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Uvic Thesis Template Democracy as Romance and Satire: Democratisation in South Korea by Social Movements by Chong Su Kim BA, Hanyang University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Political Science Chong Su Kim, 2011 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Democracy as Romance and Satire: Democratisation in South Korea by Social Movements by Chong Su Kim BA, Hanyang University, 2001 Supervisory Committee Dr. Matt James, (Department of Political Science) Supervisor Dr. Feng Xu, (Department of Political Science) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Matt James, (Department of Political Science) Supervisor Dr. Feng Xu, (Department of Political Science) Departmental Member This thesis investigates democratisation in South Korea. Unlike what structure- and process-oriented accounts of democratisation claim, democracy in South Korea was achieved through sustained popular action. The late-late development led by the authoritarian developmental state did not allow bourgeois or institutional politics to take the leading role for democracy. Social movements replaced them by making political opportunities and developing collective identity, their mobilising structures, and by using various discourses, repertoires, and framing. The structural context, movements' interaction with the state, and their strategies produced democracy with paradoxical results. Not only did they fail to achieve social democracy as their objective, but also the “founding election” for the transition to democracy in 1987 was exploited by elites. The paradoxical process of democratisation suppressed the reverse transition to reauthoritarianism on the one hand and constrained the popular sovereignty expressed through constitutionally legitimate massive collective action on the other hand. Though democratisation through collective action did not end “happily ever after,” it brought about democracy not only in institutional politics but also in noninstitutional politics. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... vi List of Key Korean Terms ............................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... x Dedication .......................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology and Sources.................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1: Democracy and Social Movements ........................................................... 10 Democracy and Its Causes .............................................................................................. 10 Social Movement Theories and Their Montage .............................................................. 14 Chpter 2: The Late-Late Development and the Birth of Minjung ............................. 22 The Implication Of The Late-Late Development ........................................................... 23 Birth Of Minjung Movement ........................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3: Movements’ Deepening in “Abeyance” ..................................................... 49 Repression, Cycle Of Protest, and Abeyance .................................................................. 50 Reworking Democracy During Abeyance ....................................................................... 64 Chapter 4: Liberalisation and Transition..................................................................... 85 Liberalisation: Revival Of Social Movements ................................................................. 86 Transition: Popular Sovereignty In Constitutionality .................................................... 113 Conclusion: Democracy as Romance and Satire........................................................ 138 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 143 Appendix ......................................................................................................................... 159 v List of Tables Table 3-1 Social Groups Participating in Protest by Political Context (1970-1987) Table 3-2 The Number of Suicide Protesters (1970-1987) Table 3-3 Differences of abeyance structures between two polities Table 4-1 Social Groups Participating in Protest by Political Context (1988-1992) vi List of Acronyms APO Außerparlamentarische Opposition (extraparliamentary opposition) BA Bureacratic-Authoritarian CA Constituent Assembly (an acronym of a fraction in social movements) CCSRS Council of College Student Representatives in Seoul CDR Civil Democratic Revolution CDRM Coalition for Democratic Reunification and the Minjung Movement CFC Combined Forces Command DKP Democratic Korean Party DJP Democratic Justice Party EOI Export-Oriented Industrialisation FJD Foundation for June Democratic Uprising FKTU Federation of Korean Trade Union FSLM Federation of Seoul Labour Movement HCI Heavy and Chemical Industrialisation IDWC Incheon Democratic Workers Confederation KCLW Korean Council for Labour Welfare KDF Korea Democracy Foundation MC Main Currents (an acronym of a fraction in social movements) MPO Mass Political Organization MT Acronym of mintu, meaning struggles for democracy NAMFREL National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections in the Philippines vii NDP New Democratic Party NDR National Democratic Revolution NFDW National Federation of Democratic Workers NKDP New Korea Democratic Party NL National Liberation (an acronym of a fraction in social movements) NLPDR National Liberation People’s Democratic revolution NMH National Movement Headquarters NSA National Student Association NSMs New Social Movements PCSM Publication Committee for Student Movement PDR People’s Democratic Revolution PPT Political Process Theory PSCAA Patriotic Students’ Confederation for Anti-Imperialism and Anti- dictatorship RDP Reunification Democratic Party RM Resource Mobilisation SMOs Social Movement Organizations SMI Social Movement Industry SMS Social Movement Sector SMTs Social Movement Theories USIS U.S. Information Service YCDM Youth Coalition for Democratisation Movement viii List of Key Korean Terms Chaebol South Korean Large conglomerate Chaeya Extraparliamentary Opposition in South Korea Gitbal Flag (a name of pamphlet) Haklim A group supporting immediate struggle thesis in 1980 Hubae A junior student under the guidance by a sonbae Injeon Realisation and Strategy (a name of a pamphlet̆ ) Inmin Human and People (a term for people used by socialists before 1950) Jeonmang The Prospect of Student Movement (a name of a pamphlet) Jonjaeigeon Literally, transposition of being. Students’ identity shift to workers Juche North Korean Term for "Subject" Minjung People and mass (collective identity) Mintu Struggles for democracy (a fraction in student movement) Murim Group supporting preparation thesis Nohakyeondae Workers-students alliance Samchong Triple purity Samin ̆ Three min. Stands for minjok (nation), minju (democracy), and minjung Samintu Struggle Committee for Reunification, Democracy, and Minjung Emancipation Sonbae A senior student Ssoclĕ From English word circle Tushin Literally,throwing or devoting oneself. Students’ identity shift to workers ix Undongkwon The movement sphere Yabi ̆ Critique of Night Schools (a name of pamphlet) Yechon Yado Ruling party in villages and opposition party in cities Yushin Revitalisation (a term for the authoritarian regime in the 1970s) x Acknowledgments I have never dreamed of writing a thesis in my life. As an activist for more than two decades, my primary concern was to change the world, not to interpret or to study it. Therefore, writing a thesis was completely a new project for me. This challenging project would not have been completed without support and guidance from a number of people. I would like to express my deepst gratitude to Dr. Matt James for his insight, inspiration, encouragement, and generosity. Without having his support and guidance, I may have still wandered around in a maze of unfulfillable ambition and vagueness. I would also like to thank to Dr. Feng Xu for her insightful comments and guidance. Further, I would like to acknowledge professors and co-seminarians for their inspiring me with their deep insights and creative ideas. I wish to extend my tremendous gratitude to colleagues working in the Political Science Department office at
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