DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Amhara Region of Ethiopia in the Period 1999 to 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Amhara Region of Ethiopia in the Period 1999 to 2016 Aman et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:185 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02411-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Spatial and temporal distribution of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Amhara region of Ethiopia in the period 1999 to 2016 Endris Aman1, Wassie Molla2* , Zeleke Gebreegizabher3 and Wudu Temesgen Jemberu2 Abstract Background: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important trans-boundary viral disease of cloven- hoofed animals. It is caused by FMD virus, which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae. FMD is a well-established endemic disease in Ethiopia since it was first detected in 1957. This retrospective study was carried out to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Amhara region of Ethiopia using 18 years (January 1999–December 2016) reported outbreak data. Results: A total of 636 FMD outbreaks were reported in Amhara region of Ethiopia between 1999 and 2016 with an average and median of 35 and 13 outbreaks per year respectively. In this period, FMD was reported at least once in 58.5% of the districts (n = 79) and in all administrative zones of the region (n = 10). The average district level incidence of FMD outbreaks was 4.68 per 18 years (0.26 per district year). It recurs in a district as epidemic, on average in 5.86 years period. The incidence differed between administrative zones, being the lowest in East Gojjam and highest in North Shewa. The occurrence of FMD outbreaks was found to be seasonal with peak outbreaks in March and a low in August. The long-term trend of FMD outbreaks indicates a slight, but statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease over the study period. Conclusion: FMD occurred in all zones of the region and showed statistically significant decrease in the long-term trend. Numbers of outbreaks were relatively higher during dry season. The spatial and temporal distribution identified in this study should be considered in controlling the disease. As unregulated and frequent animal movements are the likely causes of high outbreak occurrence during the dry season, animal movement regulations should be considered for the long-term control of FMD. Keywords: Amhara region, Ethiopia, FMD, Outbreak, Spatial, Temporal * Correspondence: [email protected] 2College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Aman et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:185 Page 2 of 8 Background progressive control pathway (PCP). Ethiopia has been Foot and mouth disease (FMD), is an economically identified to be in stage one of the FMD progressive important trans-boundary viral disease of cloven- control pathway. The progressive control path way re- hoofed animals. Foot and mouth disease virus quires detail epidemiological studies to locate and iden- (FMDV), the cause of the disease, belongs to the tify the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD in the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae.The country to progress to the next stage. In spite of a num- virus affects a wide range of hosts including domes- ber of sero-prevalence studies conducted in different re- tic and wild ruminants and pigs. According to OIE gions of Ethiopia, there are no studies that investigated (World Organization for Animal Health), FMD was the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD, particu- the first viral infection of animals recognised and larly in Amhara region. Therefore, this study was under- ranks first among the diseases of animals [1]. FMD taken with the objective of identifying the spatial and is one of the most important livestock diseases re- temporal distribution of the reported outbreaks of FMD sponsible for the loss of production and productivity, from January 1999 to December 2016 in Amhara region trade embargoes and huge control costs across the of Ethiopia. globe [2]. FMDV has seven distinct serotypes: A, O, C, and Results South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Incidence of FMD outbreaks Asia 1. Each serotype has many biotypical strains and to- A total of 636 FMD outbreaks were reported in Amhara potypes, with incomplete cross protection [3, 4]. Of region of Ethiopia between 1999 and 2016 with an aver- these seven serotypes, serotype O and A have the broad- age and median of 35 and 13 outbreaks per year respect- est distribution in Africa [5, 6]. The occurrence of FMD ively. In this period, FMD was reported at least once in due to serotype C seems decreasing in recent time. Sero- 58.5% of the districts (n = 79) and in all administrative type C occurrence was reported for the last time in zones of the region (n = 10). Majority of the outbreaks Kenya in 2004 and in Ethiopia in 2008 [7, 8]. were from North Shewa zone (44%), South Wollo zone In Ethiopia, FMD is a well-established endemic disease (18.5%), West Gojjam zone (11.16%) and Awi zone (7%) since its detection in 1957 for the first time [9, 10]. Pre- (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The average incidence of vious studies in the country reported FMD in different FMD outbreaks at district level was 4.68/18 district years animal species with different prevalence levels. For ex- or 0.26/ district year. ample, in cattle they reported FMD prevalence that The reoccurrence of FMD outbreak in the districts of ranges from 1.4 to 53.6% at animal level and up to 61% Amhara region varies from 1 to 17 years. The average at herd level [11–13], in domestic small ruminants 4 to time for the reoccurrence of the disease in the same dis- 11%, and in ungulate wildlife 30% [14, 15]. Among the trict is 5.86 years. The time between outbreaks was known FMD serotypes, four serotypes (A, O, SAT 1 and shorter in districts of West Gojjam, Oromia, North SAT 2) are maintained endemically in Ethiopia. Pub- Wollo and Awi zones and a bit longer in districts of lished articles on FMD show that type A and O are the other six zones. main serotypes responsible for significant economic losses in the country [6, 8, 16]. Geographical distribution of FMD outbreaks In recent times, there is an interest to control FMD in The geographical distribution of the 18 years FMD