DOCSLIB.ORG

Vitalism in a Chiropractic Programme – a New Zealand Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Vitalism in a chiropractic programme – A New Zealand case study Marina Fox A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education 2017 School of Education Supervisor: Andrew Begg ix Attestation of Authorship: I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material published or written by another person (except where explicitly defined in the acknowledgements), nor material that to a substantial extent has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning. Marina Fox ii Contents Contents .................................................................................................. iii Abstract .................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................ vii List of Tables and Figures ....................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1 Background and definitions ...................................................................... 1 Background of the author ......................................................................... 3 Research question ................................................................................... 4 Objectives ................................................................................................. 4 Structure of this thesis .............................................................................. 5 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................ 8 Chiropractic .............................................................................................. 8 Vitalism ................................................................................................... 15 New Zealand College of Chiropractic ..................................................... 21 Curriculum .............................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................ 27 Introduction ............................................................................................. 27 Methodology ........................................................................................... 27 Pragmatism, post-structuralism and post-positivism .............................. 28 Quality criteria for qualitative research ................................................... 29 Methods.................................................................................................. 32 Ethics...................................................................................................... 35 Data collection ........................................................................................ 36 Analysis .................................................................................................. 38 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 39 iii CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS ......................................................................... 40 Introduction ............................................................................................. 40 Background of the participants ............................................................... 40 Emerging themes ................................................................................... 41 Question 1 .............................................................................................. 41 Question 2 .............................................................................................. 44 Question 3 .............................................................................................. 47 Question 4 .............................................................................................. 50 Question 5 .............................................................................................. 52 Document review .................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION ..................................................................... 58 Introduction ............................................................................................. 58 Vitalism at the New Zealand College of Chiropractic .............................. 59 Does what we do match what we say? .................................................. 62 Immediate application to the New Zealand College of Chiropractic ....... 63 Intermediate applications (other chiropractic colleges) ........................... 68 Challenges ............................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION .................................................................. 75 Introduction ............................................................................................. 75 Summary of findings ............................................................................... 76 Recommendations ................................................................................. 77 Limitations .............................................................................................. 79 Suggestions for further research ............................................................ 80 Concluding notes .................................................................................... 81 REFERENCES: ........................................................................................ 83 Appendix A: Participant recruitment sheet.............................................. 94 Appendix B: Participant information sheet .............................................. 95 Appendix C: Consent forms .................................................................... 98 iv Abstract As a lecturer understanding one’s philosophical drivers in education is vital. There has been a long history of debate in chiropractic as to whether the traditional philosophy of vitalism should remain the chiropractic philosophy. A shift to mechanism in the twentieth century has seen evidence-based medicine become the dominant healthcare philosophy. How does a vitalistic point of view remain relevant in this environment? My study critically examines lecturers’ perceptions of vitalism and how these are included in a modern curriculum. Literature from biological science supports a shift from historical vitalism to contemporary neo-vitalism, a model that acknowledges the self-organising, self-regulating and self-healing capabilities of the body. Further research into complex adaptive systems may provide another avenue for philosophical exploration in chiropractic. A qualitative methodology within the post-structural paradigm framed this study. A narrative of the lived experience of some members of the faculty teaching in an undergraduate chiropractic degree was sought. Findings are built on several individual interviews and focus groups of lecturers held at the New Zealand College of Chiropractic. This research suggests that the key definition of vitalism used by these lecturers is neo- vitalism. The reality of life as a chiropractic educator is that historically, there has been a certain amount of tension between vitalistic philosophy and mechanistic research in the profession. This case study suggests that while this tension is still apparent today, neo-vitalism provides an environment where that tension is lessened. v In the face of the new biology of complex adaptive systems there is potential for a greater common understanding that, with further research and discussion, could lessen the divide even further. vi Acknowledgements I would never have contemplated starting this degree without the support of my former manager, Pieter Kachelhoffer, to whom I indebted and grateful for getting me started, all those years ago, with his vision of my replacing him in his role so that he was free to retire in peace (which he has happily achieved). To the faculty of the New Zealand College of Chiropractic, who co-operated willingly and enthusiastically in the study, I offer my gratitude for their openness and honesty in sharing their views of vitalism and its inclusion in their classrooms. To my own staff, for their understanding of the time away from the office I needed to complete the writing process, and their willingness to pick up parts of my workload. To Mark Marino and Phil McMaster, without your readiness to indulge my need to talk through my thoughts, I would not have been able to articulate them nearly as well in writing. To Kelly Holt, for your time and calm guidance through the emotional rollercoaster of thesis writing. Without your help, I would not have been able to complete this work. To Andy Begg, whose invaluable work over the past two years has played an essential part in directing my energy in a purposeful manner, and improving the depth and quality of my work. vii In addition, I acknowledge the AUT University Ethics Committee that granted ethics approval for my research on May 2, 2016 (AUTEC reference number 16/143). I would like to thank Linda Daniell for conducting the focus groups in accordance with the ethics approval, Tracey Mendey for her transcribing assistance and Imogen Fraser-Baxter for her editing
Recommended publications
  • The Holistic Hippocrates: 'Treating the Patient, Not Just the Disease'

