Lesson 1 | Reading Let’s Focus: “The Symbol of Freedom” Content Focus Type of Text Nelson Mandela’s struggle for justice in South Africa informational Author’s Name Author’s Purpose Big Ideas Consider the following Big Idea questions. Write your answer for each question. What causes stereotypes and prejudices? What inspires people to take action? Informational Preview Checklist: “The Symbol of Freedom” on pages 233–236. Title: What clue does it provide about the passage? Pictures: What additional information is added here? Headings: What will you learn about in each section? Features: What other text features do you notice? Enduring Understandings After reading the text . © 2021 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 6 231 Lesson 1 | Vocabulary Key Passage Vocabulary: “The Symbol of Freedom” Read each word. Write the word in column 3. Then, circle a number to rate your knowledge of the word. Knowledge Vocabulary Part of Speech Write the Word Rating discrimination (n) 0 1 2 3 resources (n) 0 1 2 3 invent (v) 0 1 2 3 access (v) 0 1 2 3 impose (v) 0 1 2 3 govern (v) 0 1 2 3 impact (v) 0 1 2 3 passive (adj) 0 1 2 3 harmony (n) 0 1 2 3 transform (v) 0 1 2 3 232 Unit 6 © 2021 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. Lesson 1 | Reading The Symbol of Freedom Nelson Mandela’s lifelong fight for the cause of discrimination freedom in South Africa is a tale of inspiration and the act of treating determination; it is a tale of struggle. During his some people worse than others for 27 years in prison, he became a powerful symbol unfair reasons 5 of resistance to the racial discrimination that has plagued South Africa, and he emerged as the first Black president of South Africa in 1994. 1 resources things that can be sold to create South Africa’s landscape and environment have been wealth described as the most enticing in the world. South 10 Africa has a mild climate, similar to that of the 1 Nelson Mandela San Francisco Bay. The land is fertile with plentiful was South mineral resources. In fact, South African mines are Africa’s first world leaders in the production of diamonds, gold, what? and platinum. These qualities combined to make 15 South Africa attractive to European powers in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. South Africa had much to offer European powers looking for natural resources and economic gain. The land was colonized by the Dutch in the 1600s. 20 During the following century, England became 2 interested in the land and eventually defeated the Who ruled Dutch. South Africa remained a colony of England South Africa until 1961? until 1961. 2 © 2021 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 6 233 Lesson 1 | Reading invent Apartheid could not vote and were to make up or think The political parties in control segregated from many jobs. of 25 of the country consisted 50 To access designated white primarily of white men of areas, all Black Africans access European ancestry. These were required to carry to find a way into; groups apartheid “pass books” containing to gain entry to invented as a means to control the fingerprints, a photo, and 30 economy and the people. 55 personal information. Black impose Apartheid is a Dutch word Africans were forced to to force upon; live in specific areas on the to burden with that means “separateness.” Apartheid laws were aimed outskirts of South African to keep the white, European cities and needed passports 35 minority in power. The 60 to enter the rest of the laws discriminated against country. They were treated the Black people of African as visiting foreigners in their own country. ancestry, who made up more than 70 percent of the nation’s 3 40 The penaltiesimposed What were population, as well as people 65 apartheid laws on those who protested of mixed race and Asian designed to do? descent. 3 against the discrimination were severe. Thousands of 4 What happened These laws touched every individuals were tortured to people aspect of social life. and killed. Those who were who protested 45 Nonwhites could not go to 70 tried in court were typically apartheid laws? white schools or hospitals or sentenced to death, exile, or visit white beaches. They life in prison—like Nelson Mandela. 4 Apartheid and the People of South Africa Blacks Whites Population 19 million 4.5 million Land allocation 13% 87% Annual expenditures on $45 $696 education per pupil Teacher/pupil ratio 1/60 1/22 Disproportionate Treatment circa 1978. Source: Moraine Park Technical College Mandela burning his pass book Apartheid sign in English and Afrikaans; South African pass book 234 Unit 6 © 2021 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. Lesson 1 | Reading A Means to an End in addition to racism govern When Mandela was 12 years 115 and discrimination. This to rule; to direct old, his father died of lung experience served to further 75 disease, causing his life to fuel his passion for politics. In impact abruptly change. He was 1944, he joined the African to have an effect on adopted by a tribal chief. He National Congress to become 120 a voice for those who didn’t lived in a palace and learned 5 African history from elder have one. passive 80 chiefs who visited. He learned not taking action; Mandela Challenges the letting something how the African people had happen to you lived in relative peace until Apartheid Government the coming of the Europeans. As more and more laws were 5 What According to the elders, the passed to limit the progress organization did 85 people of South Africa had of Black South Africans, the Mandela join? lived as brothers, but the 125 ANC staged a campaign What kind of white man shattered this against apartheid laws that organization fellowship. While the Black was structured around the was this? man shared his land, air, and theory of passive resistance. 90 water with the white man, the Mandela opened a law white man took all of these 130 practice and campaigned things for himself. against apartheid. Soon after, Mandela was charged At age 16, Mandela heard a with high treason, but the tribal leader speak with great charges were eventually 95 sadness about the future of 135 dropped. Mandela continued young men in South Africa. his important mission. The The tribal leader explained resistance to apartheid that because the land was grew stronger, as did controlled by white men, the commitment by the 100 the young Black men would 140 government to maintain struggle to earn a living white rule. and never have the power to govern themselves. This Tension with the government Top: Entrance to the high-security speech profoundly impacted continued to grow. It peaked prison at Robben Island, South 105 Mandela and set the course in 1960 when 69 Black people Africa, now a national and World for his life of activism. 145 Heritage Site were shot dead by police. The Bottom: The inside of Mandela’s government declared a state prison cell as it was when he was After years of performing of emergency and banned the imprisoned in 1964 well at various schools, ANC. In response, the ANC 6 Mandela enrolled in law abandoned its policy of non- What policy did 110 school, where he met people 150 violence, and Mandela helped the ANC of all races and backgrounds. lead the armed struggle for abandon in 6 1960? Why? He was exposed to liberal freedom. and Africanist thought © 2021 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 6 235 Lesson 1 | Reading harmony Imprisonment he became an international friendly agreement; After playing a minor role in 180 symbol of resistance to the working apartheid. In 1990, the together of all parts a workers’ strike and illegally 155 leaving the country in 1961, South African government Mandela began a five-year responded to international transform prison sentence. During pressure and released to change into 185 Mandela. Talks of something new that time, Mandela and other members of the ANC transforming the old-style 160 were tried for plotting to government of South Africa to overthrow the government by a new multiracial democracy violence. Mandela defended began. In 1994, for the first himself during his trial with 190 time in South Africa’s history, words about democracy, all races voted in democratic 165 elections, and Mandela was freedom, and equality. “I 8 have cherished the ideal of a elected president. 7 democratic and free society For what ideal Nelson Mandela struggled was Mandela in which all persons live 195 to end apartheid in South prepared to die? together in harmony and 170 Africa. He led the charge, What was his with equal opportunities,” actual sentence? became the face of resistance, he said. “It is an ideal for which I hope to live and to and shared the hopes and 8 What landmark dreams of many; he was the see realized. But if needs be, 200 event took place symbol of freedom. Jailed it is an ideal for which I am in South Africa 175 for 27 years, he emerged to prepared to die.” The verdict in 1994? was life in prison. 7 become the country’s first Black president and play a 9 Mandela was Apartheid Ends leading role in the drive for the symbol of 205 human rights across the what? Mandela’s fight did not end. 9 world. During his years in prison, 236 Unit 6 © 2021 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc.