Tourism Development Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities in Degadamot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara National Regional State

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DEGADAMOT DISTRICT, WEST GOJJAM ZONE, AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT

A MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN TOURISM AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

BY: BIRTUKAN MELAK

MAIN ADVISOR:

MRS. HIRUTSINTAYEHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

CO ADVISOR:

MR. YECHALE MEHIRET (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

SEPTEMBER 2020 GONDAR, ETHIOPIA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DEGADAMOT DISTRICT, WEST GOJJAM ZONE, AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

A Master Thesis Submitted to the Department of Tourism Management in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism and Heritage Management

By: Birtukan Melak

Main Advisor: Ms. Hirut Sintayehu (Assistant Professor)

Co -Advisor: Mr. Yechale Mehiret (Assistant Professor)

September 2020

Gondar, Ethiopia

Approval Sheet

University of Gondar

College of Business and Economics

Department of Tourism & Heritage Management

Tourism Development Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities in Degadamot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

By:

Birtukan Melak

Approval of Board of Examiners

…………….……………. ……………. ………………. Internal Examiner Name Signature Date ………………………….. ……………. ……………. External Examiner Name Signature Date ………………………….. ……………. ……………. Advisor Name Signature Date

DECLARATION I, Birtukan Melak, hereby declare that this thesis is entitled “tourism development potentials, challenges, and opportunities in Degadamot district” is a product of my original research work. I seriously assert that this thesis is not submitted to any institutions anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. The assessments of the research participants have been duly acknowledged in this research. To the best of my knowledge, I have fully acknowledged the resources and pieces of information used in the study.

Declared by:

Birtukan Melak

Signature ……………………. Date …………………….

Confirmed by:

Hirut Sintayehu (Assistant Professor) …………………………………………… Main Advisor Signature…………………………. Date …………………….

Yechale Mehiret (Assistant Professor.) ………………...………………………Co- Advisor Signature……………………………. Date …………………………….

Acknowledgements Initially, I would like to thanks my God and next state my genuine gratitude to Mrs. Hirut Sintayehu and Mr. Yechale Mehiret for their wholehearted comments and guidance and devoted time in correcting the drafts of this research. Following my advisors, I am very much thankful to all instructors of tourism and heritage management program for their valuable suggestions and inspiration during study, and I would like to thank all my respondents; Degadamot Woreda culture and tourism expertise, woreda’s communication office, administrative office of the Woreda , Degadamot Woreda Diocese of orthodox religions, and Degadamot Woreda road and transport expert who provide me valid information during the interview session. And it is glad to show special thanks to all my families, specially my mother. Similarly, I would like to thanks to my classmates.

Table of Contents Content Pages

DECLARATION ...... i

Acknowledgements ...... ii

Table of Contents ...... iii

List of Figures ...... vi

List of Tables ...... vii

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... viii

Abstract ...... ix

CHAPTER ONE ...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Back ground of the Study ...... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ...... 2

1.3 Objective ...... 4

1.3.1 General Objective ...... 4

1.3.2. Specific Objectives ...... 4

1.4. Research Questions ...... 4

1.5. Delimitation of the Study ...... 4

1.6. Limitation of the Study ...... 5

1.7. Significance of the Study ...... 5

1.8. Organization of the Study ...... 5

CHAPTER TWO ...... 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES ...... 6

2.1 Concepts of Tourism ...... 6

2.2. Indicators of Tourism Development ...... 6

iii

2.3. Tourism Development Potentials ...... 7

2.4. Tourism Potential in Ethiopia ...... 8

2.4.1. Accessibility and Infrastructure ...... 11

2.4.2. Accommodation...... 12

2.4.3. Promotional Awareness ...... 12

2.5. Challenges and Opportunities of Tourism Development ...... 13

2.5.1. Challenges of the Tourism Development in Ethiopia ...... 13

2.5.2. Opportunities of the Tourism Development in Ethiopia ...... 15

CHAPTER THREE ...... 17

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...... 18

3.1. Description of the Study Area ...... 18

3.2. Research Approach ...... 20

3.3. Research Design ...... 20

3.4. Sources of Data ...... 20

3.5. Population of the Study ...... 20

3.6. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination...... 20

3.6.1 Sampling Technique ...... 20

3.6.2. Sample Size Determination ...... 21

3.7. Data Collection Instruments ...... 21

A. Interviews ...... 21

B. Observation ...... 21

C. Document Analysis ...... 21

3.8. Data Collecting Procedures ...... 22

3.9. Method of Data Analysis...... 22

3.10. Trustworthiness of the Study ...... 22

3.11. Ethical Considerations...... 23

CHAPTER FOUR ...... 24

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ...... 24

4.1. Description about the Response and Respondents ...... 24

4.2. Tourism Development Potentials ...... 24

4.2.1. Attractions ...... 24

4.2.1.2. Human Made Tourist Attraction ...... 32

4.2.2. Amenities ...... 39

4.2.3. Accommodation...... 39

4.3. Challenges of the Tourism Development ...... 40

4.4. Opportunities of the Tourism Development...... 45

CHAPTER FIVE ...... 47

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 48

5.1. CONCLUSION ...... 48

5.2. Recommendations ...... 50

List of Figures

Figure 1 : Conceptual frame work ...... 19 Figure2: Map of the study area ...... 19 Figure3: Amoro Forest...... 33 Figure 4: Shangi Cave of Hayna ...... 29 Figure5: Galamota stone ...... 30 Figure 6:Grand Ambaw Mountain ...... 32 Figure 7: Inner-cave Senebo T/heymanot Monastry ...... 36 Figure 8: Lalibela Jimir Hintsa ...... 37

List of Tables

Table: 1 Demographic characteristics respondents ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

vii

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

AACTB Addis Ababa Culture and Tourism Bureau ANRS Amhara National Regional State ATV Amhara Television CSA Central Statistical Agency DWAO Degadamot Woreda Agricultural Office FGD Focus Group Discussion IWGIST International Working Group on Indicators of Sustainable Tourism MoCT Minister of Culture and Tourism N.D No Date NGO Non-Governmental Organization UNWTO United Nation World Tourism Organization WTOI World Tourism Organization and Industr y

viii

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to assess tourism development potentials, challenges and opportunities in Degadamot Woreda of Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, qualitative approach with a descriptive design and expert purposive sampling techniques were employed for interview data gathering instrument. The qualitative data was collected from expertise of culture and tourism office, woreda’s communication office, the woreda’s diocese of orthodox Christianity religion, Woreda administrators, road and transport office in the form of interview. The interpretation of qualitative data was a content descriptive approach that utilizes code of summary data and unattributed quotes to illustrate dominant issues in respondents’ own words. The result confirmed that the study area has both natural and manmade potentials attractions. To name some of the major potentials are: Senebo Tekle Haimanot monastery, Ambaw Mountain, Seble wongel jimir hinitsa. Whereas, the challenges of the Tourism Development include: Political instability, Lack of research in the attractions sites; Environmental degradation; the problem of accessibility; Lack of the standard accommodations; Lack of community awareness; Lack of integration and support to preserve and conserve the sites; Lack of focus, cultural assimilation and acculturation; Shortage of better infrastructure and facilities; difficult of the landscape; Lack of management skill by the administrative. Opportunities of the study area includes: Availability of community based eco tourism in the Woreda; comparatively better security and safety in the Woreda, varied climatic condition. Finally, based on the results of the study stakeholders have to give attention for tourism development variables was one of the recommended points to the sustainable development of tourism in the Woreda .

Key words: T ourism, Potentials, Challenges , Opportunities, Degadamot

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Back ground of the Study Tourism is one of the largest and rapidly growing industries in the world. As a service sector, tourism services are playing special importance in boosting up the image of a nation and in facilitating the economic growth and development of a nation (Mckercher, 1995). According to UNWTO (2014) world tourism indicators there were international tourists arrivals grew by 5% in 2013, reaching a record 1,087 million arrivals; and economic contribution of tourism even being over the multifaceted hindering determinants tourism has delightful financial contribution with an additional 52 million international tourists travelling the world in 2013. According to Ajala (2008) Tourism potential has also been viewed as a means of economic development accelerator of the nation through generating employment opportunities and income not only for the entrepreneurs but to the entire region with a high multiplier effect on the several sectors including transportation, manufacturing, food processing and packaging, construction, trade and commerce and other ancillary services, thus it has a global market from where it draws its customers. Africa is one of the World´s fastest on the growth of tourism (Meron & Tesfaye, 2018). However, Ethiopia is one of the few less developed countries endowed with various manmade and natural heritages (Binayew &Yiheyis, 2016). Amhara National regional State of Ethiopia is an example of regions blessed with abundance and diversified tourism sites with potentials of contributing to the socio-economic development not only of the region but also to the country at large (Ajala, 2008); similarly northwest Ethiopia, which is blessed with various attractions-natural, cultural, historical and religious, has been recognized as one of the ideal places for tourism development (Binayew &Yiheyis, 2016). Among different parts Ethiopia this study conducted on Degadamot, district which is rich in tourism potentials. But the potentials are not fully utilized due to challenges.

1.2. Statement of the Problem Identification and development of local tourist capacity, local communities are expected to sustain and create additional local incomes and employment, encourage the development of other sectors of domestic economy, retain human resources in rural areas, and contribute to the conservation of environmental and cultural resources (Trukhachev, 2015). Ajala (2008) Sub-Saharan African Countries, there is a deficiency of researches focusing on the investigation of the regional impact of tourism contrarily researches outgrowth policy shift towards tourism so as to realize the full potential of its adoption as a development strategy, due to, the full potential of tourism as a development option has not been realized at the needed level in many of the developing countries till know. The tourism sector is one essential component of Ethiopia’s national development and transformation (Kidane-Mariam, 2015); it is set in a national environment that faces tremendous opportunities such as fast rate of economic growth, significant expansion of transportation and communication facilities, a massive construction boom and an entrepreneurial population. Ethiopia is endowed with diverse natural resources with a great potential to attract visitors, ranging from both domestic and foreign visitors, and from day-trippers to overnight visitors (Sintayehu, 2015). Ethiopia is not benefiting to the extent possible from domestic tourism given the rich natural and cultural heritage resources it possesses. Still now the magnitude, depth and width of tourism is not clearly known and the number of tourists, their motivations to travel, duration of stay and other points have not been researched (AACTB, 2016). According to MoCT (2009), because of the absence for long of a clear plan that would lay the direction for the cooperation and coordination that should exist among stakeholders on the tourist attraction sites, it has not been possible for the country to derive full benefits from the sector, and tourism development has remained uncoordinated and unsustainable. In the same manner, Tourism is one of the key industries driving change in the ANRS, and it provides multiple opportunities for economic growth and improved livelihoods of the community (Yechale, Haimanot, & Ashenafi, 2017). But, instead of getting significance from the sector, as (Alubel, Dessale & Yirdaw, 2018) concluded that Lake Hayq and its surroundings have tremendous potential and opportunities that can be easily employed for ecotourism development.

However, tourism development potentials and opportunities were not fully utilized due to the constraints of various challenges that call for the due attention of all relevant stakeholders in order to support the development endeavors of Ethiopia. According to the Amhara Culture and Tourism Bureau Report (2010), the region of ANS could not get a satisfactory contribution from tourism industry; thus, regional tourism and culture bureau should be committed in order to consider tourism as a displaced rather than a supplement to any rural or urban undertaking (Kidane-Mariam, 2016). Hence, this report indicates that the potential of tourism development have not studied in depth yet, the researcher aimed to dig out the tourism development potentials in Degadamot Woreda of Western Gojjam in ANS. Therefore, the researcher assessed the tourism development potentials, challenges and opportunities in Degadamot district, in Western Gojjam Zone of ANRS, Ethiopia. Binayew and Yiheyis (2016) studied historical survey and analysis of development and current economic contribution of tourism development in the Lake Tana region of Ethiopia. Ajala (2008) studied about the Employment and Income Potentiality of Tourism Development in Amhara National Regional state of Ethiopia, using analyzing Quantitative approach. Endalkachew, Solomon and Ashenafi (2018) researched to identify the major challenges hampering destination development, using mixed research approach on the limited areas of Amhara regional state includes Gondar, Bahir Dar, Debark and Lalibela. Fanta (2017) explored the tourism potentials and current activity in and around Debre Libanos monastery. Even if studies related to tourism development in different parts of Ethiopian was conducted by different researchers, but this study was conducted in different way from (Binayew & Yiheyis, 2016; Ajala, 2008; Endalkachew, Solomon & Ashenafi, 2018), Because, the researcher carried out in different philosophy from the above researches in the main aspects (geographical, theoretical view and methodological factors) of the study, which attributed as qualitative study to assess the tourism development potentials, Opportunities and challenges in Degadamot district of west Gojjam Zone of Amhara National regional state of Ethiopia. Therefore, the researcher was motivated to conduct this study in order to have to bridge the above gaps; and also to assess untapped tourism development potential of the district in relation to its challenges and opportunities in Degadamot Woreda.