    The Holistic Hippocrates: 'Treating the Patient, Not Just the Disease'

    King, Helen. "The Holistic Hippocrates: ‘Treating the Patient, Not Just the Disease’." Hippocrates Now: The ‘Father of Medicine’ in the Internet Age. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 133–154. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 24 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350005921.ch-007>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 24 September 2021, 04:27 UTC. Copyright © Helen King 2020. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 7 Th e Holistic Hippocrates: ‘Treating the Patient, N o t J u s t t h e D i s e a s e ’ I n t h i s fi nal chapter I want to look at the Hippocrates of today not through specifi c uses in news stories or in quotes, but through the invocation of his name in holistic (or, as we shall see, ‘wholistic’) medicine. Holism today presents itself as a return to a superior past, and brings Hippocrates in as part of this strategy. Th e model of the history of medicine implicit – or sometimes explicit – in holistic users of Hippocrates is one in which there was a golden age until ‘the turn away from holism in medicine allowed diseases to be located in specifi c organs, tissues or cells’.1 While there is something in this where ancient medicine is concerned, with its basis in fl uids rather than organs, this is of course also a tried and tested strategy for convincing an audience of the value of a ‘new’ thing: you claim it is ‘old’, or ancient, or just traditional.
  • REFERENCES: a History of Professional Applied Kinesiology (PAK) Around the World, Part II: PAK’S Inter-Professional Influence

    REFERENCES: a History of Professional Applied Kinesiology (PAK) Around the World, Part II: PAK’S Inter-Professional Influence

    REFERENCES: A History of Professional Applied Kinesiology (PAK) Around the World, Part II: PAK’s Inter-Professional Influence By Scott Cuthbert, DC and Clive Lindley-Jones DO DIBAK With contributions from Robert Blaich, DC, DIBAK Eugene Charles, DC, DIBAK Rudolf Meierhöfer, DDS, DIBAK Richard Meldener DC, DIBAK 1. Jensen AM. Estimating the prevalence of use of kinesiology- style manual muscle testing: A survey of educators. Adv Integr Med. (2015). 2. Goodheart GJ. Applied Kinesiology Research Manuals. Detroit, MI: Privately published; 1964-1998. Available at: Available at: http://www.icakusa.com/products/products. php. 3. Keating J. Toward a philosophy of the science of chiropractic: a primer for clinicians. Stockton Foundation for Chiropractic Research, Stockton, CA. 1992:91. 4. Gelb H. Clinical Management of Head, Neck and TMJ Pain and Dysfunction. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1977. 5. Goodheart, GJ, Jr. 1976. Kinesiology and Dentistry. J Amer Soc Psychosomatic Disease. 6:16-18. 6. Scopp A. 1979. An Experimental Evaluation of Kinesiology in Allergy and Deficiency Disease Diagnosis. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 7(2):137-8. 7. Available at: http://appliedkinesiologyresearch.blogspot. com/, and http://icakusa.com/co ntent/research. 8. Cuthbert SC, Goodheart GJ Jr. On the reliability and validity of manual muscle testing: a literature review. Chiropr Osteopat. 2007 Mar 6;15(1):4. 9. McDowall D. The growth of Applied Kinesiology Education. Thesis paper, RMIT University. 10. Walther DS. Applied Kinesiology, Synopsis, 2nd Edition. (translated into Italian, French and Korean). Available at: http://www.icakusa.com/products/products.php. 11. Cuthbert S, Blaich R, Markham B. David S.
  • The Fourth Perspective: Evolution and Organismal Agency

