NAPOLEON a Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick September 29, 1969
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PROLOGUE Josephine Beheaded
PROLOGUE Josephine Beheaded Marble like Greece, like Faulkner’s South in stone Deciduous beauty prospered and is gone . —Derek Walcott, “Ruins of a Great House,” Collected Poems There is a spectacle in Martinique’s gracious Savane park that is hard to miss. The statue honoring one of the island’s most famous citizens, Josephine Tascher, the white creole woman who was to become Napoleon’s lover, wife, and empress, is defaced in the most curious and creative of ways. Her head is missing; she has been decapitated. But this is no ordinary defacement: the marble head has been cleanly sawed off—an effort that could not have been executed without the help of machinery and more than one pair of willing hands—and red paint has been dripped from her neck and her gown. The defacement is a beheading, a reenactment of the most visible of revolutionary France’s punitive and socially purifying acts—death by guillotine. The biographical record shows Josephine born of a slaveholding family of declining fortunes, married into the ranks of France’s minor aristocracy, and surviving the social chaos of the French Revolution, which sentenced countless members of the ancien régime to the guillotine. In the form of this statue, she received her comeuppance in twentieth-century Martinique, where she met the fate that she narrowly missed a century earlier. Scratched on the pedestal are the words—painted in red and penned in creole— “Respe ba Matinik. Respe ba 22 Me” [Respect Martinique. Respect May 22]. The date inscribed here of the anniversary of the 1848 slave rebellion that led to the abolition of slavery on Martinique is itself an act of postcolonial reinscription, one that challenges the of‹cial French-authored abolition proclamation of March 31, 1848, and 2 CULTURAL CONUNDRUMS Statue of Josephine in Fort-de-France, Martinique, today. -
Fair Shares for All
FAIR SHARES FOR ALL JACOBIN EGALITARIANISM IN PRACT ICE JEAN-PIERRE GROSS This study explores the egalitarian policies pursued in the provinces during the radical phase of the French Revolution, but moves away from the habit of looking at such issues in terms of the Terror alone. It challenges revisionist readings of Jacobinism that dwell on its totalitarian potential or portray it as dangerously Utopian. The mainstream Jacobin agenda held out the promise of 'fair shares' and equal opportunities for all in a private-ownership market economy. It sought to achieve social justice without jeopardising human rights and tended thus to complement, rather than undermine, the liberal, individualist programme of the Revolution. The book stresses the relevance of the 'Enlightenment legacy', the close affinities between Girondins and Montagnards, the key role played by many lesser-known figures and the moral ascendancy of Robespierre. It reassesses the basic social and economic issues at stake in the Revolution, which cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of political discourse. Past and Present Publications Fair shares for all Past and Present Publications General Editor: JOANNA INNES, Somerville College, Oxford Past and Present Publications comprise books similar in character to the articles in the journal Past and Present. Whether the volumes in the series are collections of essays - some previously published, others new studies - or mono- graphs, they encompass a wide variety of scholarly and original works primarily concerned with social, economic and cultural changes, and their causes and consequences. They will appeal to both specialists and non-specialists and will endeavour to communicate the results of historical and allied research in readable and lively form. -
21H.001 Lecture 12
Endings & Beginnings 1 Recitation Debate Prompt: “The events in Egypt in 2011 and 2012 parallel developments in France from 1789 to 1794.” Prepare arguments for both the “pro” and “con” positions. 2 When did the French Revolution end? Satirical, post- Thermidorian print: “Robespierre guillotining the last executioner. This image is public domain 3 The Directory, 1795-1799 Vicomte Paul Barras, Aristocrat and Officer Paul Barras, These images are public domain 4 Director Jacques-Louis David, Portrait of Emmanuel- Josèph Sieyès, 1817 (Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University) This image is public domain 5 Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens, 22 August 1795 Rights 2)Liberty consists in the power to do that which does not injure the rights of others. 3)Equality consists in this, that the law is the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. 4)Security results from the cooperation of all in order to assure the rights of each. 5)Property is the right to enjoy and to dispose of one’s goods, income, and the fruits of one’s labor and industry. Duties 1)The declaration of rights contains the obligations of the legislators; the maintenance of society requires that those who compose it should both know and fulfill their duties. 