1.3 Objective 1.3.1 General Objective The main objective of this study is to assess the tourism development Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities of Degadamot district. 1.3.2. Specific Objectives The specific objectives of this study were:  To identify tourism development potentials of Degadamot district  To assess tourism development challenges of Degadamot district  To assess tourism development opportunities of Degadamot district 1.4. Research Questions This study was attempted to address the following major research questions:  What are the tourism development potentials in Degadamot District?  What are the tourism development challenges in Degadamot District?  What are the tourism development opportunities in Degadamot District? 1.5. Delimitation of the Study Conceptually, the researcher concentrated on the identification of tourism development potentials; assessment of tourism development challenges as well as assessment of tourism development opportunities of a destination. Methodologically , the researcher employs qualitative research approach, and the tools that were employed during data gathering were experts- interviews and site-observation, and geographically: this study carried out in the Degadamot district of Western Gojjam Zone in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.

1.6. Limitation of the Study Conceptually , in the concept of the researcher, potentials, challenges, and opportunities of tourism development are fixed variables, but in the real world numerous variables may affect the tourism development. However, the researcher tried to minimize overriding of such variable related with findings in Ethiopia. To minimize the intervention effect on non-included variables the researcher studied integrated sector which assist to increase for the authors of the study come up with trustworthy result. Methodologically : in this study the researcher did not used FGD data collection instruments Due to the expansion of Noble Corona Virus (COVID-19) pandemic, but the researcher understood the importance of FGD for data triangulation. Geographically ; this study was carried out in Degadamot district of western Gojjam zone in but the potential of tourism development can be integrated with the other neighboring Woreda’s of western Gojjam zone in ANRS and national level inclusively. Therefore, the researcher opened the research area on the consideration of tourism development potential for the further scholars. 1.7. Significance of the Study This study will provide information to governmental office (culture and tourism office, road construction authority, natural resource and wild life office, security and police commission) in order to manage the destination and to draft directives on these identified heritages. The studies will also help for NGOs to get identified problem area in which they are majorly engaging to facilitate societies’ development and this study will help for local community to get economic, social and environmental improvement that will be resulted from the tourism development potentials identification, and lastly for Researchers, It will serve as a literature for the future researchers who will be interested in this area of study. 1.8. Organization of the Study The study organized in five chapters. The first chapter deals with background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, limitation of the study and organization of the study. The second chapter addresses the review of related literature. Chapter three is about description of the study area and methodology of the study. The fourth chapter deals about data analysis and interpretation. Finally, the fifth chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations of the study. References and appendices are also attached at the end.

CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES 2.1 Concepts of Tourism Tourism is argued to belong to the most important industries in the world, much to its ability to connect cultures and people in developing an understanding and knowledge about the other (Croes & Vanegas, 2008). Tourism is not just the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places. Tourism includes many geographic, economic, environmental, social, cultural and political dimensions. A tourism industry has a strong relationship with those dimensions because of its dependency and impact on it, and the interests of its stakeholders (Kauffmann, 2008).Tourism is the temporary short movement of people to the destinations outside the place where they normally live and work, and activities during their stay at those destinations; it includes movement for all purpose, as well as day visits and excursion (ICLRT, 1981). 2.2. Indicators of Tourism Development According to Djukic (1999) Natural tourism resources contains all natural elements and factors that have a high level of attractiveness and that identifies their geographical environment and be able to valorized for tourism purposes consistent with their relevant features, these resources are often classified as geo morphological, climate-based, hydrographical and bio-geographical, and as protected natural heritage. Trukhachev (2015), the set of indicators included in the model helps to assess two major components of tourist aptitude: the quality of the environment and the quality of the recreation experience. Six variables at the community level, the most influencing for the rural tourism at the rural community level are: Number of rural households and private subsidiary farming in the community; Types of rural settlements (size and specialization) and density of rural population; Particular natural objects and places of attraction; Particular cultural and historical objects and places of attraction; Social networking in the community. Additionally, according to (Popichite, et al., 2013 ) states that, the reason why tourists choose a destination is based on the extent of destinations attractiveness and interestedness in influencing tourists‟ satisfaction. The assessment of destination potential helps to indicate and to rate the importance of existing destination resources in each region or province. Dupeyras and MacCallum (2013) important issues on the tourism development are (branding; weighting and use of indices; quality

considerations; investment; skills; and digital capability) should be addressed as part of future work). Generally, the needed indicators identify those attributes of the natural and cultural environment which are critical to supplying the tourism product, and which are most sensitive to the impacts of tourism. (Ground water levels, species counts, beach stability, slope stability, cultural integrity). 2.3. Tourism Development Potentials Heyns, Boekstein & Spencer (2000) stated four tourism components: tourists, tourism products, facilities and infrastructure (e.g. accommodation and transport), and tourism organizations or facilitators. Different criteria can be used to evaluate destinations, which have tourism resources based on the nature of these resources and whether they are natural or cultural attractions. Boniface , Cooper&Cooper (2016), stated that an area will not become a tourist destination unless it has five main elements: 1) presence of attractions at the forefront, even just one attraction which can be promoted as a unique selling point; 2) facilities and services related to tourism; 3) accessibility to the attraction; 4) infrastructure and political stability as preconditions for tourism development; and 5) support of destination products by tourism stakeholders. According to Trukhachev (2015), the set of indicators included in the model helps to assess two major components of tourist aptitude: the quality of the environment and the quality of the recreation experience. Six variables at the community level, the most influencing for the rural tourism at the rural community level are: Number of rural households and private subsidiary farming in the community; Types of rural settlements (size and specialization) and density of rural population; Particular natural objects and places of attraction; Particular cultural and historical objects and places of attraction; Social networking in the community. And supported by Muna (2018) the surrounding areas to develop a model for each form of potential tourism based on tourism resources, and the criteria comprise attraction, including the value or importance of the attractions, popularity, and tourism activities; physical aspects, including the attractions' accessibility and seasonal facilities; socio-economic aspects, including admission to the attraction; the local community; stakeholders, and the political situation. Taylor and Banda-Thol (2013) identified six criteria to evaluate the potential for tourism development and opportunities in their Zambia study: attractions, popularity, accessibility, tourism activities, seasonality, and facilities and infrastructure. Rahayuningsih et al. (2016) identified three main criteria to assess nature-based resources for tourism development in Bogor

in West Java Province, Indonesia: diversity of attractions and uniqueness, tourism activities, and accessibility. Buhalis (2000) listed six main components of tourism resources that can be used in evaluating the elements of a tourist destination: attractions, accessibility, amenities, and packages by intermediaries, activities, and available ancillary services. To build an industry that can lengthen the tourist’s stay by solving observed limitations in service in the sector and provide for the progressive growth of capacity in tourist facilities deployed in the field. According to Popichite et.al.(2013 ) states that, the reason why tourists choose a destination is based on the extent of destinations is mainly attractiveness and interestedness in influencing tourists satisfaction because the assessment parameters of destination potential helps to indicate and to rate the importance of existing destination resources in each region or province. However, the assessment of destination potential is related to the five major components of destination attraction, accessibility, amenities, accommodation and awareness or in a short form 5A (Dickman, 1996), which is including Attractions is the primary motivation for traveling. They may be a primary destination such as heritages or secondary destinations, which are interesting places to visit on the way to primary destination. 2.4. Tourism Potential in Ethiopia According to Djukic (1999) Natural tourism resources contains all natural elements and factors that have a high level of attractiveness and that identifies their geographical environment and be able to valorized for tourism purposes consistent with their relevant features, these resources are often classified as geo morphological, climate-based, hydrographical and bio-geographical, and as protected natural heritage. Despite the fact that it is situated not far from the equator, much of Ethiopia’s land has a temperate climate and is located at relatively high altitudes (Endalkachew, Solomon & Ashenafi, 2018). In Ethiopia, tourism can be capitalized on the country’s rich and diversified cultural heritage and natural resources Kidane-Mariam (2015). Not only the above aspects, tourism industry as the Peace Industry, having in mind the potential of tourism as being a cross- communication tool among cultures. In addition to that, tourism contributes in generating revenues to the host community and plays therefore an important role for the economic development of the destination (Haberstroh, 2011). On the development of the tourism the local communities can get the benefit because of Ecological Comprehensive monitoring at source of the levels of pollutant generation by the

industry, and by other sectors which influence the resource base of the industry, the key components include monitoring of production of solid an d liquid waste, discharge of sewage, and from other sectors, oil spills, toxic waste discharge, air pollutants, and visual pollution, loss of key resources (fauna, flora, beach access), (IWGIST & WTOI, 1993). Moreover, Kauffmann (2008) suggested that Nature tourism can be identified as the third segment of Ethiopia’s tourism market after culture and history tourism. Since the majority of the tourists are coming for historical and cultural attractions in Ethiopia, natural attractions of the CRV could enforce this third segment. Ethiopia has experience in nature tourism, but has strong competition on this from neighboring countries like Kenya, and Tanzania. Soressa, (2018) high potential tourist attraction sites was seen in terms of quality and preserved environment, diversified cultural and natural tourist attraction areas, good climatic condition and a good will of the local community for local tourism development to result the regional economic, as a result Individual country approaches to quality classification and competitiveness can work well and play an important role in competitiveness as well as attracting further investment, particularly, on bringing the explicit quality mark or grading for assets and facilities such as accommodation, attractions, beaches, restaurants and travel can drive up standards and performance as well as attract more tourism (Dupeyras & MacCallum, 2013). Cultural Monitoring of state of cultural resources, including measures of cultural change at national, local levels, state of local economies, levels of maintenance or degradation of key cultural resources (IWGIST & WTOI, 1993). Signe, et al., (2000) at present, there are just 10 countries in Africa that receive $1 billion or more per year in tourism revenues, signaling enormous potential for market growth across the continent. Indeed, the region’s natural endowments as well as untapped cultural and historical resources offer numerous opportunities to attract visitors; Fanta, (2017 ) destination can be known by different cultural food items and their way of preparation knowledge that are made by indigenous knowledge of the local communities, Alubel, Dessale & Yirdaw (2018) found in eastern part of ANS, eastern Wollo zone, around Lake Hayq, the place has a variety of flora and fauna species, so that unusual and interesting flora and fauna can be very important attractions, especially when combined with scenic landscapes, on the extended discussion, the lake is the home for local and migratory birds, monkey, apes, hyena and jackals which can equally attract interested visitors for a variety of reasons; in the western Gojjam of ANS, there are different

tourism natural resources in and around Debre Libanos Monastery. These are the landscape, plants. Endemic animals like Gelada Baboon and birds, different caves, rivers and seasonal waterfalls (Fanta, 2017). Astbha (2015) disused in ANS, in Dejen Woreda there are numerous tourism resources that causes for tourism development, the of tourism resources are Dembech descended area of Awabel Menzmidir is another very interesting historical and cultural area which can be used as a resource of tourism; Washa Shemelamo is a semi-natural cave which served the local people as religious and residential place during the ancient times. But this study was to know the potential of western Gojjam zone in Degadamot Woreda. Even more the push factor of the tourists to the area due to intangible cultural heritage often is viewed as secondary to the experience in the destination sites, many visitors are willing to stop to buy souvenir items from the shops of their dwelling village or country (Mustefa, 2011). According to Ratanakomut (2006), Cultural/Heritage tourism is based on the existence of some components; these are classified as tangible and intangible. The tangible part includes immobile resources (as built heritage, sites and cultural landscapes) and movable elements (as artifacts, handicrafts, media and consumer goods), the intangible group of cultural aspects as art expressions, languages, living cultures, folklore). On the specific context, with an estimated population of 95 million - 2015, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa, in addition to culturally, the population is diverse constituting more than 80 ethnic groups, so that there are diversity &unique features Ethiopia’s ethnic identities and culture have been used to market tourism with some success (Kidane-Mariam, 2015). Ali (2016) Ethiopia possesses varied touristic resources which form the necessary raw material for the Ethiopian touristic product and a huge cultural and natural heritages which make up a large part of tourism industry; therefore, destinations that are able to offer travelers access to unique experience through local culture and the creative economy have a competitive advantage and a basis for generating publicity to attract more awareness, interest, visitors or expenditure, especially, culture and creativity in various forms can create significant competitive advantages that support long-term sustainable tourism growth and spinoff benefits to other policy areas such as skills and talent attraction (Dupeyras & MacCallum, 2013). Furthermore, Knezevic (2008), cultural or anthropogenic resources may be classified as cultural assets, ethno-social resources, artistic resources and ambient resources. In the case of Ethiopia, the huge presence cultural tourism potentials such as traditional music, hand crafts, megalithic or