out- Ethiopia to boost its live animal and meat exports as the breaks within the Amhara region is depicted in Fig. 1. disease is considered the main obstacle to the inter- FMD has been reported from all zones (n = 10) of Am- national trade of livestock and their products [17]. How- hara region during the period 1999–2016. The outbreak ever, controlling of FMD in endemic developing incidence mapped by the administrative zones showed countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular is not that the eastern part of the region was more affected by an easy task due to several reasons. These include the FMD outbreak than the western part (Fig. 1). The FMD wide distribution of multiple serotypes and subtypes, outbreak incidence was above the average incidence of and the presence of diverse hosts of the virus across the the region in North Shewa (12.2/18 district years), South country, uncontrolled livestock movement and shortage Wollo (6.6/18 district years) and West Gojjam (5.5/18 of effective and affordable FMD vaccines in sufficient district years). quantities in the country. Besides, FAO and OIE advo- cate that the control of FMD in endemic countries like Temporal trends of FMD outbreak occurrences in Amhara Ethiopia has to be carried out in a long-term progressive region risk reduction approach [18, 19]. In the period of January 1999 to December 2016, high Currently, in Ethiopia, there is planning towards a na- number of FMD outbreaks were reported in 1999 (n = tional FMD control program, which is a part of 173 outbreaks), 2001 (n = 102), 2004 (n = 76) and 2012 Aman et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:185 Page 3 of 8 Fig. 1 Zonal distribution of FMD outbreaks per 18 district years in Amhara region over the period 1999–2016 (we created the map by QGIS version 3.10.2 (a Coruna) software (https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html)) (n = 85) while the lowest number of outbreaks were re- of outbreaks shows higher frequency of outbreaks in the ported in 2006 (n = 3) (Fig. 2, Additional file 2: Table dry season months compared to other seasons, which S1and Additional file 3: Table S2). The highest number demonstrates statistically significant seasonality of FMD of outbreaks were reported in the month of March (n = outbreaks (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Districts of Ethiopia
    Region District or Woredas Zone Remarks Afar Region Argobba Special Woreda -- Independent district/woredas Afar Region Afambo Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Asayita Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Chifra Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Dubti Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Elidar Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Kori Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Mille Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Abala Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Afdera Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Berhale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Dallol Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Erebti Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Koneba Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Megale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Amibara Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Awash Fentale Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Bure Mudaytu Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Dulecha Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Gewane Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Aura Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Ewa Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Gulina Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Teru Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Yalo Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Dalifage (formerly known as Artuma) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Dewe Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Hadele Ele (formerly known as Fursi) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Simurobi Gele'alo Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Telalak Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Amhara Region Achefer -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Angolalla Terana Asagirt -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Artuma Fursina Jile -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Banja -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Belessa --
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Management Activities
    Annex 1 PLW Knowledge Management Activities Knowledge Management Amhara Regional State Bure PLW Knowledge Gap Assessment Bread Wheat Farmers are unaware of the availability of improved varieties of bread wheat and plant their whole field with one improved variety which has sprouting problem. To solve this problem the project introduced seven improved varieties and demonstrated on framers field at three sites. When using herbicides, most farmers do not know about the appropriate types of nozzles to use for different applications and calibration techniques. The project trained cooperative store-men, DAs, supervisors and experts on pesticide handling and sprayer maintenance. Farmers thresh their wheat on the ground using ox since they do not know the effect of this practice on bread quality. As a result some wheat flour factories buy grains from other suppliers at relatively higher price compared to the local market. To solve this problem the project introduced and demonstrated mechanical wheat thresher to farmers, multipurpose cooperative officials, teachers and students at two PAs. Bure Farmers did not know about the importance of minimum tillage for wheat production. As a result farmers spend a lot of money and labor for cultivation. In addition, female headed or poor households rent their land due to shortage of draught power for land preparation. On top of this, frequent cultivation aggravates soil erosion and contributes to rivers and spring siltation. To solve this problem the project demonstrated wheat production with minimum or zero tillage technology. Hot pepper Farmers did not know about availability of many improved varieties of hot pepper. To solve this knowledge gap IPMS project introduced hot pepper seed production scheme on farmers’ fields.