4)No one is a good citizen unless he is a good son, good father, good brother, good friend, good husband. 8)It is upon the maintenance of proerty that the cultivation of the land, all the productions, all means of labor, and the whole social ordre rest. 6 The Constitution of 1795 Legislature: Bicameral; Council of 500 to initiate all legislation; Council of Elders (250, married or widowed, over 40 years old) to pass or reject, but not amend, legislation from Council of 500; 2/3 of first councils to come from previous National Convention; has complete control over treasury and law, and can declare war Voting: Direct universal male suffrage over 21, but only eligible to vote for representatives to electoral assemblies. -
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 From the Directory 1794-1799 to Napoleon Bonaparte The Terror July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Inscription on Engraving from 1795, after pyramid: Thermidor “Here lies all Robespierre guillotines the France.” executioner, after all France has been guillotined Constitutions of 1791 and 1793 are beneath his feet COUP D’ĖTAT OF THERMIDOR JULY Execution of Robespierre, 1794 Saint Just, Couthon July 1794 End of the Jacobin Terror, start of White Terror" -- execution of 72 leading Jacobins in one day The Directory takes power 1794- 1799 The Directory: July 1794-1799 Paul Barras one of the five Directors making up the executive council Legislature under Directory is Drawing of bicameral: member of Council of Council of Elders = upper house Elders -- pseudo-Roman Council of 500 = lower house robes Constitution of the Year V 1795 Third constitution – one every two years 1791, 1793 Ends universal male suffrage Indirect elections (electoral college like USA) Bicameral legislature upper house as more elite restraint on lower house LOUIS XVII -- never reigned son & heir of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette b. 1785 d. 1795 June in prison of illness at age 10 (age 8 at time of Marie Antoinette’s trial) Set back for royalist hopes for restoration of monarchy – but the eventual Louis XVIII restored in 1814 was the brother (in exile since 1792) of King Louis XVI executed in Jan 1793. REVOLT OF GERMINAL (Spring 1795): Parisian sans culottes riot, call for "bread & Constitution of 1793," but no more political -
Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2017 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France Seth J. Browner Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Browner, Seth J., "Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2017. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/621 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France Seth Browner History Senior Thesis Professor Kathleen Kete Spring, 2017 2 Introduction: Two men and France in the balance It was January 28, 1809. Napoleon Bonaparte, crowned Emperor of the French in 1804, returned to Paris. Napoleon spent most of his time as emperor away, fighting various wars. But, frightful words had reached his ears that impelled him to return to France. He was told that Joseph Fouché, the Minister of Police, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, had held a meeting behind his back. The fact alone that Fouché and Talleyrand were meeting was curious. They loathed each other. Fouché and Talleyrand had launched public attacks against each other for years. When Napoleon heard these two were trying to reach a reconciliation, he greeted it with suspicion immediately. He called Fouché and Talleyrand to his office along with three other high-ranking members of the government. Napoleon reminded Fouché and Talleyrand that they swore an oath of allegiance when the coup of 18 Brumaire was staged in 1799. -
Mémoires D'une Invasion
CATALOGUECATALOGUE DEDE L’EXPOSITION 1814L’EXPOSITION mémoires d’une invasion sommaire Introduction GÉNÉRALE 3 MÉMOIRES DE MILITAIREs 9 MÉMOIRES D’UNE SOCIÉTÉ 25 MÉMOIRES D’UNE RUPTURE 39 JEUNE TAMBOUR Compagnie de fusiliers du 103e régiment d’infanterie de ligne. Brigade Lamorandière-Ducoudray. Division Vilatte. Corps de Clauzel. Armée de Soult. Bataille d’Aire-sur-l’Adour, 2 mars 1814. AD 40, 40 Fi 6 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE Durant les premiers mois de l’année 1814, le département des Landes est envahi par les armées anglaises, espagnoles et portugaises de la septième coalition, tandis que les départe- ments du nord et de l’est sont envahis par les troupes autri- chiennes, allemandes et russes. Avec l’abdication de Napo- léon le 6 avril 1814, conséquence de la campagne de France, s’achève une période dont l’histoire n’est pas simple à écrire tant elle s’est incarnée dans un homme, adulé ou haï, qui a suscité débats et controverses, inspiré légende dorée et légende noire. La situation diplomatique et militaire domine tellement ces années, que le récit oublie souvent les hommes, surtout les paysans, pourtant l’essentiel de la population française. De Bonaparte à Napoléon Depuis l’avènement de la République, le 21 septembre 1792, l’instabi- lité politique conduit les hommes au pouvoir à recourir à l’armée pour poursuivre l’expérience révolutionnaire. Bonaparte, promu général de brigade après la prise de Toulon, devient conseiller militaire du Direc- toire après son intervention contre l’insurrection royaliste. Le coup d’État des 18 et 19 brumaire an VIII (9-10 novembre 1799) provoque la disparition du Directoire et son remplacement par le Consulat dont le pouvoir exécutif est exercé par trois consuls, Bonaparte, l’abbé Sieyès et le Landais Pierre-Roger Ducos. -