funerals, buildings of different churches including the Debre Libanos Monastery, Portugal bridge, cultural food preparations, clothes of the Monastery administrators of different years, tools made from wood, clay and steel found in the museum of the monastery, and also spiritual like holy crosses of different size and design, holy books, spiritual songs, educations are tourism potentials (Fanta, 2017); the sites along the Historic Route reflect the countries ancient political and social history, religious beliefs, architectural style, festivals therefore, northern part of Ethiopia has ancient history, monument, art, and people but is also a major tourist destination, that can contributes hugely to the development of the tourism sector and this can be even bigger in the near future (Ashenafi, 2016). Due to, the contribution of the route reflected in terms of share of tourism receipts, international representation, expansion of domestic tourism, and the like, cannot be undervalued, since, “Historic Route” is exceptionally interesting because of its monuments and historic recollections, the beauty of the natural site and the religious communities in the cities and towns through or near which it passes (Angelini & Mougin, 1968). Therefore, this tourism potential, challenges and opportunity study was carried in the Northern part of Ethiopia, to bring the development through investigating tourism potential including historic place and historic information. 2.4.1. Accessibility and Infrastructure According to the Signe (2018) Globalization and infrastructure, at the moment, the majority of investment continues to come from individual developers, and there are relatively few tourism consortiums operating on a large scale in Africa. However, Tour vest Holdings, a South Africa- based tourism group with extending across the continent, and major international hotel chains like Intercontinental are already planning to increase their investments in Africa. Tewodros, A., Derb A,.Tewodros Le., (2019) Many tourist attractions in Amhara region including the study areas are not very well developed yet. Proper development usually involves considering factors to make sites more amenable to foreign visitors, including educational and explanatory sign- posts and walking paths, as well as aesthetic considerations such as proper placement of museum exhibits and historic artifacts transportation, water supply, electricity, telecommunication (Deresse & Shiferaw, 2018). But the establishment of Ethiopian Airlines for international and domestic air access, opening of airfields and hotels at key tourist attraction sites and establishment of national tour operators were good cases in point (World Bank, 2006:16-17). The explicit quality mark or grading for assets and facilities such as accommodation, attractions,

beaches, restaurants and travel can drive up standards and performance as well as attract more tourism, in order to bring the development of the infrastructure accessibility of the overall development of the Ethiopian context (Kidane-Mariam, 2015); therefore the finding shows in Ethiopia, the country has been singled out as a country of instability, war, drought and famine. Due to that, many people around the world, mentioning Ethiopia brings to mind its devastating 1984 famine. This image hurts the growth of its fledgling tourism industry and negatively affects the desired inflow of inbound tourists to the country (Tewodros, Derb & Tewodros Le., 2019). 2.4.2. Accommodation Dupeyras and MacCallum (2013) the explicit quality mark or grading for assets and facilities such as accommodation, attractions, beaches, restaurants and travel can drive up standards and performance as well as attract more tourism. It can also be applied to industry training levels and links to assessing growth in productivity. 2.4.3. Promotional Awareness Promotional terms are seen in different channels and mechanisms by many scholars, (Signe, et al., 2015) a handful of frontier markets are becoming increasingly attractive destinations for tourists and investors alike by recognizing the potential for tourism-driven development, incentivizing investment in the sector, and building up necessary travel infrastructures. Alemu (n.d.) the low level of public awareness and institutional support for archeological and historical inventory of worthy objects, structures, sites and resources at national, regional and local levels is a mitigating factor in exploring the rich tapestry of nature-society relationship in the corridor, Such as: (Yechale, Haimanot &Ashenafi, 2017) word of mouth advertising as the most successful marketing operations, in addition the region did not utilize internal marketing strategies to reach or influence their own customers, but the others also see in terms of, (Tewodros,Derb &Tewodros (2019) Well-organized and effective promotion as well as customer handling practices remain far from the standard, then the improvement of image building and other promotional activities requires large sums of money but budget constraint is still an acute problem, thus, the concerned body should give due attention to the sector by allocation enough budget for the needed promotional activity to change the bad image of the country via international media.

2.5. Challenges and Opportunities of Tourism Development Attractiveness of rural areas and effectiveness of the agriculturally based economy cannot be achieved only with the high investment but it should be integrated with others such as tourism, in the form of social paradigm, because it can be developed under an influence of a whole set of non-economic factors: social, cultural, historical, ethnic (Trukhachev, 2015). Because there are other Factors such as within skills, training, employment, and managerial development and leadership considerations are vital for tourism competitiveness. It is also very difficult to obtain reliable consistent data across countries. Issues such as the high seasonality of employment, share of casual, short-term and fixed-term employment, wage levels and issues around security of employment all make the development of a single indicator very difficult. Skills are closely linked to productivity which is a Core Indicator however further work will be required to pick up on the deeper influences of skills, education and wages on tourism (Dupeyras & MacCallum, 2013). 2.5.1. Challenges of the Tourism Development in Ethiopia On the tourism industry study in Ethiopia existed in a low level of growth when it is compared with other parts of the world even when it is compared with Africa, this may due to (Kidanemariam, 2015): A number of factors limit the success of the tourism industry to play a more significant role in the national economies, as a result, there is an argument that the benefits accruing from tourism development have, not been translated to meaningful benefits for the majority of developing countries, especially the LDCs (UNECA, 2011); the most important challenges to tourism development differ by country, but similar patterns of constraints and challenges occur (World Bank, 2014); the challenges for the religious tourism of the cultural view, indicates that, thefts and robbery, insufficient land for accommodating religious tourists, lack of electricity, parking problem, loss of spirituality with religious tourists due to modernization, unskilled experts, inaccessibility, unity and coordination problem among stake holders as the challenges of religious tourism development (Dagnachew & Engdu, 2019). Yirdaw, (2018)discussed some reoccurring challenges which were identified as socio-economic and environmental challenges for ecotourism development, and most problems of local people emanated from socio-economic conditions and contributed to increased poverty and consequently can affect natural and cultural ecotourism resources. that infrastructure, environmental pollution, agricultural encroachment, overconsumption of resources, lack of

skilled manpower, poor cooperation of stakeholders, lack of promotion and marketing and absence of ecotourism development policies respectively; Absence of conservation and sustainable utilization of resources prohibit ecotourism development and its various contributions for local communities (Dejene, Seyoum, & Ready, 2014); the challenges of tourism development identified by the research were a shortage of infrastructure, shortage of promotion services, expansion of agricultural land to the potential sites, shortage of resources, tourism market, the problem of implementation of policy and geographical inaccessibility (Soressa, 2018), on the more explicitly form, even though there are these all significant tourism potentials in the Monastery and the greater attention given to the tourism development by the government, based on the countries numerous cultural, natural and historical heritages and other attractions, comparing with potentials and attractions like Entoto and Tana monasteries, the local community are not benefited from their tourism resources in Debre Libanos Monastery, this is due to low awareness and performance of promotional and marketing activities which results in the implementation of tourism development is still stay infant (Fanta, 2017). The rich biodiversity resources, including forests, are being destroyed at an alarming rate largely due to human related disturbances (Aynekulu, 2011). North western highlands of Ethiopia have only fragments of natural forests scattered and confined to inaccessible and sacred places (Wassie et al., 2005), which suggested that the highlands were once covered by high forests. Therefore, appropriate and immediate measures are required to maintain and restore the remaining natural forests. Accelerated deforestation that arise largely due to the conversion of forests to other agricultural land-use types and the overutilization of forest resources to satisfy the food and energy requirements of the increasing population are major environmental concerns in Ethiopia (Friis et al., 2001). In the absence of suitable interventions, current patterns of deforestation will decimate the remaining forests in the near future (Teketay, 1992). However, agricultural encroachment, unsustainable resource use patterns, lack of skilled manpower, lack of awareness, infrastructural challenges, poor cooperation among stakeholders, lack of promotion and marketing are amongst the major challenges in Lake Haya for ecotourism development; as a result, destination facilities and services should have to be provided including tourist information centers, information communication, tour and travel facilities, guiding services, recreational centers, shopping and commercial facilities, billboards and signage, maps and other facilities should be available (Aseres, 2015); in line of this, the absence of the diversified tourism

resources, weak promotion, high cost of services of the infrastructures and accommodations in Ethiopia/international aircraft prices, accommodation and car hire services are relatively high compared with most neighboring countries and in effect they have is to make the country an expensive destination to visit (Tewodros, Derb, Tewodros Le., 2019). Similarly, there is not enough guide tours and the effect of the lack of peace and security in the hotel tourism was the major problem especially from 2008 to 2010 were some of the challenges in major in addition to lack of raw material such as food staff, lack of sugar, light off and on problems were some of the challenges in promoting the hotels for the destination development as a tourist center (Deresse & Shiferaw, 2018); However, most of the promotional materials are not reviewed each year for accuracy and alignment, and even the website is not updated to reflect the actual practices of the regional bureau’s effort (Yechale, Haimanot & Ashenafi, 2017); additionally the concluded ass challenges of tourism development in Ethiopia are inadequate infrastructure, inadequate development of destination sites, low awareness of the community and not benefiting them from the tourism industry, the problem of stretching and redesigning the structure up to destination, limited coordination with the stakeholders, weak monitoring and evaluation system, unattractive salary scale, problem of decision making, the nature of tourism by itself, attitudinal problem, skill and knowledge gap, turnover of the expertise especially at level, lack of strategic integration in partnerships, illegal practice around attraction sites are the main challenges to promote and develop the destination( Fanta, 2017). Therefore, this study has been studied in more neighbor of this above studies to assess the challenges in tourism development of the Degadamot Woreda. 2.5.2. Opportunities of the Tourism Development in Ethiopia Local people understand and appreciate the possible contribution of tourism as a means of generating income and employment opportunity, hence the level of awareness of local community was revealed as local communities were aware of the contributions of ecotourism as a means of income generation, preserving local cultures and promoting cross cultural exchanges, as a result they are being participating in the getting of tourism importance in being employed in ANS of Ethiopia (Alubel, Dessale & Yirdaw, 2018). Ethiopia as a country and the Amhara National Regional State particularly are very rich in different indigenous knowledge practices like architecture, medicine, agriculture and cottage industry (Yechale, Haimanot & Ashenafi, 2017);therefore, not only the natural resources and local knowledge, but also the presence of

traditional Church School visit, an open air market visit, an urban tour, cultural tourism, medical tourism (religious medicine) and museum tourism, this may be considered as a main opportunities in the Northern part of Ethiopia because the assumed these are the reason why tourists visit these area like: Gondar and Lalibela are not fully exploited( Alubel, Dessale, & Yirdaw, 2018). Birtukan (2018) since, the development of tourism in Ethiopia remained slow than before in Ethiopia in this period was practically unsafe for a foreigner to move out of its home country, Hence, the potential tourism resources should be supported with basic tourism infrastructural facilities and services through the principles of sustainability, therefore including accommodation establishments; road and transportation systems should be improved; Public and institutional facilities and services (health centers, electricity, drinking water, sewage, telephone line, public lighting, safety and security, training schools or institution, banking, and etc) should be provided in the sites (Aseres, 2015). Hence, this study is in order to identify the main opportunities to tourism development in Degadamot Woreda of the Western Gojjam zone in ANS, Ethiopia. 2.6. Conceptual Framework of the study The researcher has planned to conduct this research on the integrated stakeholders including communities with optimization of the tourism development variables or impacting factors of the tourism potential development. The tourism potentials was identified from the four core components for the tourism development then the development status of the tourism components were categorized as low and high potential, this in turn are challenges and potentials for the future tourism development, and these will be recommended through optimization theory maximizing opportunities and minimizing challenges of the tourism development potentials in the tourist destination area.

Tourism potential

 Accessibility

 Attraction  Accommodation  Amenity

potential development High potential development Low

Tourism challenge Tourism opportunity

 Lack of focus  Comparatively better security and safety  Environmental degradation

 Availability of  lack of integration Community-based tourism  Problem of accessibility  Better climatic condition  Availability of variety of  Cultural assimilation & acculturation tourism attraction  Lack of standard accommodation

opportunity Maximization  Lack of integration

challenge challenge Minimization

Tourism development

Figure 1: Conceptual framework Source: own Researcher work (2020)

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area The study location of this research was conducted on Degadamot district. It is located 400 km far from the capital city Addis Ababa, 110 Km from Bahir Dar and 85 Km from Finote-selam. It is one of the 15 woreda’s in the West Gojjam zone in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, and the district’s administrative town is Feresbet. Degadamot is bordered on the south by Dembecha, on the southwest by Jabi Tehnan, on the west by Kuarit, and on the north and east by the east Gojjam Zone. The district is administratively, divided into 32 kebeles (Wubetu, Abula& Dejenu, 2017). In Degadamot district, there is tremendous tourism resources, which are natural and human made tourism resources for instance the natural tourism resources are forests, mountains, caves, and the cultural tourism resources are churches, monasteries.