    [Show full text]
  • British Geological Survey PLANNING
    British Geological Survey TECHNICAL REPORT WC/00/13 Overseas Geology Series PLANNING FOR GROUNDWATER DROUGHT IN AFRICA: TOWARDS A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR ASSESSING WATER SECURITY IN ETHIOPIA Project report on visit to Ethiopia, November-December 1999 British Geological Survey, Wallingford British Geological Survey TECHNICAL REPORT WC/00/13 Overseas Geology Series PLANNING FOR GROUNDWATER DROUGHT IN AFRICA: TOWARDS A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR ASSESSING WATER SECURITY IN ETHIOPIA Project report on visit to Ethiopia, November-December 1999 R C Calow1, A M MacDonald1 and A L Nicol2 1British Geological Survey 2Overseas Development Institute This document is an output from a project funded by the Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the DFID. DFID classification: Subsector: Water and Sanitation Theme: W4 – Raise the well-being of the rural and urban poor through cost-effective improved water supply and sanitation Project Title: Groundwater drought early warning for vulnerable areas Project reference: R7125 Bibliographic reference: Calow, R C, MacDonald, A M and Nicol, A L 2000. Planning for Groundwater Drought in Africa. Towards a Systematic Approach for Assessing Water Security in Ethiopia. Project report on visit to Ethiopia, November – December 1999 BGS Technical Report WC/00/13 Keywords:Ethiopia, groundwater, drought, monitoring Front cover illustration: Looking down onto the River Mille from Abbot Village, Ambassel Woreda. © NERC 2000 Keyworth, Nottingham, British Geological Survey, 2000 Contents Executive Summary iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Visit Objectives 1 1.2 Visit Background 1 1.3 Project Aims and Outputs 3 2. THE STUDY AREA: SOUTH WOLLO 4 2.1 Selection Criteria 4 2.2 Physical Background 5 2.3 Socio-economic Background 5 2.4 Institutions 6 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Insecurity Among Households with and Without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sussex Research Online Food insecurity among households with and without podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia Article (Published Version) Ketema, Kassahun, Tsegay, Girmay, Gedle, Dereje, Davey, Gail and Deribe, Kebede (2018) Food insecurity among households with and without podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia. EC Nutrition, 13 (7). pp. 414-423. ISSN 2453-188X This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76681/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Yes I Do. Ethiopia – Amhara Region
    Yes I Do. Ethiopia – Amhara Region The situation of child marriage in Qewet and Bahir Dar Zurida: a focus on gender roles, parenting and young people’s future perspectives Abeje Berhanu Dereje Tesama Beleyne Worku Almaz Mekonnen Lisa Juanola Anke van der Kwaak University of Addis Ababa & Royal Tropical Institute January 2019 1 Contents Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background of the Yes I Do programme .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Process of identifying themes for this study ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Social and gender norms related to child marrige .............................................................................. 5 1.4 Objective of the study ......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Description of the study areas ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Qewet woreda, North Shewa zone..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Dessie Zuria Woreda
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/JESD Vol.10, No.5, 2019 Determinants of Households Saving Capacity and Bank Account Holding Experience in Ethiopia: The Case of Dessie Zuria Woreda Bazezew Endalew College of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia Abstract This research has been an attempt to identify the major determinants that affect households saving capacity and their experience of adopting formal financial institutions (banks) in the case of Dessie Zuria Woreda. To do so, an individual base cross-sectional data analysis along with the two stage sampling technique of both purposive and random sampling technique was undertaken. To analyze the data, the study employed two sets of models (logistic and the method of principal component analysis). The econometric results of the study indicates that determinants like lack of credit access, lack of financial planning, complexity of banking system, monthly expenditure on stimulants, sex, significantly and negatively affects households saving capacity, but monthly income, age, bank account holding experience, marital status, and occupation positively and significantly affects saving capacity. In similar fashion, determinants include improper government policy, weak institutional set up, complexity of banking system, distance in Km away from their home to financial institutions, and religion significantly and negatively affect the probability of households to be banked, on the other hand, sex of households, credit access, income, marital status, education and age positively and significantly affects the probability of households to be banked.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University College of Development Studies Tourism Development and Managment Programme