France 1795-1804: from Parliamentary Democracy to Empire La Marseillaise
France 1795-1804: From Parliamentary Democracy to Empire La Marseillaise Allons enfants de la Patrie Arise, children of the fatherland Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! The day of glory has arrived! Contre nous de la tyrannie Against us, the tyranny's L'étendard sanglant est levé. Bloody banner is raised. (repeat) (bis) Entendez-vous dans les Do you hear in the fields campagnes The howling of these savage Mugir ces féroces soldats ? soldiers? Ils viennent jusque dans vos They are coming into your midst bras Égorger vos fils et vos To cut the throats of your sons, your compagnes ! wives! Aux armes, citoyens ! To arms, citizens! Formez vos bataillons ! Form your battalions! Marchons, marchons ! Let us march, let us march! Qu'un sang impur May tainted blood Abreuve nos sillons ! Water our fields! THE REPUBLICAN CALENDAR FALL Vendémiaire Brumaire Frimaire WINTER Nivôse Pluviôse Ventôse SPRING Germinal Floréal Prairial SUMMER Messidor Thermidor Fructidor Jean-Baptiste Regnault, Liberty or Death, 1795 Vicomte Paul Barras, Paul Barras, Aristocrat and Officer Director Lazare Carnot Leading the Troops into battle at Wattignies, October 1793 Jacques-Louis David, Portrait of Emmanuel- Josèph Sieyès, 1817 (Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University) The Constitution of 1795 Legislature: Bicameral; Council of 500 to initiate all legislation; Council of Elders (250, married or widowed, over 40 years old) to pass or reject, but not amend, legislation from Council of 500; 2/3 of first councils to come from previous National Convention; has complete control over treasury and law, and can declare war Voting: Direct universal male suffrage over 21, but only eligible to vote for representatives to electoral assemblies. -
Fouché Justifies Bonaparte's Brumaire Coup J. David Markham When
Fouché Justifies Bonaparte’s Brumaire Coup J. David Markham When General Bonaparte returned from Egypt in October of 1799, he found a France in political turmoil. The ruling Directory was corrupt and very unpopular. Talk of a coup was in the air and there were at least two being planned. The more important group plotting a coup included Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Roger Ducos, Lucien Bonaparte among others. Among the ‘others’ was one Joseph Fouché, who was minister of police at the time. To be successful, the coup needed support of the army, and Bonaparte, who had known republican leanings, was the ultimate choice. Once the coup took place on 18 Brumaire (8-9 November 1799), Napoleon was installed as First Consul and the period of France known as the Consulate began. It fell upon Fouché to provide a public explanation and justification for what had happened. This very rare document is that explanation and justification, distributed to the French Public on 11 November, 1799. The scan of the document is followed by the translation by Dr. Bill Chew III. The engraving is from my personal collection, as is the document. EQUALITY – LIBERTY The Minister of the General Police of the Republic, to His Fellow Citizens. Of the 20th Brumaire, Year 8 of the French Republic, one and indivisible. Citizens, The Government was too weak to sustain the glory of the Republic against the external enemies, and guarantee the rights of Citizens against the domestic factions: it had become necessary to consider giving that government power and greatness. The national wisdom, the Council of Ancients, conceived of this thought, and manifested the necessary will. -
Game Theory in a Napoleonic Context
http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Game Theory in a Napoleonic Context Establishing Napoleon‘s Utility and Application to the 1805 War of the Third Coalition Gareth Ranger 2013 Abstract Game theory has existed in the fields of mathematics and economics for over 60 years. This thesis assesses its viability for use in the field of history, and in particular, in the Napoleonic era. It does this by analysing the opening phase of the 1805 War of the Third Coalition, fought between France and the Allies. It starts by examining the existing literature on game theory in the Napoleonic era. It then analyses game theory in order to extract concepts from the theory that have value in a military setting. Third, it makes use of primary and secondary sources to define Napoleon Bonaparte‘s motivational drives. Finally, it uses these drives and game theory in order to assess whether Napoleon‘s opening strategy in the War of the Third Coalition was the best strategy to select. -
