from Eva Creek represents the last interglaciation, the Muhs et al. (2001) reported on paleoenvironments and fossil record from the Eva Forest Bed is consistent with vegetation associated with OCt deposits at the Eva regional reconstructions of warmer-than-present condi- Creek site, near Fairbanks. In their reconstruction, the tions across Eastern Beringia. Both Elias (2001) and OCt may have fallen during a time of warmer-than- Muhs et al. (2001) agree that summer temperatures must modern climate, when spruce forest dominated interior have been warmer than modern during stage 5e. Elias' Alaska. Their paleoenvironmental reconstruction, which mutual climatic range (MCR) studies from fossil beetle included greater-than-modern annual precipitation, sug- assemblages estimate that mean July temperatures gests that the OCt could have been deposited at or near (TMAX) were about 53C warmer than modern, although the height of the last interglacial period. In contrast to estimates from individual sites ranged from 2.3 to 8.33C. this, Elias (2001) reported that OCt-associated deposits There is a general trend in the MCR data from stage 5e from the Noatak River drainage of northwestern Alaska in Eastern Beringia: greatest level of summer temper- are indicative of arctic tundra environments, and that the atures in the east (Yukon Territory), and least level of OCt underlies isotope stage 5e deposits in the Noatak summer warming in the west (near the Bering Land stratigraphy. Mean July temperatures inferred from Bridge and the Paci"c Ocean). However, this recon- OCt-associated fossil beetle assemblages from the struction appears to be at odds with the climatic recon- Noatak were 23C colder than present. The Noatak re- struction of Brigham-Grette and Hopkins (1995), that S.A. Elias / Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 7}13 9 suggested warmer-than-modern climates in western levels. Al"mov and Berman (2001) suggest that TMAX in Alaska during stage 5e, based on shifts in sea-ice limits, northeastern Siberia was 12}133C during the LGM. the lack of permafrost in some coastal regions, and These temperatures are essentially the same as modern warmer-than-modern ocean currents in the Bering Sea TMAX in their study region.
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