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List of contributors Anne J. Alexander, Biology Department, University of Natal, King George V Avenue, Durban, 4001 South Africa. Eugene K. Balon, Department of Zoology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2Wl, Canada. William R. Branch, Port Elizabeth Museum, P.O. Box 13147, Humewood, 6013 South Africa. Richard K. Brooke, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa. Dennis J. Brothers, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 South Africa. Michael N. Bruton, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa. William E. Duellman, Museum of Natural History and Department of Systematics and Ecology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan­ sas 66045-2454, U.S.A. Sebastian Endr8dy-Younga, Transvaal Museum, P.O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. Barry C. Fabian, B.1. Balinsky Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. Christine Flegler-Balon, Department of Zoology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2Wl, Canada. Valerius Geist, Faculty of Environmental Design, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N IN4, Canada. P. Humphry Greenwood, Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United King­ dom. Erik Holm, Department of Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa. S0ren L0vtrup, Department of Zoophysiology, University of Ume~, S- 592 List of contributors 901 87 Umea, Sweden. Jurgens A.J. Meester, Department of Biology, University of Natal, King George V A venue, Durban, 4001 South Africa. Ferdinand C. de Moor, Albany Museum, Somerset Street, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa. Barak E. Morgan, B.I. Balinsky Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. David L.G. Noakes, Department of Zoology, Group for the Advancement of Fish Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2WI, Canada. Norman Owen-Smith, Resource Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. Neville I. Passmore, B.I. Balinsky Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. Michael R. Perrin, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Natal, P.O. Box 375, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 South Africa. Douglas Y. Shapiro, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Box 5000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00709, U.S.A. W. Roy Siegfried, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa. Skuli Skulason, Department of Zoology, Group for the Advancement of Fish Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2WI, Canada. Sigurdur S. Snorrason, Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Gren­ sasvegur 12, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland. Moira van Staaden, Biology Department, University of Natal, King George V Avenue, Durban, 4001 South Africa. David Ward, Mitrani Centre of Ecology, Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boger Campus, 84990 Israel. David L. Woods, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 South Africa. Scientific and subject index (Bird species listed on pages 400-420 are not included in this index) Abbottina rivularis 86, 88 Aleocharinae 320 Abramis ballerus 250 Alevin 77,87,92 Acanthixalus 107 Algae 253,255,325 Acomys dimidiatus 218 Algeria 447 Actinistia 64, 66, 67 Alleles 167, 334 Activated field 486 Alligator mississippiensis 133, 134, 136, 137, Activation 20,83,84-87,367,473,480,482 138 Adansonia digitata 451 Allochrony xiv, 333, 544 Adaptation xiv, 4, 50, 56, 57, 62, 64, 65, Allometric 111, 113, 145, 155,200,201,204,205, growth 280, 582 206, 284, 294, 313, 326, 442, 453, 459, scaling xiii, 523 463,477,506,507,509,524,530,575 Allometry 20,22,30, 73, 77, 128, 154,210, Adaptive radiation 60,61,253 213,371-383,386,422,435,436,441,442, Ade1photaxon 57 445,446,448,452,489,577 Adenomera 104 Allopatry 59,331,544 Adephaga 318 Allophrynidae 103 Adinia xenica 79 Allozymes 101 Adjusters 515 Alpine 298 Adversity selection (see also A-selection) Alprehost 251,467,469,484,486,487,493, 198,230,396,422,435,509,536 495, 513, 516, 521, 526, 544 Aethomys 223, 224 Alps 318 namaquensis 223 Altitude 233, 435 Africa 263,280,381,422,441,443,444,445, Altricial 19,28,29,31,32,33,92, 123,209, 447,448,516 218, 219, 250, 293, 294, 295, 296, 301, African Great Lakes 252,255,511,516,536, 304, 305, 311, 312, 313, 331, 382, 430, 541 431, 467, 479, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, Afrixalus 107 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 509, 510, Afroedura 130 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 517, 519, 520, Age 520 522, 523, 525, 526, 530, 532, 533, 539, Age at maturity 144, 145,221,229,433 540,541,542,543,544 Aggression 267,273,275 Amazon Basin 121 Agriculture 156,203,531,533; 535 