Figure; 2 Map of the study are Source: Own research work (2020)

3.2. Research Approach The researcher applied qualitative research approach to capture phenomenological understanding of respondents towards to the potentials, challenges and opportunity of the tourism development, because qualitative research approaches emphasizes meaningfulness on the designed to ensure a close fit between the real setting of data and what people actually say and do on the current. Phenomenological research method of qualitative approach helps in order to understand what people observe in their daily lives, listen to what they say, and talk to them in order to know what is on their minds (Taylor et al., 2015). 3.3. Research Design The design of this study is descriptive design because; descriptive research design is an appropriate design for the ideas, occurrences and events of the phenomena narration (Weber, 1949). 3.4. Sources of Data For this study, the researcher used both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data sources were interview, and observation, whereas the secondary data sources were official documents, related literatures, and articles. 3.5. Population of the Study The target populations of the study were expertise of culture and tourism office, woreda’ s communication office, the woreda’s diocese of orthodox Christianity religion, Woreda administrators, road and transport office. Because populations were judged as, who can offer information about the tourism potential, challenge and opportunities of Degadamot, and who is the dweller or expert in the Woreda .” Every qualitative study is likely to collect from individual people’s perceptions, aspirations, beliefs, or behaviors” (Yin, 2011, p.233). 3.6. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination. 3.6.1 Sampling Technique In this study The researcher employed one of purposive sampling technique specifically, expert purposive sampling, in which pre sample size determination is not possible; Since expert sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique when community view based participatory research is need, which is employed to glean knowledge from individuals that have particular expertise (Yin, 2011, p.46).

3.6.2. Sample Size Determination In qualitative research, the sample size was determined based on the data collectors gathered until the enough detailed data captured, and according to the research question needs; because there is no established criteria on the sample size or a unit of analysis number of informants, or objects to observe, number of pages based on the informants own written text transcribed data; the researcher has judged mental freedom on the sample size determination relying on the sufficiency of collected information for the objective attainment (Bengtsson, 2016). For this study the researcher interviewed, seven respondents from experts of culture and tourism office, five respondents from experts of communication office, two respondents from Woreda Administrator, seven respondents from diocese of orthodox Christianity religion, four respondents from road and transport development office. Based on this, the researcher has interviewed totally twenty-five individual respondents as a since the data saturated with these respondents. 3.7. Data Collection Instruments A. Interviews For the purpose of this study semi-structured face to face interview were conducted with culture and tourism office expert, communication office expert, diocese of orthodox Christianity religion, road and development office expert, and Woreda administrator were participated. B. Observation The researcher was used note taking and photo camera to record information by preparing checklist by moving into the setting and observing in the purposively selected samples. Because researcher observed, to triangulate those data from others with giving focus on the main components tourism potentials to develop including attraction features, road construction, amenity status, accommodation quality. Observation is the main instrument used to collected data and record important information to note and have photo about the existing situation (Patrick, 2003). C. Documents The researcher has employed secondary data sources which were books, journals, Articles, magazines (hard copies collected from the Woreda culture and tourism office which attached at in the Amharic version), thesis, audio visual materials and using the internet source.

3.8. Data Collecting Procedures For this study the data collecting procedures will be: first all research questions which will be prepared in the semi structured manner with the individual of twenty-five copies for all informants with Experts of the Woreda (Five communication experts, Seven culture and tourism office expert, Four road and transport development expert, Two Woreda administrator expert as well as Seven for diocese of orthodox Christianity religion) first transcribed from the audio to the written form then translated to English version. Moreover; observation checklists, digital photo camera and audio recorder were used to handle relevant primary data whilst the collection process. The researcher has collected secondary data sources by seeking different reference books, magazines (from Amharic language to English translation), and journals, Articles, thesis, audio visual materials and using the internet source. 3.9. Method of Data Analysis The researcher has employed content analytical approach of qualitative research methodology. According to Bengtsson (2016) the procedure of content analysis of data must be employed in four stages first: De-contextualization (Identify meaning units, Create code list, repeat and start at new);secondly, Re-contextualization (Include “content”, exclude “dross” Distance);thirdly, Categorization (Identify homogeneous groups, Triangulation by investigators);fourthly: compilation (Draw realistic conclusions, Member check, colleagues, inquiry audit). 3.10. Trustworthiness of the Study The researcher approved trustworthiness of the research’s results, can be generalized under using four tools including credibility; transferability; Dependability, and Conformability (Letts, et al., 2007).  Credibility: the researcher used variety of data collection methods like document analysis, interview with the help of collection tools like audio records and photo picturing  Dependability: to keep the consistency between the data and the findings researcher has displayed data collection procedures, content analysis processes and cross-checked the analytical finding with the evidence of peer review from related literature part.  Transferability: since the researcher has employed a procedure that detailed in this study, the future researcher can use this step to study in the same way.

 Conformability: the researcher has strived to restrict herself from the subjectivity in the data gathering and analysis mostly; again, the advisor mainly main-advisor has repetitively checked the ambiguous and subjectivity symptoms of this study to clear and clean again and again. 3.11. Ethical Considerations The researcher took the ethical issues in to consideration with the following things: Primary, researcher negotiated entry to the tourist sites /offices to involve participants in this study, asked permission from official experts in order to give considerable time to this study particularly in the data collection from the field and asking their consents before taking a picture and recording their voices . Lastly, the ethical actions of the researcher were tried to be from aspects of unethical activity as much as possible in the whole research as well as to be free from plagiarism acts, such as acknowledging those who contributed through idea, activity, and in addition the researcher keeps her social distance in data collection time to protect herself and the participants from corona virus.

CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Introduction This study was conducted on to assessing tourism development potentials, challenges and opportunities in Degadamot district. To do so , the researcher collected data from respondents by using interview, observation and the researcher analyzed and interpreted the data in relation to three issues/specific objectives such as to identify tourism development potential ,to asses tourism development challenges, and to asses tourism development opportunities, and the detail is stated independently as follows. 4.1. Tourism Development Potentials The overall tourism potentials are categorized under Attraction, accommodations, Amenity/ facilities, and accessibilities. 4.1.1. Attractions Degadamot Woreda is one of the 15 rural Woreda’s’ of western Gojjam zone, and it is found within the distance of 110KM from the Bahir Dar that the capital of ANS and 85 from Finote- Selam, the capital of Western Gojjam Zone. The Woreda has various features of Natural and human made tourist attractions that describe the history, culture and civilization as well as the way of life of society that is existed and inherited from generation to generation to for a long duration of time. From these numerous historic and lifelong natural and human made tourism resources that provide the essence and value of societies in the Woreda which encompasses the heritages those have a value of society’s symbolical identity that in turn could magnifies the essence of Woreda’s communities. There are recorded movable and immovable cultural heritages around 2223 in Degadamot of which, 728 are identified and sorted in the scientifically way. The woreda’s culture and tourism office has identified 12 potentially with their challenges and opportunities about the tourist attractions. According to the interviewees of Culture and tourism expert the Tourism resources of the Woreda categorized under the tangible and intangible heritages under natural as well as human made. The natural tangible heritages are historic Ambaw Terar, shangi yejib washa, Galemota stone, whereas intangible natural attractions include variety sounds of birds and other animals

in the Woreda. The cultural tangible heritages of the Woreda are Tam Aba kidane lodge, shangi Jimir hintsa, tools, inscriptions of religious centers, souvenirs of the society, etc while the intangible cultural/human-made heritages includes the poems, spiritual songs as well as preaching activity using in various vocals in the churches, ceremonies, wordy practices of the society, religious worshipers, praying etc”(E.G). Differently more focused by the head of culture and tourism head expert added that the medical treatment practices of the word for the patients that never cured by the primary and secondary hospitals has gotten their original health using the woreda’s traditional medical treatment in Degadamot Woreda”(H.G). 4.1. 1.1. Natural Tourist Attractions There are a lot of tourism resources in the Degadamot of the Western Gojjam Zone of ANS in Ethiopia with its variety and its presence. But to give the detail of these at the individual level the researcher has seen on the following detailed stages. 1. Geographic Landscape and Weather Condition of the Woreda According to the interviewees’ from the culture and tourism office of the Woreda “the weather condition of the Woreda is attractive since there are Dega, Woina Dega and kola weather condition, which is restively good for everyone who comes to the area, and the landscape is noticeably hard .“Degadamot Woreda has three major climatic zones including Dega 75%, woina Dega 20% and kola 5% (Muluken, Tefera & Getye, 2017). The majority area of the Woreda is Dega, this may be why the name of Woreda is” D-A-G-A”- Damot. Dega damot district is one of the portable areas of the country with its topography which consists of 35% mountainous, 30% climbing, 20% valleys and 15% plains. This topographic characteristic might be liable for erosion (DWAO, 2016). The district is also characterized by good climate for most of the year with annual rainfall between 900 and 1200 ml, the soil of the district is reddish (clay soil), black soil, sand soil, brown soil and white soil types (Degadamot Woreda Agricultural Office (DWAO, 2017); According to 2004–2013 rainfall data, the District has a high rainfall distribution between July and August and a smaller rainfall between January and May, the mean monthly rainfall and mean annual rainfall of the District are 60.24 and 708.54 mm, respectively (Muluken, Tefera & Getye, 2017).

Climatically the town has no metrological station, as a result to put its climatic condition nearby Bahirdar town used. Based on an altitude of the town, it is categorized in Dega type. The town has average annual rainfall of 1,493 mm, which varies with seasons. Summer (June to August) is the main rainy season that gives 1,020 mm rainfall and winter is the driest season with very low amount of rainfall 92.2 mm. The average monthly temperature varies between 9 0C in July to 20 0C in March with average annual temperature of 14.5 0C and annual range of temperature 110C (Kebede, 2017). As the attributes of the natural is critical to supplying the tourism product, and which are most sensitive to the impacts of tourism development like species counts (IWGIST &WTOI, 1993). Therefore, there is seasonality of the weather in addition to the area difference in the air condition of the Woreda, but the overall climatically condition of Degadamot has a good and attractive. According to the interviewees from the culture and tourism office of Woreda “ the weather condition of the Woreda is attractive since there are Dega, woina Dega and kola weather condition, which is restively good for everyone who comes to the area”(S.Z). According to Djukic (1999) Natural tourism resources contains all-natural elements and factors that have a high level of attractiveness and that identifies their geographical environment and the destination’s geographic resources are often classified as geo morphological, climate-based, hydrographical and bio-geographical, and as protected natural heritage. Therefore, the geographic feature of Degadamot including landscape has its own tourism potential. 2. Amoro Forest The forest is nearest to the Administrative town of the Woreda only far from 3 km from (Liyew, B., Tamrat, B., and Sebsebe, 2018). Amoro Forest belongs in the category of dry evergreen Afro montane vegetation (Friis, et al., 2011). The vegetation of the forest is dominated by trees; Juniperus procera, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Allophylus abyssincus, Apodytes dimidiata, Bersama abyssinica, Shrub and short stature trees such as; Carissa spinarum, Discopodium penninervium, Dombeya torrida, Lobelia giberroa, Myrsine africana and Pittosporum viridiflorum. The most dominant liana is Urera hypselodendron. A total of 57 woody species representing 38 families were recorded from 36 plots. Of the total plant species identified, 19 species (33.33%) are trees while 31 species (54.38%) are shrubs. The remaining 7 species

(4.37%) are lianas, hence this show that the woody species composition of Amoro Forest (57 species) were higher than many Afromontane forests in Ethiopia and other tropical forest. The woody plants of Amoro Forest are dominated by shrubs was (54.38%). Euphorbaceae was the dominant family with six species (10.52%) followed by Asteraceae family with four species (7.01%). Therefore Amoro forest nearest to the town of the Woreda, which has four major flora variety has and gives the naturally beautiful feature for the viewers, which makes the destination as a more attractive and memorable, the forest with ever green 57 woody species representing 38 families were recorded from 36 plots, and the total plant species identified, 19 species (33.33%) are trees while 31 species (54.38%) are shrubs. According to the respondents view of culture and tourism office Amoro forest is one of the best attractive forests in Degadamot Woreda which used to for medicinal purpose, enjoyment”(H.A).

Figure 3; Amoro Forest Source: by the researcher May (2020) 3. Shangi Cave of Hayna This cave is commonly termed as Ye Jib Washa and located particularly in the Derek Kebele. The geographical landscape of the area is hilly downward. Moreover, the place is far from the capital of the Woreda Feresbet around 20:30 minutes on the animal transportation means. And there is White and Blacks like stony minerals after 18-meter distance walk inside the cave.

Again, this site is also at the further distance of appropriate information sufficiency and still the study is in need on this site. And based on the researcher’s observation and the interviewee response the area very miraculous with unique natural land feature. According to “Expert of culture and tourism view, one of the main attractive tourism resources in Degadamot Woreda is Ye jib washa which is found in Shangi Dereka Kebele” (E.T).

Figure; 4 Shangi Hayna Cave Source: by the researcher, May, (2020) 4. Jan Neges Cave Jan Neges cave is one of the major natural tourist attractions in the Woreda, and characterized with the entrance length of 2 meter, and it is located 28km distance from Feresbet town that takes 3:00 hour’s journey on foot. The nature of cave has been narrated on the feasibility study; there are supporting materials from four sides in the ceiling of the cave. One can find many fragmented marbles after 200 meters to the inside of the cave, but the meaning about these particles is not investigated yet. Thus, the door is opened to anyone to assess the problem on this attraction.

5. Galemota Dingay ‘Galemota Dingay’ is located at 7 km distance on the roadway away from Feresbet to Dembecha , particularly in the Dikulikana Kebele. Based on the oral tradition implication the historic information about the Stone of Galemota , its history is linked with the reign of Ahmed Gragn war with the king of high-land Christianity kingdom, Amide Tsion in 16 th century, Ahmed Gragn though this stone from Wukarit Mesrakir mountain ( the art of choke maintain chain) down ward to the its present location. Likewise, the size of stone is round three meter in its height. Since the stone is placed inside bushes around, the community were using for the Administrative mark. Similarly, this site had not been getting any investigation of the scientific research; the information stock is not enough available yet. Hence, the community of the area is in quench of archeological study findings to get real meaning and to utilize the information relevantly valued for the tourism development.

Figure; 5 Galemota stone, Source: by the researcher, May, (2020)

6. Grand Ambaw Mountain The location of this mountain is on the distance that takes one hour and 30 minutes journey on foot from Feresbet town specifically in Filatit Kebele that covers abroad part of an area with highest elevation, nearly 1000 meter above sea level. The mountain is found in the southern direction to the Feresbet . It takes more than an hour to complete the overall diametric distance of the mountain. Historically, at the different warring periods including the kingdom of Atsiba, the community of the destination around it had being helped to keep themselves and their family against enemies as well as the priest were being assisted by this mountain to offer spread spiritual teaching for the worshipers. However, there is no enough historic information about the mountain Ambaw as well. This site has a natural and related historic data, which is similar with the finding parameter of tourism potential of; Ali (2016) Ethiopia possesses varied touristic resources which form the necessary raw material for the Ethiopian touristic product and huge cultural and natural heritages which make up a large part of tourism industry. Therefore, destinations that are able to offer travelers access to unique experience because as a historic route, historic recollections, the beauty of the natural site and the religious communities in the cities and towns through or near which it passes (Angelini & Mougin, 1968). This is one of the possibly the source of tourist generating site to get the additional means of economic development for the society; there are just 10 countries in Africa that receive $1 billion or more per year in tourism revenues, signaling enormous potential for market growth across the continent, the region’s natural endowments as well as untapped cultural and historical resources offer numerous opportunities to attract visitors (Signe, et al., 2000).

Figure; 6 Grand Ambaw Mountains Source: by the researcher, May, (2020) 4.2.1.2. Human Made Tourist Attraction 1. History of Feresbet The first plan for the town of Degadamot was prepared in 1988 E.C and the Administration town Feresbet was established in 1896 as a settlement or town, but it obtained the municipal status in 1997 E.C (Kebede, 2017). It assumed as the town is as old as Addis Ababa, but it is still a small village. Atse Menelik once in when he was going from Gondar to Addis Rested in Feresbet. And one of his horses was too tired to reach Addis, so the king left the weak Horse in Feresbet. After a month, the horse become amazingly fat and was taken to the king. The king was surprised hot sustainable area it is for animals and assigned the name “horse house” mean that Feresbet in Amharic (Solomon, 2016). As this historic town of the Woreda has the historical value related with the king Menelik-IV of Ethiopia, it has a value of tourist attraction; on the discussion about the Historic place potential

due to, the contribution of the route reflected in terms of share of tourism receipts, international representation, expansion of domestic tourism, and the like, cannot be undervalued, since, “Historic Route” is exceptionally interesting because of its monuments and historic recollections, the beauty of the natural site and the religious communities in the cities and towns through or near which it passes (Angelini & Mougin, 1968); Ethiopia possesses varied touristic resources which form the necessary raw material(Ali, 2016). The finding is in the similar base with the study on the neighboring area; Atsbha(2015) discussed in ANS, in Dembech descended area of Awabel Menz Midir is another very interesting historical and cultural area which can be used as a resource of tourism; therefore, northern part of Ethiopia has ancient history, that can contributes hugely to the development of the tourism sector and this can be even bigger in the near future (Ashenafi, 2016). Therefore, as a historic town Feresbet has the potential to attract tourists to the area, which is also discussed, “Historic Route” is exceptionally interesting because of historic recollections, the religious communities in the cities and towns through or near which it passes (Angelini & Mougin, 1968). 2. Inner-Cave of Senebo Tekele Haimanot Monastery A. The location of the monastery The main inner cave of monastery is located 27km away from Feresbet on the road which takes to Dembecha Woreda after turning to north direction from the main road (extends from Feresbet to Dembecha Woreda) in Genetemariyam kebele . It takes around 30 minutes on foot to reach Monastery from main road. The neighboring churches to the Senebo Tekle Haimanot Monastery are: Nijer Kidus Yohans Orthodox Church; Guman Medhane-alem, Genet Mariam and Senebo Giorgis church.

B. Historical Background of the Monastery According to the currently existing oral tradition of the destination community of the monastery, Since the inner cave Senebo Tekle Mariam has no own permanent leaders’ priests (Kahinat), Priests, from the four neighboring churches, take the main role of serving of spiritual and administrative aspects of Senebo Tekele Mariam monastery The unique historic aspect of the attraction site Senebo Tekle Haimanot monastery in Degadamot Woreda on the base of the information from the Elders and administrative of the destination

community is that the beginning of the monasteries religious service was started during the king of Adiya Seged Iyasu (1682-1708 E.C.), around 16 th century. Previously the inside of the monastery used for the herding of the livestock of the destination community of the destination. The King Iyasu, named this interior cave monastery, and the meaning become the Amharic version of the packed of message the thing in the cave, which is called “Senebo” to mean that beautifully, attractively, cheerfully attributed. The historic information indicates that after the monastery get the religious place status, it was the living place for only 500 Monks, and it is unrecompensed to others, except religious elites like priests and the family member of Menan, and even these menans and priests and monks can’t live and excrete inside the inner-cave Monastery. The place also had been administrated by the Women till kingdom of Fasilades of the Gondorian period. C. Physical Feature and Things around Monastery Physical view of the Monastery seemed completely differs from any housing style around the community’s in the district. Top view of Monastery never shows the existence of monastery inside the cave when uninformed somebody looks from the plateau landscape of the top view. The scientific feature of the site with variedness of flora including tide made the monastery more stunning for the visitors of the destination. The advantage of flora in the destination is through balancing the geographic nature, it has a lots extra importance like as a shelter for the number of Guerillas, flocks of birds and other kinds of flora. Therefore, the subsistence in variety sounds of these animals with their physical attractive nature endowed another attractive sight for visitors the Senebo Tekle Haimanot monastery in Degadamot Woreda. To the viewer from the western direction to the eastern direction, the Inner-cave Monastery monolithic construct from a single stone stock that is Northern directed on its front side, and colored by the blended blue black. Since it cannot be naked from the eastern side, the Sun set light couldn’t be on before 11 A.M. The water fall comes down from the upper part of Monastery and poured on the basis of church, which is called “ ፀ በ ል or Tsebel”, “God holy water” the literal meaning in Amharic language. In addition to this there is also another holy water, which found at the down ward part in the in front of the Monks’ and priests’ entrance of the Monastery. Furthermore, the water amount of this waterfall has difference among the four seasons of the country as well as the area.

Using this water of waterfall in the Senebo Tekle Haimanot Monastery, the Monks and priests offers the medical help for patients who are from the destination as well as who came to destination from Quarit , Dembech , and Bibugna neighboring Woreda’s of the Zone and regional state of Amhara in Ethiopia. Based on the eyewitness of the Monks and priests the blessed water has not fluctuated in its amount of flow in any seasons of the years, furthermore this ‘Tsebel’ helps for the medical purpose but fetched by monks. The Internal size of Monastery is approximately from 70-80 meter in its width and 6-10 in its height. The shape of the monastery for the someone who looks up ward to the roof of the monastery, the waterfall comes down, which has medical treatment value for the head and eyes disordered patients. On the western part of the internal view of the Monastery, there are segmented but diagonally erected attached stones on the wall of the church but not ever-unfolded till now. The main room of monastery is enclosed circular shaped with the stones and mud, that formed rounded shape and submerged as valley. However, this circled construct inside the historic inner cave of the monastery has been fragmenting and sliding since it is made of simply wood and mud. Even if there are a lot of edible and non-edible plant species like onion and sugarcane, here is no any support from the any concerning bodies including government body for the protection, conservation and upgrade its historic value of the Monastery. Thus, the administrators of the Monastery invited anyone includes potential researcher to investigate on the mechanism of the historic value preservation and conservation as well as boosting the tourism value of the Senebo Tekele Haimanot Monastery in Degadamot Woreda.

Figure; 7 Inner-cave Senebo Tekle Haimanot Monastery Source: by the Researcher, May, (2020)

3. Lalibela Jimir Hintsa (Bête Egziabeher) Lalibela Jimir hints a is one of the Human made heritages of the Degadamot; it takes around 40 minute on foot to arrive the site from the center of Woreda. The church is located in the place called Shangi Derka Kebele particularly. According to the oral tradition of the elders of the area, its foundation remarked with the medieval age history of Ethiopia in 12 th century, which is during the well-known king Lalibela, one of the religious and state government of Ethiopia. The king, himself selected the area for the building of monastery for females as well as males in the Gojjam, the reason why the king had selected this place is that the presence of uniformed stones stock to favor the building monolithic monastery dream of the king Lalibela. However, unknowing reason the building process of the monastery had been ceasing at the currently seen stage of the construction. Then the King Lalibela one of the Zagawe kingdom of Medieval periods of Ethiopia was moved and realized the dream to the building of monolithic Monastery to the place where, the present day 11 rock hewn church of Lalibela located called, Wollo district of ANS.

There is no enough and scientifically investigated in formations rather than oral tradition concerning this site, hence in-depth researchers are invited to cope up with findings to upgrade the currently low level of tourism potential of the Lalibela Jimir Hintsa.

Figure; 8 Lalibela Jimir Hintsa Source: by the Researcher, May, (2020) 4. The Church of Sebele Wongel This church located 28 km far from Feresbet town on the concrete road, to the Semegnis Kebele, in the village of Genise. It takes a round 3 hour on foot to reach to the attraction site from feresbet. The establishment of this church back to the Gondorine period in the 1000 century, which is started by the Queen Sebele Wongel on the oral tradition. On the same ground to the other sites of the Woreda, there is no sufficient information again for this historic church because of the lack of investigation, so currently concerning body of church of Sebele wongel proposed the site for the information and problem combating solution navigating researchers to upgrade the tourism value.

5. Indigenous Knowledge In Ethiopia, traditional medicine plays both preventive and curative roles. Vegetables are the abundant sources of traditional remedies. Various parts of plants like leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, sap and roots are used. Honey, butter, and sheep fat are TM sources from animals. In Ethiopia, traditional medical practitioners put much emphasis on the supernatural force as a source of wisdom for healing various illnesses (Muluken, et al., 2017). Roots and leaves were the most frequently used plant parts. Chopping, pounding and crushing are the most frequently used ways of preparing drugs (Messay, et al., 2015). The most commonly treated ones were evil eye, malaria, wound, peptic ulcer disease and rabies. Only seventeen percent of the formulations possessed drug food interactions. Most preparations were stored within clothes. There exists a high evenness of plant use among healers for treating respiratory problems. Alliumsativum for evil eye, Phytolacca dodecandra for rabies and Croton macrostachyus for treating malaria were medicinal plants with highest fidelity levels showing consistency of knowledge on species best treating power (Muluken, et al., 2017); Croton macrostachyus and Ranunculus multifidus were ranked first which were most effective for the treatment of malaria and the treatment of visceral leishimaniasis (Chinkur) respectively (Messay, et al., 2015). Degadamot district is loaded in its medicinal plant diversity and indigenous knowledge though plants are highly affected by drought, overgrazing and firewood collection (Muluken, et al., 2017). But there is the medical essences for many disease such as: the common Health problems could be cured by the plants from Degadamot are: Malaria, Helmenthasis, Pneumonia, Dyspepsia, Typhoid fever, Diarrhea (non-bloody), Infections of muscles, bones and joints, Infections of skin and subcutaneous tissues, Violence and other intentional injuries, Acute upper respiratory infection, Diarrhea (with blood), Urinary tract infection, Other or unspecified respiratory diseases, Eye infection, Epilepsy, Tonsilo pharangitis, Acute bronchitis, Noninfectious musculoskeletal diseases (Messay, et al., 2015).Therefore, a lot of patients will visit to get the medical tourist service. The people in the study area are knowledgeable about the plants, their distribution, parts of the plants and its use. Different medicinal plants are used to treat various illnesses and herbal medicine remains the most important component of public health care.

