Population Explosion and Freshwater Crises
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Statistical Analysis of Human Overpopulation and Its Impact on Sustainability
Statistical Analysis of Human Overpopulation and its Impact on Sustainability Susanne Bradley Abstract In this project, I examine the relationship between population size and resource use, with particular emphasis on carbon emissions. I use a combination of time series methods and regression analysis to obtain forecasts for global carbon emissions and energy use to the year 2060, taking into account population growth and economic development. In general, my predictions are consistent with predictions already made by different experts, though mine tend to be slightly more pessimistic. I end by addressing some potential ways to decrease population growth rates. 1 Introduction In the twentieth century, human population nearly quadrupled from 1.6 billion to 6.1 billion. Over that same period of time, global carbon consumption increased by a factor of twelve [1]. Population growth has begun to slow, especially in developed countries, but global population is not expected to reach peak levels for at least thirty years [2][3]. In light of these trends, a natural question to ask is whether the Earth can support these kinds of increases in both population and per capita consumption. The population aspect of this is important because if we assume that available resources are finite, then a smaller population size may not solve the problem of overconsumption but it will slow demand for resources and give us more time to develop sustainable long-term solutions. Despite the intuitively clear relationship between population and resource consumption, the issue of overpopulation is one that has been largely ignored in scientific circles since the 1970s [4]. -
An Essay on the Ecological and Socio-Economic Effects of the Current and Future Global Human Population Size
An essay on the ecological and socio-economic effects of the current and future global human population size “The global human population is and will probably remain too large to allow for a sustainable use of the earth’s resources and an acceptable distribution of welfare” MSc Thesis By Jasper A.J. Eikelboom Supervised by dr. M. van Kuijk and prof. ir. N.D. van Egmond Utrecht University 27-09-2013 Abstract Since the dawn of civilization the world population has grown very slowly, but since the Industrial Revolution in 1750 and especially the Green Revolution around 1950 the growth rate increased dramatically. At the moment there are 7 billion people and in 2100 it is expected that there will be between 8.5 and 12 billion people. Currently we already overshoot the earth’s carrying capacity and this problem will become even larger in the future. Because of the global overpopulation many negative ecological and socio-economic effects occur at the moment. Land-use change, climate change, biodiversity loss, risk of epidemics, poor welfare distribution, resource scarcity and subsequent indirect effects such as factory farming and armed struggles for resources are caused by overpopulation. All these effects are long-lasting and many are irreversible. The longer we overshoot the carrying capacity of the earth and the larger the human population becomes, the worse the effects will be. It can thus be concluded that the global human population is and will probably remain too large to allow for a sustainable use of the earth’s resources and an equal distribution of the use of these resources. -
James Beattie.Pdf
Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History Editors: Dr Vinita Damodaran, University of Sussex, UK Assoc Prof Rohan D’Souza, Visiting Associate Professor, Kyoto University, Japan Dr Sujit Sivasundaram, University of Cambridge, UK Assoc Prof James Beattie, University of Waikato, New Zealand Editorial Board Members: Prof Mark Elvin (Australian National University) (environmental historian of China) Prof Heather Goodall (Sydney Institute of Technology) (environmental historian of Australia) Assoc Prof Edward Melillo (Amherst College) (environmental historian of South America, the globe) Dr Alan Mikhail (Yale) (environmental history of the Middle East) Prof José Pádua (Federal University of Rio) (environmental historian of Latin America) Dr Kate Showers (University of Sussex) (environmental historian of Africa) Prof Graeme Wynn (University of British Columbia) (environmental historian of Canada) Assoc Prof Robert Peckham (Hong Kong University) (environmental historian of health, world history, Hong Kong) Global environmental degradation and climate change are some of the most pro- found challenges facing humanity. Politically engaged environmental histories with a global perspective can play a central role in addressing these contempo- rary concerns by exploring the historical dimensions of our shared crisis. This series encourages scholarship from the sciences, social sciences, and humanities that, crosses disciplines and reconceptualises the way we think about human-nature relations in time and space. It promotes historical studies that investigate all parts of the globe and all manner of environments, periods and concerns, especially in the global south, including topics such as arable and non-arable landscapes, the built environment, the Anthropocene, atmospheric and hydrological systems and animal-human interactions. We welcome, in particular, frameworks which can link environmental histories with science and technology studies. -