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGMENT PROGRAMME Assess Tourism Resources and Its Development Challenges in Sekela Wereda, West Gojjam, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia Submitted by: Mekuanent Ayalew Kassa A Thesis Submitted to the College of Development Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism Development and Management Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2019 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGMENT PROGRAMME Assess Tourism Resources and Its Development Challenges in Sekela Wereda, West Gojjam, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia Submitted by: Mekuanent Ayalew Kassa A Thesis Submitted to the College of Development Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism Development and Management Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2019 2 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGMENT PROGRAMME This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Mekuanent Ayalew Kassa, entitled: "Assess Tourism Resources and Its Development Opportunities and Challenges in Sekela Wereda". In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Art in Tourism Development and Management complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by Examining
    [Show full text]
  • Heading with Word in Woodblock
    Amhara Region, Area brief Regional Overview The Amhara Region is located in the northwestern part of Ethiopia; its land area is estimated at about 170,000 square kilometers. Amhara borders Tigray Region in the North, Afar in the East, Oromiya in the South, Benishangul-Gumuz in the Southwest and the country of Sudan in the west. Based on the 2007 figures from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia, Amhara has an estimated total population of 20,136,000. 88% of the population is estimated to be rural inhabitants, while 12% are urban dwellers. Bahir-Dar is the capital city of the Amhara Regional State. Amhara is divided into 11 zones, and 167 woredas (districts). There are about 3,429 kebeles (the smallest administrative units). Decision-making power has been decentralized to woredas and thus the woredas are responsible for all development activities in their areas. The historic Amhara region contains much of the highland plateaus above 1,500 meters with rugged formations, gorges and valleys, as well as millions of settlements for Amhara villages surrounded by subsistence farms and grazing fields. Located in this region are the world-renowned Blue Nile River and its source, Lake Tana, as well as historic sites including Gonder palace, and the Lalibela rock-hewn churches. The land in Amhara has been cultivated for millennia with no variations or improvement in the farming techniques. The resulting environmental damage has contributed to the trend of deteriorating climate with frequent droughts, loss of crops and the resulting food shortage. Of the 167 woredas in the region, fifty-eight (35%) are drought-prone and chronically food- insecure.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Centers' Preparedness for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, 2020
    Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Health Centers’ Preparedness for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, 2020 This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Fanos Yeshanew Ayele Background: COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by severe acute Aregash Abebayehu Zerga respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2). Preparedness of health facilities to prevent Fentaw Tadese the spread of COVID-19 is an immediate priority to safeguard patients and healthcare workers and to reduce the spread of the pandemic. However, the preparedness of health centers in south Wollo School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo zone is unknown. University, Dessie, Ethiopia Objective: To assess the preparedness of Health Centers for COVID-19 in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: Health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among forty-six Health Centers in South Wollo zone in August 2020. The sampled health centers were selected by lottery method. The data was collected from the manager of the health centers using a pretested interviewer-administered and observational checklist. The ReadyScore criteria was used to classify the level of preparedness, in which health centers with a score of >80%, 40–80%, and <40% were considered as better prepared, work to do, and not ready, respectively. Results: In this study, the median score of health centers preparedness for COVID-19 was 70.3 ± 21.6 interquartile ranges with a minimum score of 40.5 and the maximum score of 83.8.