Amia calva 86 Alaska 335 Amniota 64, 66 Alaudidae 388, 389, 390 Amphibia xiii, xiv, 46, 66, 67, 72 101-126, Albula 77, 80 129,130,131,347-369,476,504,516 vulpes 76, 77, 93 Amphisbaenia 129, 133, 142, 144 Alburnus ballerus 248 Amplexus 106, 107 Alcaloid 538 Amplitude 529 594 Index Anabolism 506 Arvicanthis niloticus 225 Anacaena 325 Ascaphidae 103 Anachalcos convexus 323 A-selection 197-207,210,386,435,436,520 Anadromy 333, 334, 476 Asia 280,318,443,453 Anatomy 224, 263 Ass 489,491 Anautogeny 297-303,308,309,311,312 Asterophryinae 103 Andes 110 Astyanax Jasciatus 85 Anemonefish 188 Astylosternidae 103 Anguidae 128, 139 Atakama 318 Animal husbandry 544 Atom 467 Anisotropy 22 Australia 56, 60, 110, 131, 132, 137, 220, Anoestrus 430 280, 281, 288, 289, 299, 305, 441, 443, Anoline 129 509 Anolis 144 Austria 159, 165 Anophthalmous 321,324 Austrosimulium pestilens 299,302, 304, 305 Anophthalmus 321 Autapomorphy 106, 107 Anoptichthys jordani 87 Autocatalysis 5 Antarctic 318 Autogeny 294,297,298,299,300,301,303, Antelopes 447,449,516,582 308,310,311,312 Anthias squamipinnis 179, 181 Autopoiesis xi, 34,483,495,506, 531, 535, Antlers 158, 159 543 Ants 204, 206, 270, 288 Autosomes 49 Anura 64, 66, 67, 80, 101-126, 182, 347- Aves (see also Birds) 64,66,67,374 369, 509, 525 Axiom of Competitive Exclusion 58 Aphelinidae 287 Axolotl 130 Aphids 204 Apidae 282, 283 Bacteria 470,477 Aplochiton 494 Bagous 318 taeniatus 493, 494 Bagre marin us 86 zebra 493,494 Balon, E.K. xi, xii, xv Apoda 64, 66, 67 Balon's Chen principle 21,482,483,511 Apodiformes 406 Bantu 31 Apomorphy 105,262,263,280,513 Baobab 451 Aposematism 203 Barnacles 525 Apterolarva 476 Barone agassizi 29 Aptery 204, 206, 282, 321 Jontinalis 29 Aquaculture 504, 542, 543, 544 Basement membrane 357,358 Aquarium trade 542, 543 Bass 539 Arctic 295, 297, 298, 302, 318, 322, Bateson, G. xv, 36 332 Bats 210,276 Aridity 318,387,396 Bearers 71,82,83,86,513,515,516,533, Arius Jelis 86 539,541 Armenian mout1on 168 internal 82,83,87,90,91 Arrhenotokous 287 Bees 282, 283 Arribadas 130 Beetles 206, 282, 283, 288, 317-326 Artemia salina 507 Behavior 106, 155, 180, 181, 182, 190, 191, Arthroleptella 365, 366 222,263,267,268,273,296,332 light/ooti 347-369 Be/gica antarctica 206 Arthroleptinae 103 Bembix pruinosa 286 Arthropoda 110,206,375,378,381 Bertalanffy, L. van 5 Artiodactyla 443, 444, 453 Bet-hedging xiii, 210, 230, 231, 233, 386, Index 595 396,422,435,436 Bottleneck effects 338 Bichirs 66 Bovidae 450 Bifurcation 7, 15, 19,22,23,24,25,28,33, Brachycephalidae 103 34,35,467-495,571-589 Brachymystax len ok 29, 489, 490 Biochemistry 334 Brachyponera lutea 288 Biogenetic law 246, 250 Brachypterous 282 restraints 200, 201 Brackens 535 Biotic saturation 274, 275 Brain 357 Birds xiii, xiv, 19,47,49,67,95, 123, 128, Brain-pituitary-thyroid axis 349, 367 129, 131, 137, 140, 160, 164, 178, 274, Brevicipitinae 103 290,300,301,305,371-383,385-420,476, Brine shrimp 507 484, 492, 504, 509, 510, 516, 525, 540, British Isles 330 582 Brood hiders 82, 83, 85 altricial 71,90,95, 140, 141 Buffalo, African 444, 448 of prey 515 Bufo 104, 130 nidiculous 515,516 americanus 368 precocial 71,90,95 Bufonidae 103, 105 Birth interval 449,451,452 Bullacris 262, 273 rate 372 discolor 264, 265 Bitis arietans 129 intermedia 264, 265 Bitterling 83, 93 membracoides 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, Bivalves 78 271,272,273,276 Bivoltine 294,301,305 ob/iqua 264,265 Bkm sequence 48 serrata 264, 265 Blackflies 293-313 unicolor 264,265,268,271,272,273 Black rhinoceros 450,451 Bullfrogs 189, 190 Blacksmith plover 371,373,374,379,380 Bumblebees 283 Blackwinged plover 371, 374, 375, 379, Burden, ontogenetic 519 380 Burrowing 280,288 Blarina 229 Bushman 31,32 Blattaria 282 Bushmasters 146 Blood 368,579 Butterflies 34, 72, 204, 472, 538 Bluegill sunfish 539 Butterflyeffect 519 Bluehead wrasse 520 Body mass 285,390,391,392,393,400-420, Caccobius 323 426,436,442,444 cavatus 323 size 128,261,271,275,276,279,284,285, Caecilians 67, 131 286, 307, 331, 334, 335, 398, 426, 433, Caelifera 282 434,442,443,453,442,511 Caenorhabditis elegans 50 Bohemia 159 Calandrella cinerea 395 Bohr, N. 35,471 Calcification 485 Boidae 133 Calcium 159 Bombinatoridae 103 California 324 Bombus 283 Callixalus 107 Bonefish 76, 77 Calories 459,462,463,508 Boolian logic 4 Calving interval 449 Boopthora erythrocephala 302 Camel 51 Bootstrap theory 10 Cameroon 280, 447 Boreal systems 534 Camouflage 273 Bothrops insularis 130 Canalisation 489 Botswana 429,447,516 Cannibalism 167 596 Index Camponotus sericeiventris 288 Chicks 382 Cape Flats 428,429,430,432,433 Chinese philosophy xv, 9,10, II, 12-17,31, Cape macchia 427 247 Cape Province 387 Chondrichthyes 64, 66, 67 Cape sparrow 391 Chreods 521 Cape Town 459,460,461,462 Chrestomutilla glossinae 284, 286 Capra, F.