4.1.2. Amenities/facilities/ There is availability of the tourism components like the beginning of health centers, primary hospitals and medium standard health care centers and there is Ambulance but transportation service is the sever problem for the health care system of the Degadamot Woreda . Degadamot Woreda has 7 health centers and 31 health posts. (CSA, 2014). Electricity is still frequently interrupted or on and off. According to the Woreda administrator expert idea the Woreda has health care Tenakela institutions in each Kebele as well as there is one primary hospital at the capital of the Woreda Feresbet. This why the Woreda infrastructure is becoming potential enough to serve tourists and care for them a lot. The facility of the Woreda such as telecommunication, bank, and transportation services are still some what they are not in bad level” ”(W.E). Alemayehu (2014) Health care status in the Degadamot Woreda, and Vehicle (ambulance) for referral of the severe case complication to take patient to the nearest possible health centers have not been maintained. Therefore, to ensure acceptable health facility to the society, strong referral linkage among health center, health posts and the community. 4.1.3. Accommodation Even if there are many hotels in the Woreda , they are not to the standard and classified under the star categorization of the nation. There is no potentially enough high standard tourist service providing accommodation centers in the Woreda other than newly established community-based lodge, on per primary sources of data. This lodge is also becoming a source of main power for the tourism development potential in the Degadamot and A place, where mostly visited by both foreign and national tourists are visiting a lot relative to other heritages of the Woreda. As well as tourists are more interested to visit and stay such community based ecological tourism center. For example, there are couples of international tourists living there in (the women are foreigner and the husband is domestic one). The tourists who came take their tour to the attractions around the lodge in turn this also extends the stay of tourists in the Degadamot Woreda. But there is a planned idea by the Woreda to upgrade the tourism service provision in a high- grade level, the cooperating private investors of the Woreda in union altogether on the investment of their business on the accommodation service.

According to the Head of tourism and culture the Woreda the supporting and integrating of stake holders makes the area’s tourism development potential higher than it a mechanism to serve and attract both national and international tourist on their visit of Degadamot Woreda”(H.G). 4.1.4 Accessibility Even if there are roads between kebeles they are not to the standard and the roads are not comfortable for visitors to reach at attraction site from feresbet town . According to the Woreda administrator and road and transportation office expert idea concerning accessibility all kebeles in the Woreda are interconnected by road” (M.A and B.M). 4.2. Challenges of the Tourism Development A. Political Instability The data from the secondary source indicates that the challenges faced by the community due the external force of displacement which originated from the root cause of the national level political instability, this may be a challenge if continued and no mitigated in future. IOM (2018) Political instability in the overall regional state has been reported: 11,821 displaced individuals comprising 3,732 households in 47 displacement sites were identified in Amhara region. These figures represent an increase of 6,038 in the total individuals (104.41%) an increase of 2,232 households (148.80%) and an increase of 13 sites (38.24%) since round 12 July/ August 2018. 48.94% sites opened in 2017 and 19.15% opened in 2018. Conflict was the primary cause of displacement for an estimated 97.91% of the displaced population. Conflict has consistently been reported as the primary cause of displacement in the region IDPs displaced in 2018, in 2017 and before 2017 reported being displaced by Conflict. Political condition of the area: there is national political instability, which leaded the displacement of Amhara ethic and native of the Woreda from the other part of Ethiopia to there in turn resulted the instability to the social, economic condition to the Woreda. B. Lack of Research and Study in the Attraction site There is no full information in overall all tourist sites of the Woreda such as, stone of Galemota, Senebo Tekle Haimanot Monastery, church of Seble won gel, and also 54 types of plant species are not verified scientifically this can cause other problems, there is in- sufficiency of information on the medical service of the plants. Therefore, no full historic in- formations in scientifically way, rather than oral tradition, this is due to no studied researches on them from

any bodies of the stakeholders, the governmental support, researchers and NGO integration on the study and development of the sites is not yet practiced. Based on the community’s elder’s view of secondary report of the office, the religious centers of the Degadamot Woreda has invited any investigators on the information boosting, but yet it is not upgraded, which indicates the problem of governmental focus and the researchers who support the tourist centers importance in the Woreda. Hence, the community of the area is in quench of archeological study findings to get real meaning and to utilize the information relevantly valued for the tourism development. The secondary report of Amharic version of the office (attached at the appendixes)Even if there are a lot of edible and non-edible plant species like onion and sugarcane, there is no any support from any concerning bodies including government body for the protection, conservation and upgrade its historic value of the Monastery. Thus, the administrators of the churches, hence in depth researchers are invited to cope up with findings to upgrade the currently low level of tourism potential of the Lalibela Jimir Hintsa on the same ground, to the other sites the of the Woreda, there is no sufficient information again for this historic church because of the lack of investigation, so currently concerning body of Sebele wongel church has proposed the site, for the information and problem combating solution including researchers who come with possible solution for upgrading the tourism value of the church. C. Environmental Degradation The reason forwarded by the tourism expert of the Woreda indicates that the population of the Woreda is increasing highly and according to the secondary source data, the increased replacement of the population to the area will result the degradation and a forestation of the trees from the area this will degrade the soil in addition to the landscape openness for the soil erosion which has negative effect on the nature originality continuity keeping. The rich biodiversity resources, including forests, are being destroyed at an alarming rate largely due to human related disturbances (Aynekulu, 2011). North western highlands of Ethiopia have only fragments of natural forests scattered and confined to inaccessible and sacred places (Wassie et al., 2005), which suggested that the highlands were once covered by high forests. Therefore, appropriate and immediate measures are required to maintain and restore the remaining natural forests. Accelerated deforestation that arise largely due to the conversion of forests to other agricultural land-use types and the

overutilization of forest resources to satisfy the food and energy requirements of the increasing population are major environmental concerns in Ethiopia (Friis et al., 2001). D. The Problem of Accessibility Road accessibility is the main challenge for tourists to reach and visit the attraction sites in Degadamot district especially inner cave of Senebo Tekle Haimanot monastery and Jan Negus Cave. According the church of Sebele Wongel leader: This church is found at the distance of 28 km from Feresbet town. To get these church visitors must walk on the concrete road directly up to the Genise Kebele. Due to the difficult of the road status to get there, it takes around 3 hours on foot to reach to the attraction site from the capital” (A.F). Base on the problems forwarded by the community, as specified on secondary data of the office, about the challenges of tourism development identified were a shortage of infrastructure, shortage of promotion services, expansion of agricultural land to the potential sites, , tourism market, the problem of implementation of policy and geographical inaccessibility (Soressa, 2018) According to road and transport interviewee “there is no road which is established for visitors to reach at most attraction sites from feresbet town” (E.D). E. Lack of the Standard Accommodations According to culture and tourism office respondents about the Challenges of tourism development: “ there is no standardized tourist service providing institutions except ecological lodge ” (H.A). Therefore, related to all components and other development parameters of tourisms should have to be investigated more on the analyzed data of the secondary and primary data from the expertise of the Woreda. F. Lack of Community Awareness Due to lack of awareness on the tourism potential that can bring the tourism development According to culture and tourism office respondents about the Challenges of tourism development, “the accommodation development of the Woreda is low standard, In relation to the lodge, there are some blackmail understanding and perceptions in terms of religious practices, among few members of community in the Woreda, but the Woreda did not take overcoming actions and mechanism to increase the awareness of this valuable integrated community based ecological lodge of Degadamot Woreda ” (E.T).

There is no awareness of the manmade heritage of Woreda Mainly, religious center’s tools, equipment and dress, this may be due to there is no the intended level of the members participation on the preservations and conservation, and these are non-replaceable tools and equipment preservation place for the cultural centers are not available As per administrative of religious center report, “the heritages in the monastery is being distorting, the main causes for the being out of function are: the mainly undermined focus of users in the church; the absence of appropriate place (own museum for the church) for the tools and cloths of the heritages; there are no supporting bodies including government and NGO to build a museum to preserve these heritages ” (D.A). G. Lack of Focus on by the Stakeholders and Undermining the Sector According to Communication head experts view about Challenges of tourism development, of the Woreda “our Weakness is that including the woreda’s administrators, there is low focus for the tourism resources like Caves, mountain and endemic cultures such as “Ye Kolo Temari”: are those students who learn teachings orthodox Christianity religion within economically stressed manner where without getting minimum level of shelter and food for the life existence (W.K). H. Cultural Assimilation and Acculturation The Woreda is losing its culture due to globalization effect and their own self-respect loss; this will bring the elongated negative effect on themselves by loss of the social networking if not preserved with the support, awareness creation participation and integration of all stakeholders. The community of the Woreda undermines own cultural practices, beliefs and symbols and takes to participates the cultural dimensions of the others (foreigners) According to communication office expert idea, there is biased understanding of the community for one’s own culture replacing by giving more value for the foreign culture (C.E). I. Shortage of Infrastructures There is epidemic in the hot districts Kola area, but not in the other climatic area of the Woreda. Because of the occurrences of epidemic disease in the area cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesishmaniasis were the cause for the illness in the presence of unavailability of portable water. Bad road for the transportation service is another associated factor that can cause the woreda’s health facility at risk. The extent of infrastructural element of the tourism potential development is low not only in quality and number of the telecommunication services as well as transportation

but also the health service system shares the same scenario in the Degadamot Woreda. There are different diseases but there are relatively satisfactory levels of the health care center in the Woreda. The proposed actions for the more health status verification in the Woreda is with the more participatory level of the government There is no modern transportation means and channels like asphalt, qualified water supply, and electric distribution to provide for the tourists. Generally, there is no adequate availability of infrastructures as well as lack of its standardized quality: According to culture and tourism experts of the Woreda; “There are many natural and historical tourism resources in Degadamot, but there is no satisfactory infrastructure in terms of number or availability and quality for the visitor, that neglects economic advantage of community from the sector” (A.M). J. The Difficult of the Landscape to Access According to head of culture and tourism office of Degadamot Woreda, the geographical landscape of the accessibility is somewhat difficult in some parts of the tourist attractions, particularly religious centers like monasteries gateway and the means to reach there is very difficult. The Woreda has no any plan and experience on the minimizing of such natural conditions of the Woreda for the tourism development, because these are once happened naturally (H.G). K. Lack of the promotional Service of the Tourism Products The promotional activities of the Woreda media, which communication office focus is only on the best known culture and lodge which are almost a pinch of the bundle tourism resource of the Woreda, because there is plan for a scheduled program by all most all stake holders of tourism potentials of the Woreda: According to the Public relation of the communication office “ there is no scheduled promotion program for the tourism resources like specifying airtime in the TV program. Furthermore, there is no integration with others on the promoting activities of tourism resources ” (T.B). On the other hand, the focus of the communication office of the promotional aspects of the tourism resource of the Woreda also in the fixed attractions. On per the data semantic meaning from the communication office of the Degadamot Woreda, the main tourism components in practices are: cultural aspects of Woreda on focusing the “Ambaw Ye Bahil budin”, to mean

‘culture promoting club, which advertise the cultural features of the community; promoting the best practices of tourist for example the practices of the community based ecological lodge. L. Lack of management Skill by the Administrative The promotional activity is not integrated with all stakeholders rather than only a few participants, and also promotional activity is not after the segmentation of the tourism resources of the Woreda. “The head of the Woreda communication office said that here is no scheduled program and well-formed interconnection with stakeholders of tourism (W.K). M. Lack of Integration on the Promoting of the Tourism Resources The status promotional activities in the area are at lower level in relation to the outcomes and effectiveness which is based on the analyzed idea from Communication office head “the promotional action of the Woreda is at the infant stage for the overall heritages covering and the promotion frequency of the started two tourist attraction (lodge and some aspects of culture) even from the best Practice promoting dimension it is approximately around 60% ” optimization techniques for the also communication office head “the optimizations techniques for the promoting is everyone from the governmental bodies to the community members including the children have to be aware the advantage of the legalized cultures of the community, and this is mainly possible through awareness creation in the community in addition to promoting of the community culture of Woreda” (W.K) 4.3. Opportunities of the Tourism Development The opportunities of the tourism development in Degadamot Woreda are; A. The Presence of Varied Climatic Condition in the Woreda Attractiveness of the weather condition of the area of the Senebo Tekle Hymanot, the aged historic value from the era of Zagawe kingdom, Lalibela Jimir building, Monolithic stone constriction trial of the heritage made it miracle step of the monasteries formation, etc. Due to good climatic condition, the land fertility, rain amount, season of raining, temperature of the air- condition, the demographic structure, the availability of the female and male on the literacy as well as there are variety of the shrubs, trees species, total 56 endemic plant species are available in the Amoro forest.