    [Show full text]
  • Downscaling Future Temperature and Precipitation Values in Kombolcha Town, South Wollo in Ethiopia
    Research Article Volume 5:4, 2021 Journal of Environmental Hazards ISSN: 2684-4923 Open Access Downscaling Future Temperature and Precipitation Values in Kombolcha Town, South Wollo in Ethiopia Kasye Shitu1* and Mengesha Tesfaw2 1Department of Soil Resource and Watershed Management, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia 2Departments of Soil Resource and Watershed Management, Wolidia University, Wolidia, Ethiopia Abstract Whilst climate change is already manifesting in Ethiopia through changes in temperature and rainfall, its magnitude is poorly studied at regional levels. Therefore, the main aim of this study was statistically downscale of future daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, and precipitation value in Kombolcha Town, South Wollo, in Ethiopia. For this the long term historical climatic data were collected from Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency for Kombolcha station and the GCM data were downloaded from the global circulation models of, the Canadian Second Generation Earth System Model from the link (http://climate scenarios.canada.ca/?page=dstsdi). For future climate data generation among the different downscaling techniques, the statistical down scaling method, a type of regression model was used and the variations of temperature (maximum and minimum) and precipitation in the town for annually and seasonally condition were analysis based on the base of the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. In the future, relative to the observed mean value of annual rainfall in Kombolcha town, mean value of annual rainfall will decrease 1.36% - 7.03% for RCP4.5and 5.37% -13.8% for RCP8.5 emission scenarios in the last 21 century. Both maximum and minimum temperature of the town will be increased in the future time interval for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Associated Risk Factors in Mareka Woreda of Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia
    Vol. 9(5), pp. 39-46, May 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JPVB2016.0265 Article Number: 6C32B5963954 Journal of Parasitology and ISSN 2141-2510 Copyright © 2017 Vector Biology Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JPVB Full Length Research Paper The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors in Mareka Woreda of Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia Eyob Eshetu1*, Bangu Barata1 and Berhanu Butako2 1School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia. 2Sodozuria Livestock and Fishery Office, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. Received 2 September, 2016: Accepted 28 November, 2016 A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, to identify predominant trypanosome species and some associated risk factors,in purposively selected areas of Mareka district of Dawuro zone, southern Ethiopia from November 2015 to April 2016. For this purpose, a total of 384 blood samples were collected from cattle using systematic random sampling methodconsidering different age, body condition and coat color; as well as both sex groups of cattle. The packed cell volume (PCV) of each sampled animal was measured using hematocrit reader after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for five minutes. Buffy coat technique was used to determine prevalence of trypanosomal parasites and species was further confirmed by Giemsa stained thin smear. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was found to be 8.3% (32/384). The predominant trypanosome species wereTrypanosoma congolense (62.5%) followed by T. vivax (37.5%) with significant statistical variation (P<0.05). The mean PCV was recorded as 21.03±3.297 in parasitaemic and 27.98±3.519 in aparasitaemic animals with results revealing significant statistical difference (P<0.05) between thetwo groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Poor Reporting Impacts Nutritional Response Admissions
    Poor reporting impacts nutritional response Admissions to therapeutic feeding programmes (TFPs) continue to increase in parts of Somali, Oromiya, Amhara and SNNPR, with the increase in Out-patient Therapeutic Programme (OTP) sites and worsening food security cited as among the causes for the enhanced admission rates. The trend is anticipated to rise during the peak of the hunger season in the next two to three months. The continued low reporting rate, delay in supply of Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic Food (RUTF) down to the kebele level and inadequate monitoring of emergency interventions are among the outstanding challenges confronting the sector. In SNNPR, children under treatment in Therapeutic Feeding Programmes (TFP) increased by 58.4 per cent from April to May 2009, i.e. from 9,392 cases in treatment to 17,795, with reporting rates increasing, by 15.4 per cent over the same period. TFP admissions also increased in Wagehamra, South and North Wollo zones and new woredas in North Gonder in Amhara Region. In Somali Region, TFP admission increased in May and June, with Gode zone reporting a particularly critical situation. MSF-Belgium is undertaking a rapid assessment in East Imey woreda (Gode) and plans to provide health and nutrition services. In Amhara and Oromiya, monitoring plans and implementation modalities are being developed between Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs), UNICEF and NGOs. In Amhara Region, where CONCERN, GOAL, MSF-B, MSF- Greece and SC-UK have been commissioned by the RHB to conduct rapid assessments in hotspot woredas, four of the planned eight assessments have been concluded, with two additional assessments underway.
    [Show full text]