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  • SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does Not Include Alcidae

    SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does Not Include Alcidae

    SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does not include Alcidae CREATED BY AZA CHARADRIIFORMES TAXON ADVISORY GROUP IN ASSOCIATION WITH AZA ANIMAL WELFARE COMMITTEE Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group. (2014). Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: October 2013 Authors and Significant Contributors: Aimee Greenebaum: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Vice Chair, Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Alex Waier: Milwaukee County Zoo, USA Carol Hendrickson: Birmingham Zoo, USA Cindy Pinger: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Chair, Birmingham Zoo, USA CJ McCarty: Oregon Coast Aquarium, USA Heidi Cline: Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Jamie Ries: Central Park Zoo, USA Joe Barkowski: Sedgwick County Zoo, USA Kim Wanders: Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Mary Carlson: Charadriiformes Program Advisor, Seattle Aquarium, USA Sara Perry: Seattle Aquarium, USA Sara Crook-Martin: Buttonwood Park Zoo, USA Shana R. Lavin, Ph.D.,Wildlife Nutrition Fellow University of Florida, Dept. of Animal Sciences , Walt Disney World Animal Programs Dr. Stephanie McCain: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Veterinarian Advisor, DVM, Birmingham Zoo, USA Phil King: Assiniboine Park Zoo, Canada Reviewers: Dr. Mike Murray (Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA) John C. Anderson (Seattle Aquarium volunteer) Kristina Neuman (Point Blue Conservation Science) Sarah Saunders (Conservation Biology Graduate Program,University of Minnesota) AZA Staff Editors: Maya Seaman, MS, Animal Care Manual Editing Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Director of Animal Programs Debborah Luke, PhD, Vice President, Conservation & Science Cover Photo Credits: Jeff Pribble Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management.
  • Hemoglobin-Derived Porphyrins Preserved in a Middle Eocene Blood-Engorged Mosquito

    Hemoglobin-Derived Porphyrins Preserved in a Middle Eocene Blood-Engorged Mosquito

    Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins preserved in a Middle Eocene blood-engorged mosquito Dale E. Greenwalta,1, Yulia S. Gorevab, Sandra M. Siljeströmb,c,d, Tim Roseb, and Ralph E. Harbache Departments of aPaleobiology and bMineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013; cGeophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015; dDepartment of Chemistry, Materials, and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 501 11 Borås, Sweden; and eDepartment of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Edited by Michael S. Engel, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, and accepted by the Editorial Board September 18, 2013 (received for review June 7, 2013) Although hematophagy is found in ∼14,000 species of extant vertebrate hosts (15). Given the similarities of the fossilized insects, the fossil record of blood-feeding insects is extremely poor trypanosomes to known extant heteroxenous species, and the and largely confined to specimens identified as hematophagic hematophagic lifestyle of the extant relatives of the insect hosts, based on their taxonomic affinities with extant hematophagic Poinar has concluded that these fossils represent examples of insects; direct evidence of hematophagy is limited to four insect hematophagy. Even more direct evidence of hematophagy is the fossils in which trypanosomes and the malarial protozoan Plasmo- observation of nucleated erythrocytes containing putative para- dium have been found. Here, we describe a blood-engorged mos- sitophorous vacuoles in the gut of an amber-embedded sandfly(16). quito from the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation in Montana. Poinar has also reported the presence of Plasmodium spor- This unique specimen provided the opportunity to ask whether or ozoites in the salivary gland and salivary gland ducts of a fossil not hemoglobin, or biomolecules derived from hemoglobin, were female mosquito of the genus Culex, some extant species of preserved in the fossilized blood meal.