Estimates of Charged Expenditure and Demands for Grants (Development)
GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB ESTIMATES OF CHARGED EXPENDITURE AND DEMANDS FOR GRANTS (DEVELOPMENT) VOL - II (Fund No. PC12037 – PC12043) FOR 2020 - 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Demand # Description Pages VOLUME-I PC22036 Development 1 - 968 VOLUME-II PC12037 Irrigation Works 1 - 49 PC12041 Roads and Bridges 51 - 294 PC12042 Government Buildings 295-513 PC12043 Loans to Municipalities / Autonomous Bodies, etc. 515-529 GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB GENERAL ABSTRACT OF DISBURSEMENT (GROSS) (Amount in million) Budget Revised Budget Estimates Estimates Estimates 2019-2020 2019-2020 2020-2021 PC22036 Development 255,308.585 180,380.664 256,801.600 PC12037 Irrigation Works 25,343.061 18,309.413 18,067.690 PC12041 Roads and Bridges 35,000.000 41,510.013 29,820.000 PC12042 Government Buildings 34,348.354 14,827.803 32,310.710 PC12043 Loans to Municipalities/Autonomous Bodies etc. 76,977.253 28,418.359 29,410.759 TOTAL :- 426,977.253 283,446.252 366,410.759 Current / Capital Expenditure detailed below: New Initiatives of SED for imparting Education through (5,000.000) - (4,000.000) Outsourcing of Public Schools (PEIMA) New Initiatives of SED for imparting Education through (19,500.000) - (18,000.000) Private Participation (PEF) Daanish School and Centres of Excellence Authority (1,500.000) - (1,000.000) Punjab Education Endowment Funds (PEEF) (300.000) - (100.000) Punjab Higher Education Commission (PHEC) (100.000) - (50.000) Establishment of General Hospital at Turbat, Baluchistan - - (50.000) Pakistan Kidney & Liver Institute and Research Center (500.000) - -
Chapter 5 Forest Plantations: Policies and Progress
Chapter 5 Forest Plantations: Policies and Progress Logging in the Tropics is commonly followed by defores- 15-year rotation as an example, he concluded that em- tation and agriculture that degrade the soil, precluding ployment is nearly 5 times greater in forest plantations subsequent continuous cultivation or pasturing. Agricul- than in pasture production, and yet the forest may be ture persists on the best sites, leaving the poorer ones to grown on poorer soils. return to forests. Of these, the best may be suitable for forest plantations. Two valuable references on forest plantations in the Trop- ics are available. Evans (1992) emphasizes the planning The growing need for plantations was recognized de- of plantations, taking into account social and economic cades ago by Champion (1949). He pointed out that factors and describing practices from establishment to there are many millions of hectares of land that should harvest. Zobel and others (1987) clarify misunderstand- be afforested as soon as possible for society's benefit. He ings concerning exotic species and document the high further stated that although the technology to restore yields attainable through plantation tree improvement. forests may be based on incomplete understanding of the underlying principles, the work must proceed in the light TheCase for Planting of existing experience. His plea is still valid. The case for planting rests partly on land availability and foreseen timber shortages. One analysis concluded that The ultimate extent of forest plantations in the Tropics plantations are needed where: (1) natural forest area is will be determined by the degree to which they can inadequate, (2) natural forests grow too slowly to meet compete with other land uses, meet growing demands bulk forest-product demands on a sustained-yield basis, for wood, outproduce alternative wood sources, and (3) natural forests are too scattered to permit economical _) protect the environment for future generations. -
Punjab Tourism for Economic Growth Final Report Consortium for Development Policy Research
Punjab Tourism for Economic Growth Final Report Consortium for Development Policy Research ABSTRACT This report documents the technical support provided by the Design Team, deployed by CDPR, and covers the recommendations for institutional and regulatory reforms as well as a proposed private sector participation framework for tourism sector in Punjab, in the context of religious tourism, to stimulate investment and economic growth. Pakistan: Cultural and Heritage Tourism Project ---------------------- (Back of the title page) ---------------------- This page is intentionally left blank. 2 Consortium for Development Policy Research Pakistan: Cultural and Heritage Tourism Project TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS 56 LIST OF FIGURES 78 LIST OF TABLES 89 LIST OF BOXES 910 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1011 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1112 1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1819 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1819 1.2 PAKISTAN’S TOURISM SECTOR 1819 1.3 TRAVEL AND TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS 2324 1.4 ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF TOURISM SECTOR 2526 1.4.1 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM 2526 1.4.2 DOMESTIC TOURISM 2627 1.5 ECONOMIC POTENTIAL HERITAGE / RELIGIOUS TOURISM 2728 1.5.1 SIKH TOURISM - A CASE STUDY 2930 1.5.2 BUDDHIST TOURISM - A CASE STUDY 3536 1.6 DEVELOPING TOURISM - KEY ISSUES & CHALLENGES 3738 1.6.1 CHALLENGES FACED BY TOURISM SECTOR IN PUNJAB 3738 1.6.2 CHALLENGES SPECIFIC TO HERITAGE TOURISM 3940 2 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR TOURISM SECTOR 4344 2.1 CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 4344 2.1.1 YOUTH AFFAIRS, SPORTS, ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM -
Discussing Population Concepts: Overpopulation Is a Necessary Word and an Inconvenient Truth
1 Discussing population concepts: Overpopulation is a necessary word and an inconvenient truth Frank Götmark*, Jane O’Sullivan, Philip Cafaro F.G., Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden. * Corresponding author, e-mail [email protected], phone +46702309315 J.O., School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia., e- mail [email protected] P.C., School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523, e-mail [email protected] Abstract In science, in the media, and in international communication by organizations such as the UN, the term ‘overpopulation’ is rarely used. Here we argue that it is an accurate description of our current reality, well backed up by scientific evidence. While the threshold defining human overpopulation will always be contested, overpopulation unequivocally exists where 1) people are displacing wild species so thoroughly, either locally or globally, that they are helping create a global mass extinction event; and where 2) people are so thoroughly degrading ecosystems that provide essential environmental services, that future human generations likely will have a hard time living decent lives. These conditions exist today in most countries around the world, and in the world as a whole. Humanity’s inability to recognize the role population growth has played in creating our environmental problems and the role population decrease could play in helping us solve them is a tremendous brake on environmental progress. While reducing excessive populations is not a panacea, it is necessary to create ecologically sustainable societies. -
Is Population Growth an Environmental Problem? Teachers’ Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Including It in Their Teaching
sustainability Article Is Population Growth an Environmental Problem? Teachers’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Including It in Their Teaching Iris Alkaher 1,2,* and Nurit Carmi 2 1 Faculty of Science, Kibbutzim College of Education Technology and the Arts, Tel Aviv 6250769, Israel 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 March 2019; Accepted: 28 March 2019; Published: 3 April 2019 Abstract: Population growth (PG) is one of the drivers of the environmental crisis and underlies almost every environmental problem. Despite its causative role in environmental challenges, it has gained little attention from popular media, public and government agenda, or even from environmental organizations. There is a gap between the gravity of the problem and its relative absence from the public discourse that stems, inter alia, from the fact that the very discussion of the subject raises many sensitive, complex and ethical questions. The education system is a key player in filling this gap, and teachers have an opportunity to facilitate the discussion in this important issue. While educators mostly agree to include controversial environmental topics in school curricula, calls for addressing PG remain rare. This study explores teachers’ perspectives of PG as a problem and their attitudes towards including it in their teaching, focusing on environmental and non-environmental teachers. While perceiving PG as an environmental problem and supporting its inclusion in schools was significantly higher among the environmental-teachers, similar concerns were reported by all the teachers concerning engaging students in discourse around this controversial issue. -
September 2019
Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics EJAIB Vol. 29 (5) September 2019 www.eubios.info ISSN 1173-2571 (Print) ISSN 2350-3106 (Online) Official Journal of the Asian Bioethics Association (ABA) Copyright ©2019 Eubios Ethics Institute (All rights reserved, for commercial reproductions). viewpoint. In the past three years a popular idea of false news, fake news, and politically biased discourse has been Contents page more evident in the print, media and social media groups. Editorial: Academic Freedom is an Essence of For centuries there have been institutions that try to limit Bioethical Discourse - Darryl Macer 153 discussion to their particular ideology, theology or Attempts by scientists to suppress discussion of passion. We still have these, and it is part of the overpopulation: A California case that celebration of human diversity itself when we have a full backired nicely 154 range of positions. We respect their freedom. - Stuart H. Hurlbert Academic Freedom is only possible through a climate Why denial of human overpopulation is a key barrier of open and transparent genuine discourse, using the full to a sustainable future 166 range of rational and emotional arguments that humans - Haydn Washington, Ian Lowe, Helen Kopnina have created. It is a foundation also of academic How research literature and media cover the role and associations, such as the Asian Bioethics Association, of image of disabled people in relation to academic institutions, and of the discipline of Bioethics. artiBicial intelligence and neuro-research 169 When academic institutions attempt to stiBle freedom - Rochelle Deloria, Aspen Lillywhite, Valentina Villamil of dialogue it usually backBires against them creating & Gregor Wolbring discontent, and the irst extended paper in this issue of Legacies of Love, Peace and Hope New Living Book 182 EJAIB by Stuart H. -
