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Verortungen Von Wissen Die Räume Und Sammlungen Der Universität Leiden 1575-1700

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Verortungen Von Wissen Die Räume Und Sammlungen Der Universität Leiden 1575-1700 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Verortungen von Wissen Die Räume und Sammlungen der Universität Leiden 1575-1700 Author(s): Grämiger, Gregory Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010402159 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Gregory Grämiger VERORTUNGEN VON WISSEN Die Räume und Sammlungen der Universität Leiden 1575–1700 DISS ETH 22375 DISS ETH 22375 VERORTUNGEN VON WISSEN DIE RÄUME UND SAMMLUNGEN DER UNIVERSITÄT LEIDEN 1575–1700 Abhandlung zur Erlangung des Titels DOKTOR der ETH ZÜRICH vorgelegt von GREGORY GRÄMIGER Dipl. Arch. ETH geboren am 8. Februar 1980 von Mosnang SG Angenommen auf Antrag von PD Dr. Lothar Schmitt Prof. Dr. Eric Jorink Prof. Dr. Philip Ursprung 2014 Dank Auf der vorhergehenden Seite fehlt der Name von Andreas Tönnesmann, denn mein ver- ehrter Doktorvater konnte die letzte Niederschrift der Arbeit leider nicht mehr lesen. Ohne seine Initiative, Inspiration und stete Förderung wäre die vorliegende Arbeit nicht verfasst worden. Ihm gebührt mein erster und grösster Dank. Lothar Schmitt danke ich nicht nur für die Übernahme des Referats, sondern auch für die durchgehende Unterstützung während vieler Jahre der Forschung und Niederschrift. Eric Jorink danke ich für seine Expertise und für die Übernahme des Koreferats. Philip Ursprung half mit seinem Gutachten in Stunden der Not, wofür ich ihm meinen Dank aus- sprechen möchte. Bereichert wurde die Arbeit durch das Interesse und das Fachwissen von Susanne Rau, Anne Goldgar, Tim Huisman, Gerda van Uffelen, A.J.F. Gogelein, Kasper van Om- men, Anton van der Lem, Arend Pietersman, dgtlclassicist, Volker Remmert und Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn. Bibliothekare der ETH Zürich, der ZB Zürich, der Universitätsbiblio- thek in Leiden, des Nationaal Herbariums in Leiden sowie verschiedener Bibliotheken in Oxford, Padua und anderswo haben unzählige Kilogramm an Büchern und Archivalien besorgt und zugänglich gemacht. Der ETH Zürich verdanke ich nicht nur lehrreiche und erfüllende Jahre des Studiums, sondern auch wunderbare Kolleginnen und Kollegen: Niklas Naehrig, Britta Hentschel, Doris Wirz-Gasperetti, Ita Heinze-Greenberg, Nadia Göntem-Wachtel, Katrin Eberhard, Alexander Markschies, Tilo Richter, Ulf Schulte-Umberg, Ivan Bocchio, Petra Röthlisberger, Lukas Zurfluh, Gregor Harbusch, Christina Farragher und vielen anderen bin ich herzlich verbunden. Viele liebe Freundinnen und Freunde ausserhalb der Hochschule wussten gekonnt, mich nicht nur für notwendige Pausen vom Schreibtisch fernzuhalten, so beispielsweise Marchet Saratz, Dominique Meier, Christoph Dubler, Nicole Leuthold, Cornel Stäheli, Ro- ger Gerber, Jonas Winkler, Benno Agreiter, Victor Willi, Dennis Guggenheim, Jelena Gavric, Dana Guzman und natürlich Paolo und Tamara Stolfo. Andrea Srdic unterstützte mich und das Projekt in der Anfangsphase. Barbara Kühne ermöglichte eine glückselige Zeit der Nie- derschrift. Für fortwährende Unterstützung danke ich meiner ganzen Familie, insbesonde- re natürlich meinen Eltern. Ihnen sei diese Arbeit gewidmet. III Zusammenfassung Die Universität der niederländischen Stadt Leiden, 1575 während der Befreiungskriege gegen die Habsburger gegründet, errichtete als eine der ersten Lehranstalten nördlich der Alpen spezifische Bauten für Forschung und Lehre. Neben einer Bibliothek, dem Speicher des Wissens par excellence, wurden schon bald weitere Räume der Forschung erstellt. Dem überlieferten Wissen in der Bibliothek stellte sich das Buch der Natur zur Seite, das in empirischer Weise untersucht werden musste. Ein botanischer Garten versammelte Pflan- zen aus allen Ecken der bekannten Welt, die man zunächst als Heilmittel verstand, immer mehr aber um ihrer selbst willen gesammelt und untersucht wurden. Eine benachbarte Galerie ergänzte das Reich der Pflanzen mit mineralischen und tierischen Kuriositäten, die meistens ebenfalls aus fremden Ländern stammten. Ein anatomisches Theater diente der Erforschung des menschlichen Körpers. Mittels einer bewussten Inszenierung anatomi- scher Präparate und Gegenständen der Kunst verwies es zudem auf die Endlichkeit allen Lebens. Eine Sternwarte ermöglichte schon bald den ungestörten Blick auf einen weiteren Teil des als göttliche Schöpfung wahrgenommenen Universums. Später gesellten sich ein chemisches Laboratorium und ein physikalisches Theater dazu, die der Durchführung von Experimenten dienten. Zudem ergänzten eine Fecht- und Ingenieurschule, die unterhalb der Bibliothek eingerichtet wurden, das theoretische Wissen durch die Unterweisung in der Handhabung von Waffen, was dem frühneuzeitlichen Ideal von arte et marte ent- sprach. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich diesen Räumen und ihren Sammlungen. Sie er- klärt, wie diese Räume zu definieren sind und weshalb sie errichtet wurden. Desweiteren wird beantwortet, von wem und wie die Räume genutzt wurden, wobei die Analyse der Zugänglichkeit und der Reglementierung im Umgang mit den gezeigten Exponaten aufzei- gen soll, wie die Objekte sowohl geschützt als auch studiert werden konnten. Neben weite- ren gesellschaftlichen und sozialen Aspekten übte auch die nachvollziehbare Anordnung der Objekte eine entscheidende Rolle auf die Praxis der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit aus. Im Gegensatz zu Idealordnungen, wie sie auf dem Papier erdacht werden können, muss bei der tatsächlichen Disposition der Objekte auch die Architektur der Räume berücksichtigt werden. Die Ordnung der Exponate im Raum kann deswegen als architektonische Aufgabe verstanden werden. Sie hatte zum Ziel, den Nutzer eine Hilfe in ihrer Forschungstätigkeit zu bieten. Besonders im Falle der Bibliothek und des botanischen Gartens spielte die gute Nachbarschaft der Objekte eine entscheidende Rolle. Überlieferte Kataloge erlaubten, die Anordnung der Bücher und Pflanzen detailliert zu rekonstruieren und zu analysieren, um Einblicke in das damalige Verständnis über das gedruckte Wissen und die wahrgenomme- ne Welt der Pflanzen zu erhalten. Die Kataloge selbst bildeten nicht nur die Grundlage der Rekonstruktion, sondern wurden ihrer selbst wegen ausgiebig analysiert und diskutiert, zeigen sie doch auf, wie die räumliche Ordnung in einen papierenen Katalog übertragen werden konnte – und vice versa. Die verschiedenen Räume dienten zudem nicht nur der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und Lehre. Vielmehr wurden sie auch symbolisch gestaltet und verstanden. Durch die bewusste Gegenüberstellung der Exponate erhielten sie einen symbolischen Mehrwert. Zudem verwies auch die bauliche Hülle selbst meist auf litera- rische und ideelle Topoi. Neben diesen unterschiedlichen Aspekten von Räumlichkeiten möchte die vorliegende Arbeit zudem aufzeigen, wie die verschiedenen Einrichtungen parallel genutzt wurden, um neue Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen und wie sie in ihrem Zusam- menhang verstanden wurden. V Summary The University of Leiden in the Netherlands was established in 1575 during the war of in- dependence against the Habsburgs. It was one of the first institutions north of the Alps to construct specific buildings for teaching and research. Besides a library—the space of knowledge par excellence—other institutions were soon erected. The traditional wisdom written in books and manuscripts was complemented by the Book of Nature, in which the natural world could be studied in an empirical manner. A botanical garden brought to- gether a vast number of plants from all edges of the known world. These plants were initial- ly understood as medicinal substances but were more and more collected and studied for their own sake. An adjacent gallery complemented the plants with other curiosities from near and far. An anatomical theatre was used to gain knowledge about the human body. Anatomical specimens and pieces of art, which were exhibited there, demonstrated the finiteness of all things. An astronomical observatory allowed to explore another part of the godly creation. A laboratory of chemistry and a theatre of physics were added shortly after- wards to offer a space for conducting experiments. In addition, a fencing and an enginee- ring school were established underneath the library, completing the theoretical wisdom with the practical force of arms, which corresponded to the ideal of arte et marte. This thesis explores those spaces and their collections. It shows why those institutions were erected and how they can be defined. In addition, it describes by whom and how those establishments were used. Matters of access and rules of conducts were crucial for simultaneously displaying and protecting the exhibits. Questions of surveillance and other social aspects arose in all spaces and often led to fundamental problems in conducting scientific research. Also, the comprehensible spatial distribution of the objects played an important role in making the collections accessible and usable. However, a theoretically ideal order could not be easily translated into a factual one, which had to take into account the actual building and its furniture. The spatial disposition of the exhibits can therefore be understood as an architectural task. Its goal was to offer guidance for using the collection. The good neighbourhood of the objects played an important part, particularly in the bota- nical garden and the library. Surviving catalogues allowed for reconstructing and analysing the arrangement of plants and books in detail and provided insights into the early modern comprehension
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