    The Fourth Perspective: Evolution and Organismal Agency

    The Fourth Perspective: Evolution and Organismal Agency Johannes Jaeger Complexity Science Hub (CSH), Vienna, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080 Vienna Abstract This chapter examines the deep connections between biological organization, agency, and evolution by natural selection. Using Griesemer’s account of the re- producer, I argue that the basic unit of evolution is not a genetic replicator, but a complex hierarchical life cycle. Understanding the self-maintaining and self-pro- liferating properties of evolvable reproducers requires an organizational account of ontogenesis and reproduction. This leads us to an extended and disambiguated set of minimal conditions for evolution by natural selection—including revised or new principles of heredity, variation, and ontogenesis. More importantly, the con- tinuous maintenance of biological organization within and across generations im- plies that all evolvable systems are agents, or contain agents among their parts. This means that we ought to take agency seriously—to better understand the con- cept and its role in explaining biological phenomena—if we aim to obtain an or- ganismic theory of evolution in the original spirit of Darwin’s struggle for exis- tence. This kind of understanding must rely on an agential perspective on evolu- tion, complementing and succeeding existing structural, functional, and processual approaches. I sketch a tentative outline of such an agential perspective, and present a survey of methodological and conceptual challenges that will have to be overcome if we are to properly implement it. 1. Introduction There are two fundamentally different ways to interpret Darwinian evolutionary theory. Charles Darwin’s original framework grounds the process of evolution on 2 the individual’s struggle for existence (Darwin, 1859).
  • Perceptual Variation and Structuralism

    Perceptual Variation and Structuralism

    NOUSˆ 54:2 (2020) 290–326 doi: 10.1111/nous.12245 Perceptual Variation and Structuralism JOHN MORRISON Barnard College, Columbia University Abstract I use an old challenge to motivate a new view. The old challenge is due to variation in our perceptions of secondary qualities. The challenge is to say whose percep- tions are accurate. The new view is about how we manage to perceive secondary qualities, and thus manage to perceive them accurately or inaccurately. I call it perceptual structuralism. I first introduce the challenge and point out drawbacks with traditional responses. I spend the rest of the paper motivating and defending a structuralist response. While I focus on color, both the challenge and the view generalize to the other secondary qualities. 1. Perceptual Variation Our perceptual experiences tell us that lemons are yellow and sour. It’s natural to infer that lemons really are yellow and sour. But perceptions vary, even among ordinary observers. Some perceive lemons as slightly greener and sweeter. This gives rise to a challenge that forces us to rethink the nature of perception and the objectivity of what we perceive. For concreteness, I’ll focus on the perceptions of two ordinary observers, Miriam and Aaron. I’ll also focus on their perceptions of a particular lemon’s color. These restrictions will make the challenge easier to understand and the responses easier to compare. But the challenge and responses are perfectly general. Toward the end of the paper I’ll return to sourness and the other secondary qualities. When Miriam and Aaron look at the same lemon, their perceptions differ.
  • Biogenetic Structuralism'

    Biogenetic Structuralism'