B. Relatively Safety and Security There is local stability even if there is the influence of the political instability, with good integrated governance of the peace and security dealing with the regional state and Zonal administrative bodies, and with communities of the Woreda involvement in peace keeping. there is a little bit on some component of tourism; according to the Communication office head “ to keep the security of the Woreda, the communication office motivated the stake holders of the woreda’s office such as police commission office, peace and security office, etc. in one hand and connecting woreda’s concerning bodies with the 31 kebeles of the Woreda”(W.K). But the weather condition including the rainfall and air condition of the area is somewhat medium and attractive for the visitors. Based on the primary data the collected survey from Culture and tourism experts about the Accessibility indicates: “The accessibility in terms of security, normally the service provision procedure of the Woreda is totally interconnected to the Zone in ANS. In the line when visitors come to Amhara region it is must to notify to the ANS, then to the Zone and at last to the Woreda, this is mainly to keep the security of the visitors rather than community. Due to taking of un-partitioned focus for the security of tourists, there is experienced security difficult on the tourists on their stay in the Degadamot Woreda”. However, the climatic conditions and the highest participation and supporter of the stakeholders from the top to bottom managed the security of the destination. Hence the tourist in the Woreda stay time never faced problem of the security, but the natural perspective of the accessibility of the destination is not focused for the tourism development. According to Culture and tourism respondents the air conditions of the Woreda is Dega or cold and Kola or hot weather conditions. This is a good chance for the local scoped epidemic disease because mostly the Kola area is favorable for transmission of epidemic but there is very low- level disease transmission in the Dega areas of the Woreda. Thus, the air condition of the Woreda is a good for the visitor (S.Z). C. Availability of Community-Based Tourism The community based as well as ecologically viewed tourist service provision practices, which integrated community based ecological lodge has a multi perspective advantage for the tourists to live there, for the whole community inclusive economic advantage; and also providing to promote other tourism attraction centers around the lodge are some of them. The beginning of

the integrating and supporting of the individual investors of the Woreda to build well standard accommodation institutions for the tourism service. The beginning of the economically beneficial for the inclusive stakeholder lodge in the Woreda. This lodge has multipurpose even a means of re-conservation of the extinct species of the flora in the Woreda, a means of attracting tourists for the other tourism resources of the Woreda, the beginning of economic value from the emerged lodge mainly for those marginalized groups of the community e.g. women, low income age of the society, elders of the area including the youth who are the main and power full to create the conflict if not employed in this institution. According to the Culture and tourism respondents; one of the Opportunity for the tourism development is “ the existence of integrated community based ecological lodge in the Woreda” (H.G). D. Availability of variety of tourism resources According to the interviewee of the culture and tourism expert of the Woreda, about the Opportunity for the tourism development “the availability of numerous and variety natural and manmade heritages” (A.M).

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION ANDRECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. CONCLUSION Degadamot Woreda is one of the 15 rural districts of western Gojjam zone and it is located 110 km far from Bahir Dar, 185 km from Finote-Selam. The Woreda has various features of Natural and human made attractions that describe the history, culture and civilization as well as the way of life of society that is existed and inherited from generation to generation for a long duration of time. From these numerous historic and lifelong natural and manmade tourism resources, those have the value of society’s symbolical identity that in turn could magnifies the essence of Woreda’s communities. The woreda’s culture and tourism office has identified 11 tourism resources with their potentials, challenges and opportunities. According to the interviewees of Culture and tourism the Tourism resources categorized under tangible and intangible heritages under natural as well as manmade. The natural tangible heritages of Degadamot are like historic Ambaw Mountain, Galemota stone, etc whereas intangible natural attractions include variety sounds of birds and other animals in the Woreda. The cultural tangible heritages of the Woreda are Tam Aba kidane lodge, king Lalibela Jimir hintsa, tools, inscriptions of religious centers, souvenirs of the society, etc while the intangible man-made heritages includes the poems, spiritual songs as well as preaching activity using in various vocals in the churches, ceremonies, wordy practices of the society, religious worshipers, praying etc. Differently more focused by the head of culture and tourism added that the medical treatment practices of the word for the patients that never cured by the primary and secondary hospitals has gotten their original health using the woreda’s traditional medical treatment in Degadamot Woreda. Of the natural tourist attractions with some part of un-settled area, there are densely populated societies without diversity of nation/ethnic, language, and religion in the Degadamot Woreda, which has a geographic feature portable by its topography consists of 35% mountainous, 30% climbing, 20% valleys and 15% plains whereas the air condition is with three variety. Degadamot Woreda has a main natural attraction like caves, mountain and forest, with own unique features of natural attraction: like ye Jib Washa called Jan Neges as well as hilly downward landscape and white and Blacks like stony minerals; the history and the activities carried inside the cave, and its internal designed, as Atsbha discussed in ANS, Washa

Shemelamo is a semi-natural cave which served the local people as religious and residential place during the ancient times, in the study of tourism potential study including cave, my study also indicates, ye Jib washa is one the tourist attraction center with own feature and design, related practices inside. Grand Ambaw mountain which has nearly 1000 above sea level and also there is related historic value with the practices and as a religious center in the time of Ahmed Gragn and on the war time. As this historic town of the Woreda has the historical value related with the king Menelik-IV of Ethiopia, it has a value of tourist attraction. The Stone of Galemota is currently found at the 7 km journey distance on the roadway from Feresbet to Dembecha, particularly called in the Dikulikana Kebele. The historical information of the Senebo Tekele Haimanot Monastery is one of the tourism resources. Church of Sebele wongel and Lalibela Jimer Hintsa, in addition the Galemota is also have ancient king’s related historical information. The feature of the buildings on the wall and inside rooms, the architectural design of the Monasteries, the historical establishment and the beliefs and practices related with these spiritual or religious pilgrimages are of the tourism potential Developing characteristics of the tourism resources of the Degadamot Woreda. There are also many indigenous knowledge of the destination community which has an attractive essence for the patients as an site of medicate center, because the Woreda in addition to the religious treatment with the Holy water, there are many natural plan based a number of disease and disorder medication for the different patients from the country level and for the community of the Degadamot Woreda, particularly the means of knowledge learned from one generation to others, the types of variety plants with corresponding diseases, the processes of the medication and preparation of medicine. Roots and leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, the dosage, the steps of the medication and the symptoms of the saving from disease gives some what the tourism potential of the Degadamot Woreda. The challenges of the Tourism Development in the Degadamot district are ; Political instability; Lack of research and study in the attraction sites; Environmental degradation: the problem of accessibility; Shortage of the standard accommodations; Lack of community awareness; Lack of integration and support to preserve and conserve the sites; Lack of focus on by the stakeholders and undermining the sector; the cultural assimilation and acculturation; shortage of better infrastructure and facilities; Lack of the promotional Service of the Tourism Products; Lack of management skill, Lack of integration on the promoting of the tourism resources of the area.

Opportunities of the Tourism Development in Degadamot Woreda are: comparatively better security and safety in the Woreda, availability of community-based tourism and the Presence of Varied Climatic Condition in the Woreda. 5.2. Recommendations Major tourist destinations in ARS have been challenged by different factors including low level of community participation, lack of stake holder collaboration, tourism resource degradation. Therefore, the researcher assessed the main challenges and opportunities for the existing tourism development potentials for the tourism development in Degadamot district, in western Gojjam zone of ANRS, Ethiopia. In order to increase the utilization of the available opportunity like comparatively better security and safety in the Woreda, availability of community based tourism, the Presence of Varied Climatic Condition in the Woreda as well as to have optimal efforts on the usage of the tourism resources potential in the Degadamot Woreda; the researcher has recommended the following points to the different bodies based on the findings of the research, These includes:  The local government should support the other stakeholders in the tourism sector to increase the participation of any member of stakeholders for the tourism development in dimensions like road construction, health center facilitation, telecommunication, electric current installations in the tourist destination sites and Feresbet utmost  The researchers, woreda’s governmental bodies have to dig out relevant and scientific information on the tourist sites on the historical and cultural values of the attractions  To decrease environmental degradation, agricultural office of the Woreda should have to take preventive measure in advance.  The local government should have to support, initiate, and attract more investors to invest on the accommodation service provision.  Culture and tourism office of the Woreda should create community awareness, particularly in the monastery via facilitating the integration and support of each stakeholder to preserve and conserve the sites to get some more focus on by the stakeholders with too insight  The Woreda culture and tourism office should deliver training to the community about the values the attractions

 The civil service of the Woreda have better to offer expertise in the tourism sector to develop promotional capability and updating of the human resources on the promotional activity  The culture and tourism office of the Woreda should establish museum to conserve and preserve tourism resources

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Appendices Appendix 1

List of Respondents No. Name of informant Sex Age Education level Position 1 Habtamu M 40 Degree DDW CT Head Gebeyehu 2 Shegaw Zelalem M 31 Degree DDWCT expert 3 Endeg Tesfaye M 28 Degree DDWCT expert 4 Abeba Melekamu F 33 Degree DDWCT expert 5 Endale Gebeyehu M 32 Degree DDWCT expert 6 Hiwot Abebe F 29 Degree DDWCT expert 7 Wendmu kibret M 37 Degree DDW Communication Head 8 Teruneh Belay M 43 Degree DDW Communication Expert 9 Abebaw Abitew M 38 Degree DDW Communication Expert 10 Chale Endalew M 35 Degree DDW Communication Expert 11 Ashber Andualem M 53 Writing DDW Communication Expert &Reading

12 Yehuna Ayalew M 55 Writing Church leader &Reading

13 Daganaw Abebe M 60 Writing Monastery Administrator &Reading

14 Andualem M 45 Writing Church leader Fentahun &Reading

15 Anmaw Fenta M 49 Writing Monastery Administrator Reading

16 Bekalu Molla M 39 Degree Woreda church administrator 17 Hiaymanot Ayana M 29 Degree Church leader

18 Eyobe Desta M 34 Degree Road and transport expert 19 Bewektu Msile M 28 Degree Road and transport expert 20 Wale Engeda M 43 Degree Woreda administrator 21 Bekalu Molla M 39 Degree Road and transport expert 22 Abebe Alemayehu M 35 Degree Road and transport expert

23 Melsew Abeje M Degree Vies Woreda Administrator 24 Yesh Mekurya F Degree DDW CT 25 Yitbarek Dinku M 30 Degree Priest

Appendix 2 Introduction My name is Birtukan Melak. I am a master‘s student at Gondar University. The reason why I came to this Woreda is to study the tourism development potentials, Challenges, and Opportunities in this Woreda. Specifically, the title on assessing Tourism development Potentials, opportunities, and Challenges in Degadamot Woreda. I would appreciate your participation in this interview, which will assist me to find out how and to what extent tourism certification can be a tool for sustainable tourism development. I would like to you know that all information you will provide today will be strictly confidential. Your name and anything you mention will not be given to anyone outside this purpose. If you would rather not answer a question please let me know. if there is any part of a question that is difficult to understand please ask me to explain further please take you’re your time to fully think about your answers. The information you will provide today will be written up in a thesis report and distributed, which you will be freely able to access I thank you for taking the time to talk with me today! Annex I;-Interview Guide

Profile of Interviewees

Date of interview ------Place of interview------

Name of informant ------Age of informant ------Sex ------Educational status ------Occupation/ position ------

Interview Guide for culture and tourism bureau

1. What are the available tourism potential components in Degadamot district? Such as attractions, accommodations, Amenities/facilities/, Accessibility, Awareness/product strategy/? 2. Would you identify tourist attraction physical/intangible resources as natural and historic/man made such cultural (spiritual, historical, festivals etc.) Including intangible cultural resources of the Destination? 3. What are the other components of tourism potentials in each destination of the Woreda, Amenities/facilities, such as road construction, telecommunication, health centers, etc.?

4. How do you express the status of accessibility of the area in terms of peace and security, land escape, weather, etc? 5. How do you describe awareness/product strategies have been using to promote the tourism resources of the Woreda? Such as promotional strategies, brochures, public relation, etc.? 6. How do you explain accommodations available in the Woreda for the need of tourist? like hotels, pension, lodges? 7. What are the reasons and recommendations and suggestion for the problems you stated in the above each parts of tourism potentials development? 8. What were the role-play status of your organization in terms of creation of Level of Interaction within and among of community member, level of implementation of the policy, etc.? 9. What do you believe the future challenges and opportunities for the tourism potentials development in Degadamot?

Interview guide for communication office

1. Have scheduled programs on the awareness creation of tourism resources of Degadamot Woreda? What strategies have you used? 2. Have you scheduled or arbitrary awareness creation program? To the Woreda community or others than Woreda community such as nationals, or international community? 3. How do you describe the image of Woreda interns of tourism resources, including cultures of the Woreda? 4. Have you linkage with any governmental body concerning awareness creation of the woreda’s tourism potential including peace, security and cultural assets? 5. What possible problems do you believe the causes for the problems you stated? 6. What do you believe hindrances’ and opportunities for the better performing of awareness creation of tourism potential of Woreda? What about opportunities?