Political Conspiracy in Napoleonic France: the Malet Affair Kelly Diane Whittaker Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2007 Political conspiracy in Napoleonic France: the Malet affair Kelly Diane Whittaker Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Whittaker, Kelly Diane, "Political conspiracy in Napoleonic France: the Malet affair" (2007). LSU Master's Theses. 1437. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1437 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POLITICAL CONSPIRACY IN NAPOLEONIC FRANCE: THE MALET AFFAIR A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of History by Kelly Diane Whittaker B.A., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002 December, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . iii Introduction . .1 Chapter One General Malet: A Biography . 8 Two Hopes and Disappointments in Napoleonic France . 46 Three General Malet’s Final Attempt, 22 October 1812 . 73 Conclusion . 95 Notes . .100 Bibliography . .112 Vita . 115 ii ABSTRACT The French Revolution ushered in a period of political unrest in France which appeared never-ending, even when a seemingly stable government rose to power. After a series of failed Republican governments, Napoleon Bonaparte seized control on 18 Brumaire VIII, promising to uphold the revolutionary ideals that had permeated the nation. -
Peter Mcphee, Maximilien Robespierre's False Friends
34 French History and Civilization Maximilien Robespierre's False Friends Peter McPhee At the close of the sessions of the National Assembly in September 1791, Maximilien Robespierre was chaired from the chamber by a group of Parisians to shouts of “Vive l’Incorruptible!”, a reference to the nickname he had enjoyed for several months.1 He had also made some close political friends: in particular, Jérôme Pétion (who had been chaired from the session with him), Camille Desmoulins and Georges Danton. But across the next thirty months Robespierre agreed – however reluctantly – that all three should be tried for capital offences. How had friendships come to this? What was the relationship between friendship and politics? And what effects may the deaths of erstwhile friends have had on Robespierre’s health and his political judgment? After his return to Paris from a brief holiday in November 1791, Robespierre wrote glowingly to his best friend Antoine Buissart in Arras about the affection showered on him at the Jacobin Club and in public. On the day of his return, he had gone directly to the Club, where he was made its president on the spot. In particular, he had been delighted to see his friend Jérôme Pétion, victorious over Lafayette in elections as mayor of Paris: “I supped the same evening at Pétion’s. With what joy we saw each other again! With what delight we embraced! … The burden with which he is charged is enormous, but I have no doubt that the love of the people and his qualities will give him the means to bear it. -
1 En 1830, Louis-Philippe D'orléans Devient Roi Des Français Et Décide
En 1830, Louis-Philippe d’Orléans devient roi des Français et décide de faire du château de Versailles, ancienne résidence des rois de France, un musée dédié à toutes les gloires de la France. Inauguré en 1837, celui-ci est à la fois un outil pédagogique et un outil politique. Les Français, dont les opinions divergent au début du XIXe siècle, sont conviés à y redécouvrir leur histoire et à se réconcilier autour de celle-ci. Parmi les nombreuses pièces du château transformées en espace d’exposition, les salles du rez-de-chaussée de l’Aile de Midi sont dédiées à l’ascension de Napoléon Bonaparte. Un parcours dans ces espaces inédits, vous invite à revivre, au travers d’une sélection d’œuvres, les grandes heures du Consulat et du Premier Empire. Histoire – Enseignement Moral et Civique – Histoire des Arts – Parcours d’éducation artistique et culturelle Pratiquer différents langages en histoire et en géographie (Domaines du socle : 1, 2, 5) Analyser et comprendre un document (Domaines du socle : 1, 2) Se repérer dans le temps : construire des repères historiques (Domaines du socle : 1, 2, 5) Associer une œuvre à une époque et une civilisation à partir des éléments observés (Domaines du socle : 1, 5) Dégager d’une œuvre d’art, par l’observation, ses principales caractéristiques techniques et formelles (Domaines du socle : 1, 2, 3, 5) La sensibilité : soi et les autres (Domaine du socle : 3) Proposer une analyse critique simple et une interprétation d’une œuvre (Domaines du socle : 1, 3, 5) Rendre compte de la visite d’un lieu de conservation ou de diffusion artistique (Domaines du socle : 1, 2, 5) COUP D’ÉTAT - CONSULAT – EMPIRE – EXIL 1 Napoléon Bonaparte nait à Ajaccio le 15 août 1769 dans une famille patricienne corse.