    'BIOGE~TIC STRUCTURALISM'STRUCTURALISM" AND THE LOCATION OF STRUCTURES*STRUCTURES~'< In the heyday of 'high' structuralism it was sometimes argued, explicitly or implicitly, that the ultimate 'explanation' of cultural structures was to be found in the properties of 'the human mind'. This argument, it was perhaps felt, shifted the problem of explanation to the realm 'of philosophr, which many anthropologists considered outsiqe their concern. It was not surprising, therefore, that $ceptics ofaof, a more materialist persuasionpersuas'ion would critiofze structuralist analysis for being an essentially idea11stormentalistidealJtst or mentalist undertaking.undertakirig. Even so, the analytical value, of the notion of structures (in the Levi-Straussian sense,'hasbeen increasingly recognized, even by anthro­ pologists of a materialistmateria~ist stance (e.g. in the 'structural marx.i;sm'marx,j;sm' of MauriceNaurice Godelier (1973) and JonathanJonatl1an Friedman (1974),(1974)1 to the extent that nowadays only the most ardent 'vul¢ar'vul$ar materialists' feel they can do without it. This devefopment has not, however, done away with the problem of t~e locatiori of structures; the problem has only been push~d into the background, because other problems were.were felt: by most to be of more immediate concern. , .' ~ptwhether~f.lt'whether or not we have been bothered by the location problelflproblelf1 we should all welcome the pioneering work of two auth'prl;j,auth'prl;l, Charles Laughlin, an anthropologist, and Eugene d' Aqui!i, ~ psych~atrist, in which they lay the foundations " of aneW structural approach, 'biogenetic structuralism'. In the introduction to the book they state: !~ f f ., Th~majorTh~rnajor onttllbgical-:assumptiononttJlbgical-:assumption upon which biogenetic str\.ibturalismstr~bturalism is founded is that there exists no reality intervening between the central nervous system and the environment.
  • Understanding Poststructuralism Understanding Movements in Modern Thought Series Editor: Jack Reynolds

    Understanding Poststructuralism Understanding Movements in Modern Thought Series Editor: Jack Reynolds

    understanding poststructuralism Understanding Movements in Modern Thought Series Editor: Jack Reynolds Th is series provides short, accessible and lively introductions to the major schools, movements and traditions in philosophy and the history of ideas since the beginning of the Enlightenment. All books in the series are written for undergraduates meeting the subject for the fi rst time. Published Understanding Existentialism Understanding Virtue Ethics Jack Reynolds Stan van Hooft Understanding Poststructuralism James Williams Forthcoming titles include Understanding Empiricism Understanding Hermeneutics Robert Meyers Lawrence Schmidt Understanding Ethics Understanding Naturalism Tim Chappell Jack Ritchie Understanding Feminism Understanding Phenomenology Peta Bowden and Jane Mummery David Cerbone Understanding German Idealism Understanding Rationalism Will Dudley Charlie Heunemann Understanding Hegelianism Understanding Utilitarianism Robert Sinnerbrink Tim Mulgan understanding poststructuralism James Williams For Richard and Olive It is always about who you learn from. © James Williams, 2005 Th is book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 2005 by Acumen Acumen Publishing Limited 15a Lewins Yard East Street Chesham Bucks HP5 1HQ www.acumenpublishing.co.uk ISBN 1-84465-032-4 (hardcover) ISBN 1-84465-033-2 (paperback) Work on Chapter 3 was supported by British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
  • The Evolution of Chiropractic

    The Evolution of Chiropractic

    THE EVOLUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC ITS DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT BY A. AUG. DYE, D.C. (P.S.C., 1912) COPYRIGHTED 1939 Published by A. AUG. DYE, D.C. 1421 ARCH STREET PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. Printed in U. S. A. C O N T E N T S Chapter Title Page 1 Introduction—Discoverer of Chiropractic............................ 9 2 The Discovery of Chiropractic............................................. 31 3 “With Malice Aforethought” ............................................... 47 4 Early Development; Early School........................................ 61 5 Early Controversies; The Universal Chiropractors’ Asso- ciation; Morris and Hartwell; The Chiropractic Health Bureau; Lay Organization ................................................ 81 6 Medicine vs. Chiropractic.................................................... 103 7 The Straight vs. the Mixer ................................................... 113 8 The Straight vs. the Mixer ................................................... 127 9 The Straight vs. the Mixer; the Final Outcome .................... 145 10 The Chiropractic Adjustment; Its Development ................... 157 11 Chiropractic Office Equipment; Its Development ................ 175 12 The Spinograph; Its Development........................................ 189 13 Chiropractic Spinal Analyses; Nerve, Tracing; Retracing; the Neurocalometer .......................................................... 203 14 The Educational Development of Chiropractic; Basic Science Acts....................................................................
  • NATP121 Naturopathic Philosophy, Principles and Practice Last Modified: 18-Feb-2021