Interview Guide for Woreda Administration body

1. How do you describe infrastructural, facility potentials such as coverage and quality of facilities, may includes but not fixed to telecommunication facilities, electric current facility etc in the Woreda ? What about peace and security of Woreda? And accommodation development? 2. What about these potentials integration with the tourism development potentials like in relation to tourist attraction centers and accommodation inclusiveness? 3. What do you believe as the causes for these problems you have stated? 4. Have you linkage with the governmental bodies and community to solve theses tourism potential related problem of the Degadamot Woreda? Why and how much? 5. What issues may oppose in the future? What about the opportunities to increase the status and coverage of the above tourism development potentials in the Woreda?

Interview guide for the Degadamot Woreda Diocese of orthodox Christianity religion

1. What of the intangible and tangible assets of your church, which of them is unique? 2. What are the unique features of your church asset? What about their status? 3. Have you supervision or linkage with any bodies to conserve and promote these church assets to the visitors? How much and with whom? 4. What are the main causes of these stated problems? In terms of facilities, accessibility, accommodation and governmental focus? 5. What do you believe future challenges and opportunities for the in relation to the managing these church assets and awareness creation to increase visitors?

Interview Guide for road and construction development office

1. How do you describe potentials such as coverage and quality of infrastructure, may include but not fixed to concrete, asphalt, etc in the Woreda? 2. What about the infrastructure’s potentials of Woreda in relation to tourist attraction centers and accommodation inclusiveness such as ……………… (Stated by the expertise of the tourism and culture office)? 3. What do you believe as the causes for these problems you have stated? 4. Have you linkage with the governmental bodies to solve these tourism potential related problems of the Degadamot Woreda? Why and how much? What issues may oppose in the future? What about the opportunities to increase the status and coverage of infrastructures in the tourist destination area of the Woreda? Annex II. Observation Checklist Destination name ------Date ------Type ------Time ------Kebele ------

Availability of tourism potentials Status of the tourism potentials

መግቢያ ስሜ ብርቱካን መላክ እባላለሁ፡፡የጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሁለተኝ ድግር ተማሪነኝ፡፡ወደዚህ ወረዳ የመጣሁበት ምክንያት በዚህ ወረዳ ውስጥ የቱሪዝም ልማት አቅምን፣ተግዳሮቶችን እና እድሎችን ማጥናት ነው፡፡በተለይም፣የእኔጥናትርዕስ በዳጋዳሞት ወረዳ ውስጥ የቱሪዝም ልማት አቅም፣ዕድሎችእናተግዳሮቶችናቸው፡፡ የእኔን ምርምር ለማሳካት፣ድጋፍዎን እና ትብብርዎን እፈልጋለሁ፡፡በቃለ -መጠይቁ ወቅት ስምዎን መጥቀስ የማያስፈልግ ከሆነ ወይም በጥናቱ ውስጥ መጠቀስ የማይፈልጉ ከሆነ ማንነትዎ በሚስጥር የተጠበቀ እና የሚያጋሩት ሁሉም መረጃዎች እና ሀሳቦች በሚስጥር ይያዛሉ፡፡እርስዎ በሚሳተፉበት ጊዜ ስለ ጥናቱ ማንኛውንም ጥያቄ በማንኛውም ጊዜ መጠየቅ ይችላሉ፡፡በቃለ ምልልሳችን በማንኛውም ጊዜ ቃለ መጠይቅ ለመሳብ መጠየቅ ይችላሉ፡፡ግን በዚህ ቃለ -ምልልስ ውስጥ ያለዎት ተሳትፎ ለጥናቴ አፈፃፀም በጣም አስፈላጊ መሆኑን ላስታውስዎ እፈልጋለሁ፡፡ ለትብብርዎ እናመሰግናለን !

የቃለ መጠይቅ መመሪያ መገለጫ የቃለ መጠይቅ ቀን ------የ ቃለ መጠይቅ ቦታ ------

የመረጃ ሰጪው ስም ------የ መረጃ ሰጪው ዕድሜ ------ጽ ታ --- የትምህርት ሁኔታ ------

የሥራ ቦታ ------ለባህልና ቱሪዝም ቢሮ ቃለመጠይቅ መመሪያ 1. በደጋዳሞት ወረዳ ውስጥ የሚገኙ የቱሪዝም አቅም አካላት ምን ምን ናቸው ? እንደ

መስህቦች፣ማረፊያዎች፣አገልግሎቶች / መገልገያዎች / ፣ተደራሽነት / መንገድ፣ግንዛቤ ፈጠራ / የምርት

ስትራቴጂ /?

2. የማይታዬ ሰው ሰራሽ ቅርሶቸን ጨምሮ የተፈጥሮ እና ታሪካዊ /መንፈሳዊ ተፈጥሮአዊ እና ታሪካዊ / ሰው

ሰራሽን የቱሪስት መስህብ ሃብቶችን መለየት ይችላሉ ?

3. ሌሎች በወረዳው የሚገኙ የቱሪዝም መዳረሻዎች ጨምሮ ለወረዳው ቱሪዝም ለማጎልበት የሆናሉ ብለህ

የምታስበው የትኞቹ ናቸው ? መገልገያዎች ማለትም /ለምሳሌ መንገድ፣ግንባታ፣ቴሌኮሙኒኬሽን፣የጤና

ማእከሎች ወዘተ ያሉ የቱሪዝም አቅም አካላት ምን ምንናቸው ?

4. በሰላምና ፀጥታ፣ከመሬት አቀማምጥ፣ከአየርሁኔታ፣ወዘተአንፃር የአከባቢን ተደራሽነት ሁኔታ የሚገልጹት

እንዴትነው ?

5. የወረዳውን የቱሪዝም ሀብቶች ለጎብኘወች ግንዛቤ ለማስጨበጥ የተጠቀሙባቸው ስልቶቸ የትኞቹ

ናቸው ? እንደ የማስተዋወቂያ ስልቶች፣ብሮሹሮች፣የህዝብግንኙነቶች እና ለሎችን ጨምሮ ምን ምን

ተጠቅመው ያውቃሉ ?

6. በወረዳ ውስጥ የሚገኙትን የቱሪስቶች ማሪፊዎች ምን ምን እንደሆኑ ሊያብራሩልን ይችላሉ ? እንደ

ሆቴሎች፣ፐንስነ፣ሎጂ ያሉትን በማካተት ?

7.ከላይ የተጠቀሱትን የቱሪዝም አቅም በማሳድግ ስራ ያሉባቸው ጉድለቶች እና መንስ እ ብለው

የሚያስቡት ሊጠቅሱል ይችላሉ ?

8. የወረዳውን የቱሪዝም አቅም ማሳድግ ማህበረሰብን ያማከለ እና ለህዝብ ተጠቃሚነትን ከማስረዳት

አንፃር የድርጅትዎ ሚና ምን ነበር ? በተፈለገው ደረጃ ተከናውኑል ወይ ?

9. በደጋዳሞት ወረዳ ውስጥ የሚገኙ ከላይጠቀሱቸው ለእያንዳንዱ የቱሪዝም አቅም ማሳደግ ስራ ስጋት

እንዲሁም ለእድገቱ መልካም አጋጣሚ የሚሆኑ ምን ምን ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ ብለውያምናሉ ?

ለኮሚኒኬሽን ጽ / ቤት ቃለ መጠይቅ መመሪያ

1. በደጋዳሞት ወረዳ ለሚገኙ የቱሪዝም ሀብትን በተመለከተ ግንዛቤ ማስጨበጥ መርሃግብሮችን አካተው

ያውቃሉ ? ምን ዘዴዎችን ተጠቅመዋል ?

2. በክፍለ ግዚ የተወሰነ የግንዛቤ ማስጨበጫ መርሃግብር አውጥተዋል ? በሳምንት /በወር /አመት ? ምን

ያህል እና ለማን፤ /ለወረዳው ማህበረሰብ ወይም ለክልል አቀፍ፣ ዓለምአቀፍዊ ማህበረሰብ ከማሳወቅ

አንፃርስ ?

3. የወረዳ ባህልን ጨምሮ የደጋዳሞት የቱሪዝም ሀብቶችን ከማስተዋወቅ አንፃር ምን ያህል ተከናውኑል

ብለው ያምናሉ ? እንዴት ትገልጸዋለህ /?

4. የወረዳው ቱሪዝም አቅም ግንዛቤን በተመለከተ ከማንኛውም መንግስታዊ አካል ጋር ግንኙነት አለዎት ?

ከነማን ?ሰላምን፣ፀጥታንና ባህላዊ ሀብትን በተመለከተስ ?

5. ባጠቃላይ ከላዬ የጠቀሱልኘ የወረዳው የቱሪዝም ስክተር የሰሩት ስራ በቂ ነው ብለው ያምናሉ ?በርስወ

ግምት ከላዬ እርስዎ ለገለፁት ችግሮች መንስኤ ሊሆኑ የሚችሉ ምን ችግሮች ናቸው በለው ያምናሉ ?

6. ከፊት በምንኖር ጊዚዬት የወረዳውየቱሪዝም ሀብትልማትን በተሻለ ሁኔታ ለማስቀጠል እንቅፋቶች ምን

ምን ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ ? ብለው ያምናሉ ? እና እድሎችስ

ለመንገድ እና ግንባታ ልማት ቃለ መጠይቅ

1. ወረዳው የመሠረተ ልማት ሽፋን እና ጥራት በተመለከተ /ጠጠር፣አስፋልት፣ወዘተ

የመሳሰሉትንእንዴትይገልፃሉ ?

2. በወረዳው የቱሪዝም መስህብ ማዕከላት እና ማረፊያዎች መሰረተ ልማት አውታሮቸን ያካትታሉ ወ

ምን ምን ናቸው

3. እ ርስዎ ለገለፁት ለእነዚህ ችግሮች መንስኤ ምን ናቸው በለውያምናሉ ?

4. ደጋዳሞት ወረዳ የቱሪዝም መዳረሻ ተዛማጅ ችግሮች ለመፍታት ከመንግስት አካላት ጋር ትስስር

አለዎት ? ለምን እና ምን ያህል ?

5. ወደ ፊት የትኞቹ ጉዳዮች ሊቃወሙ ይችላሉ ? በወረዳው የቱሪስት መዳረሻ ቦታ ውስጥ የመሠረተ ልማት

አውታሮችን ሁኔታ እና ሽፋን ለመጨመር እድሎችስ ?

ቃለ መጠይቅ መመሪያ ለወረዳ አስተዳደር አካል ?

1. በወረዳው ውስጥ ለቴሌኮሙኒኬሽን ተቋማት፣ለኤሌክትሪክ ወቅታዊ ፋሲሊቲ ወዘተ የመሰረተ

ልማት፣የመገልገያ አቅም መገልገያዎች እንዴት ያብራራሉ ? ስለ ወረዳ ሰላምና ደህንነትስ ? እና የመኖርያ

ልማት ?

2. ከቱሪዝም መስህብ ማዕከላት እና ከማረፊያ ማካተት ጋር በተያያዘ እነዚህ ቱሪዝም ልማት አቅም ጋር

ተያያዥነታችው ምንድን ነው ?

3. እርስዎ ለገለፁት ችግሮች መንስኤ ምን ሊሆን እንደሚችል ያምናሉ ?

4. የደጋዳሞት ወረዳ የቱሪዝም መዳረሻ ተዛማጅ ችግሮች ለመፍታት ከመንግስት አካላት እና ማህበረሰብ

ጋር ግንኙነት አለዎት ? ለምን እናምንያህል ?

5. ወደ ፊት የትኞቹ ጉዳዮች ሊቃወሙ ይችላሉ ? በወረዳው ውስጥ ከዚህ በላይ የሚገኘውን የቱሪዝም

ልማት አቅም ሁኔታ እና ሽፋን ለመጨመር እድሎችስ ?

የሃይማኖት መሪዎች የቃለመጠይቅ መመሪያ

1. ከቤተክርስቲያናችሁ ውስጥ ልዩ እና ተጨባጭ ሀብቶች ምንድንነቸው ?

2. የቤተ -ክርስቲያን ንብረትዎ ልዩ ገፅታዎች ምንድናቸው ? የእነሱ ሁኔታስ ?

3. እነዚህን የቤተክርስቲያን ሀብቶች ለጎብኝዎች ለመጠበቅ እና ለማስተዋወቅ ከማንኛውም አካላት ጋር

ቁጥጥር ወይም ግንኙነት አለዎት ? ምን ያህል እና ከማንጋር ?

4. ለተገለጹት ችግሮች ዋነኞቹ መንስኤዎች ምንድናቸው ? እንደ መገልገያዎች፣ተደራሽነት፣መጠለያ እና

የመንግስት ትኩረት ?

5. ጎብኝዎችን ለመጨመር እነዚህን የቤተክርስቲያን ሀብቶች እና ግንዛቤ ፈጠራን ከማስተዳደር አያያዝ ጋር

በተያያዘ የወደፊቱ ተግዳሮቶች እና ዕድሎች ምን ያምናሉ ?