Ethical Implications of Population Growth and Reduction Tiana Sepahpour [email protected]
Fordham University Masthead Logo DigitalResearch@Fordham Student Theses 2015-Present Environmental Studies Spring 5-10-2019 Ethical Implications of Population Growth and Reduction Tiana Sepahpour [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fordham.bepress.com/environ_2015 Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Sepahpour, Tiana, "Ethical Implications of Population Growth and Reduction" (2019). Student Theses 2015-Present. 75. https://fordham.bepress.com/environ_2015/75 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Studies at DigitalResearch@Fordham. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses 2015-Present by an authorized administrator of DigitalResearch@Fordham. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethical Implications of Population Growth and Reduction Tiana Sepahpour Fordham University Department of Environmental Studies and Philosophy May 2019 Abstract This thesis addresses the ethical dimensions of the overuse of the Earth’s ecosystem services and how human population growth exacerbates it, necessitating an ethically motivated reduction in human population size by means of changes in population policy. This policy change serves the goal of reducing the overall global population as the most effective means to alleviate global issues of climate change and resource abuse. Chapter 1 draws on the United Nations’ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and other sources to document the human overuse and degradation of ecosystem services, including energy resources. Chapter 2 explores the history of energy consumption and climate change. Chapter 3 examines the economic impact of reducing populations and how healthcare and retirement plans would be impacted by a decrease in a working population. -
FOREST UPDATE Forest MONSOON TREE PLANTATION CAMPAIGN 2011 in PUNJAB by Punjab Forest Department
Greener Punjab Prosperous Pakistan FOREST UPDATE Forest MONSOON TREE PLANTATION CAMPAIGN 2011 IN PUNJAB by Punjab Forest Department Rana Muhammad Iqbal, Speaker Punjab Assembly planting a sapling at Changa Manga Rest House, on 15.08.2011 SEPTEMBER 24, 2011 IRRIGATED PLANTATION RANGE MANAGEMENT LINEAR PLANTATION SOCIAL FORESTRY EVENTS 012 ASSEMBLY QUESTIONS SPEAKER PUNJAB ASSEMBLY been arranged by the Administrative Department. Syed Malik Ahmad Ali Olakh, Minister for Forests chaired IN CHANGA MANGA Rizwan Mahboob, Add. Secretary FWF&T Deptt. chaired the briefing along with Muhammad Mehbub-ur-Rehman, a high level meeting to discuss the reply of various Likewise, Malik Saleem, DFO Changa Manga, CCF, CZ and Dr. Muhammad Arshad, CCF SZ. The Y Assembly Questions. M. Mehbub-ur-Rehman, CCF, arrangedL a colorful function at the Rest House at objectives of the briefings were to prepare a CZ, Lahore explained the answers to Questions ChangaB Manga, where Speaker Punjab Assembly comprehensive plan to present to the honorable Chief A adjourned and privatize motions submitted by RanaM Muhammad Iqbal inaugurated the tree Minister, Punjab regarding the improvement of current E public representative in Punjab Assembly. The planting campaignG Monsoon 2011 in District Kasur. status of the Punjab Forest Department. Dr. Muhammad S representatives of Wildlife, Fisheries departments N Rafique, CF Gujranwala briefed the house regarding how RanaS Muhammad Ishaq, MPA, M. Mehbub-ur- A to improve the Revenue of PFD. Mr. Shabbeer Ahmad were also present. Maj. Retd. Shahnawaz Badar A Rehman, CCF CZ, Rao Khalid Mahmood, CF Lahore, Rana, CF Range Mgt. Circle, Lahore appraised the house Secretary FWF&T was also there. -
Impact, Overpopulation, Biological Diversity and Conservation
American Journal of Environmental Engineering 2014, 4(5): 94-98 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajee.20140405.02 Impact of Overpopulation on the Biological Diversity Conservation in Boki Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria Sam Ime Edet*, Nnaji Emeka Samuel, Asuquo Edung Etim, Etefia Titus E. Department of Curriculum and Teaching, Faculty of Education, University of Calabar, Nigeria Abstract This study on the impact of overpopulation on the biological diversity of Boki Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria is aimed at establishing the extent overpopulation has impacted on the conservation of biological diversity in the study area. The Ex-post facto research design was adopted. To achieve the purpose of this study, two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The simple random sampling technique was adopted in selecting four (4) communities, while the multi-stage stratified random sampling technique and accidental sampling technique was used to select the two hundred and twenty (120) community dwellers used for the study. A fifteen (15) items four point’slikert scale which span from Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD) questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. To test the hypotheses, Pearson product moment correlation statistical analysis technique was used for data analysis. The results obtained from analysis of data revealed that overpopulation has a negative impact on the conservation of biological diversity in the study area. Based on these findings, it was recommended that population education should be carried out to sensitize couples on the need to have a minimal family size that they can cater for.