    NATP121 Naturopathic Philosophy, Principles and Practice Last Modified: 18-Feb-2021

    SUBJECT OUTLINE Subject Name: Subject Code: Naturopathic Philosophy, Principles and NATP121 Practice SECTION 1 – GENERAL INFORMATION Award/s: Total Course Credit Points: Level: Bachelor of Health Science (Naturopathy) 128 Core 1st Year Diploma of Health Science 32 Elective 1st Year Duration: 1 Semester Subject is: Core or Elective as noted Subject Credit Points: 2 Student Workload: No. timetabled hours per week: No. personal study hours per week: Total hours per week: 3 2 5 Delivery Mode*: ☐ On campus ☒ Online / Digital ☐ Blended ☐ Intensive Weekly Session^ Format/s - 1 session per week: ☒ eLearning modules: Lectures: Interactive adaptive online learning modules Tutorials: can include asynchronous tutor moderated discussion forum and activities, learning journal activities or other web-based resources *All modes are supported by the online learning management system which will include subject documents such as handouts, readings and assessment guides. ^A ‘session’ is made up of 3 hours of timetabled / online study time per week unless otherwise specified. Each subject has a set number of sessions as outlined above. Study Pattern: ☒ Full Time ☒ Part Time Pre-requisites: Nil Co-requisites: Nil SECTION 2 – ACADEMIC DETAILS Subject Rationale This subject introduces philosophy, principles of practice and theories that underlie Naturopathic medicine. Students identify, rationalise, and validate Naturopathic medicine based on western philosophy and unique codified naturopathic principles of practice. Understanding develops through an overview
  • Society: a Key Concept in Anthropology - Christian Giordano and Andrea Boscoboinik

    Society: a Key Concept in Anthropology - Christian Giordano and Andrea Boscoboinik

    ETHNOLOGY, ETHNOGRAPHY AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Society: A Key Concept In Anthropology - Christian Giordano and Andrea Boscoboinik SOCIETY: A KEY CONCEPT IN ANTHROPOLOGY Christian Giordano and Andrea Boscoboinik University of Fribourg, Department of Social Sciences, Pérolles 90, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Keywords: Society, Culture, Evolutionism, Functionalism, Structuralism, Post- Structuralism, Dynamic Anthropology, Diffusionism, Relativism, Interpretive Anthropology, Postmodern Anthropology Contents 1. Introduction: semantic ambiguities of the concept of anthropology 2. Pioneers of Social Anthropology: Evolutionism and Society 3. The Idea of Society in British Anthropology: Functionalism 4. The French School: Structuralism 5. From Structuralism to Post-Structuralism and Their Influence on Agency Theory 6. Against Stability: Dynamic Anthropology 7. Diffusionism, Historicism and Relativism in Franz Boas: Culture as the Expression of Society in American Anthropology 8. Beyond seemingly objective facts: the interpretive anthropology of Clifford Geertz 9. Postmodern Anthropology: The Advent of Methodological Individualism and the Omission of Society. 10. Conclusion. Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary In this chapter, we present the major anthropological currents that directly or indirectly made use of the notion of society in their theoretical reflections and analyses of empirical data. Having first clarified the polysemic nature of the term anthropology, we analyze the theoretical framework of early anthropologists who drew upon the evolutionist theories stemming from natural science. We then analyze British functionalism,UNESCO-EOLSS whose theoretical basis chiefly consists in a criticism of evolutionism, which was regarded as too speculative. Functionalism is characterized by its interest in institutions that, through their functions, generate cohesion in societies deemed primitive. TypicalSAMPLE of British functionalism is CHAPTERSthe empirical orientation of research put forward by Bronislaw Malinowski.
  • Resilience, Safety Management, Social Structuralism and Systemic

    Resilience, Safety Management, Social Structuralism and Systemic

    Specht & Poumadère Interrogating Resilience. Safety management, Social structuralism and Systemic adaptation. Specht Maryline1, Poumadère Marc2 1Université René Descartes Paris 5 – Sorbonne, France [email protected] 2 Institut Symlog, Paris, France [email protected] "Something new has to be built to abolish the previous narrowness, because no reform by itself can destroy a system which, in spite of its shortcomings, can fulfil given requirements - or else it would not exist – in the absence of any system above it which could do better" Pavel Florenski, 1905. Abstract. In this article we propose a theoretical discussion around the resilience concept and practice. Based upon a safety managerial trend aiming to diffuse safety culture through training within a pharmaceutical industry, analysis are initiated to define how organizational resilience (attached to safety culture) interweaves with risk factors and can be developed through training. Classical safety management aims at developing various systems, technical as well as organizational, to prevent and protect against dangers. Training, in this case, is a matter of risk assessment development. We suggest a new perspective stemming from human management. Its axis is to identify the frame of psychological resilience and to consider how it can be sustained. Psychological resilience appears to be a three-dimensional phenomenon less linked to risk assessment than to cultural structuralism and systemic adaptation. Along with the discussion, the question of training towards psychological resilience is discussed as well. It appears that resilience is questioned by uncertainty, ambiguity and complexity, and framed by structural, symbolic and relational systems; risk factors awareness, prudence and justice standards, along with systemic adaptation, altogether can sustain flexible and adaptative responses.
  • Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers: from Structuralism to Postmodernity

    Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers: from Structuralism to Postmodernity

    FIFTY KEY CONTEMPORARY THINKERS From structuralism to postmodernity John Lechte London and New York FIFTY KEY CONTEMPORARY THINKERS In this book, John Lechte focuses both on the development of structuralist theory and on key thinkers opposed to this tendency. For the specialist and the general reader alike, it is an indispensable reference book on this century’s most important intellectual revolution. In each of the fifty entries, John Lechte skilfully illuminates complex thought with unusual clarity. He also provides comprehensive bibliographical information and suggestions for further reading. From early structuralism, Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers guides us through post-structuralism, semiotics, post-Marxism and Annales history, on to modernity and postmodernity. It includes chapters on Bakhtin, Freud, Bourdieu, Chomsky, Derrida, Lacan, Kristeva, Saussure, Irigaray and Kafka among others. Literary figures who have changed the way language is conceived are considered, together with philosophers, linguists, social theorists, feminists and historians. Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers shows that thought in the twentieth century emphasises the relational dimension of existence rather than an essential dimension. This kind of thought leads on to nihilism, but also to the point where nihilism might be overcome. In explaining new developments in literature, art and philosophy, John Lechte helps readers to achieve a more profound understanding of the underpinnings of post- war thought and culture. John Lechte, a former student of Julia Kristeva, teaches social theory and the sociology of representation at Macquarie University, Australia. He has also worked in the fields of history, semiotics and politics, and has an abiding interest in psychoanalysis. He has taught and published widely on many aspects of modern thought.
  • Chiropractic History: a Primer

    Chiropractic History: a Primer

    PracticeMakers_504474 3/21/05 3:35 AM Page 1 Chiropractic History: a Primer Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D. Secretary & Historian, National Institute of Chiropractic Research Director, Association for the History of Chiropractic Carl S. Cleveland III, D.C. President, Cleveland Chiropractic Colleges Director, Association for the History of Chiropractic Michael Menke, M.A., D.C. Faculty Member, National University of Health Sciences Faculty Member, University of Arizona 1 PracticeMakers_504474 3/21/05 3:35 AM Page 2 The NCMIC Insurance Company is proud to make this primer of chiropractic history possible through a grant to the Association for the History of Chiropractic. NCMIC recognizes the importance of preserving the rich history of our profession. This primer will hopefully stimulate your interest in this saga, help you to understand the trials and tribula- tions our pioneers endured, and give you a sense of pride and identity. Lee Iacocca, in his book about LIBERTY said: I know that liberty brings with it some obligations. I know we have it today because others fought for it, nourished it, protected it, and then passed it on to us. That is a debt we owe. We owe it to our parents, if they are alive, and to their memory if they are not. But mostly we have an obligation to our own kids. An obligation to pass on this incredible gift to them. This is how civilization works... whatever debt you owe to those who came before you, you pay to those who follow. That is essentially the same responsibility each of us has to preserve and protect the extraordinary history of this great profession.