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CAPA Brazilian Foreign Relations 1939-1950.Indd Política Externa coleção Brasileira BRAZILIAN FOREIGN RELATIONS 1939-1950 MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS Foreign Minister Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota Secretary-General Ambassador Eduardo dos Santos ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador José Vicente de Sá Pimentel International Relations Research Institute Center for Diplomatic History and Documents Director Ambassador Maurício E. Cortes Costa The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of External Relations whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundation’s mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. Ministry of External Relations Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília-DF Telephones: +55 (61) 2030-6033/6034 Fax: +55 (61) 2030-9125 Website: www.funag.gov.br Gerson Moura BRAZILIAN FOREIGN RELATIONS 1939-1950 THE CHANGING NATURE OF BRAZIL-UNITED STATES RELATIONS DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR Brasília – 2013 Copyright © Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília-DF Telephones: +55 (61) 2030-6033/6034 Fax: +55 (61) 2030-9125 Website: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Staff: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Guilherme Lucas Rodrigues Monteiro Jessé Nóbrega Cardoso Vanusa dos Santos Silva Graphic Design: Daniela Barbosa Cover: “Encontro em natal”, raymond P. R. Neilson, 1943. Museu da República/Ibram Archive Layout: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Impresso no Brasil 2013 M929 MOURA, Gerson. Brazilian foreign relations : 1939-1950 : the changing nature of Brazil-United States relations during and after the Second World War / Gerson Moura. ─ Brasília : FUNAG, 2013. 373 p.; 23 cm. ─ (Política externa brasileira ; 1) ISBN: 978-85-7631-434-9 1. Política internacional. 2. Cooperação econômica. I. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. CDU: 327:338.22 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela bibliotecária Talita Daemon James – CRB-7/6078 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. EDITORIAL BOARD OF THE ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President: Ambassador José Vicente de Sá Pimentel President of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation Members: Ambassador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Ambassador Jorio Dauster Magalhães Ambassador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Minister Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Clodoaldo Bueno Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many teachers and friends have contributed at different times and in different ways to the completion of this work. Richard Shaull and Francisco Penha Alves taught me to look at the world with a questioning mind and to fight for a new life in the present and the future rather than condemn the past. I owe the enjoyment of studying history to many professors at the old Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Rio de Janeiro. Here I can mention only the names of Manoel Maurício de Albuquerque and Hugo Weiss, both absent from this world but vividly remembered by their friends. Francisco Falcón and Ilmar R. de Mattos, of the Department of History and Geography of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, reminded me of academic solidarity during obscure times in our political life, when the teaching of history was a dangerous undertaking. My post-graduate course at the Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro was a unique opportunity for intellectual growth and it was during this course that my vocation for research developed. Since it is impossible to thank everyone, I wish to express my gratitude to all professors through Maria Regina Soares de Lima, teacher and colleague in the field of international relations. Celina Moreira Franco, Aspásia de Alcântara Camargo and Alzira Alves de Abreu have stimulated my work on various occasions. I would like to thank them as well as all my colleagues at CPDOC – specially the Archives, Audio-visual, Library, Oral History and Dictionary team – for their contribution. A powerful stimulus to the completion of the present thesis came from the constant exchange of ideas with CPDOC’s Research Group, especially Monica Hirst, who shares with me the joys and difficulties of working in a practically new subject in Brazilian social science. Leticia Pinheiro and Adriana Benedikt greatly helped me in the collection of documents during 1982. Leslie Bethell has carefully supervised my work for a period of nearly four years. Thanks to his interest and criticism, I was able to deepen and clarify the concepts and explanations I have used and his encouragement helped me to finish the text in due course. The Ford Foundation through its representatives in Rio de Janeiro provided financial help for the doctoral programme. The Ford Foundation sponsored two trips to Britain, the first with my wife and children, as well as meeting all my fees at UCL and providing two fellowships, one for the Summer term of 1980 and a second for the Autumn term of 1982. The Ford Foundation also sponsored file research and the collection of documents in the United States Archives and Libraries in January/February 1980. My stays in Great Britain from April 1970 to June 1980 and from September to November 1982 were made possible by financial support from the Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, which also sponsored the purchase of copies of documents in the National Archives of Washington in May 1981 though a financial contract with Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP). As coordinator of a research project on Brazilian foreign policy between 1946 and 1950, sponsored by the Brazilian Ministry of External Relations (Itamaraty), I became acquainted with additional bibliography and documentation on this period. I am also grateful to the directors and personnel of the Public Record Office (Kew, London), The National Archives (Washington), Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty e Arquivo Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), Princeton University Library (Princeton), the Houghton Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts), and Columbia Oral History Program (New York), whose files I consulted. Many friends gave me great and small assistance, encouragement and companionship in both Brazil and England during the final stages of my work. While I thank them all, I would like to name Judy Perle who made the text more agreeable to the English reader, Sylvia Greenwood and Frances Brownrigg who typed this thesis so competently and Leandro, Priscila and Margarida Maria Moura who faced my absence with courage and good sense. My wife Margarida Maria has been the vital force that has helped me to work on this project during many difficult times. University College London, November 1982. FOREWORD In a meeting with Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Jr., approximately one year ago, we discussed the possibility of the Ministry of External Relations supporting the reissuing of one of the books by Gerson Moura – Autonomia na Dependência: a política externa brasileira de 1935 a 1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira, 1980) –, a classic in the study of Brazilian Foreign Policy, whose sole edition had been sold out. He was so enthusiastic with that possibility that he quickly sent me an e-mail describing the great sympathy with which Ambassador José Vicente Pimentel, President of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation, had accepted the suggestion. Ambassador Pimentel then contacted Moura’s family and from there came the proposal to publish his doctorate thesis. The publication of Moura’s thesis in its original format finally discloses the results of an investigation that integrated a research program he developed along with some of his contemporaries, and which can be seen as an important milestone in the study of Brazilian Foreign Policy. One of its main characteristics was the interpretation of our foreign policy emphasizing the power of choice of the country’s public men, even in special and, sometimes, particularly adverse conditions. The thesis defended by Moura in this particular work, and which also appears in more of his works, comes back to political action as one of the central pillars for explaining Brazil’s insertion into the international scenario. Although not unaware of the power of structures, his thesis underlines the existence of choices. In a sense, this hypothesis, used by Moura to research past times so intensely, had a strong connection with the very historic moment when those same reflections were made. Without falling into anachronisms that tend to view the past through the lens of the present, diplomats, politicians and especially academics also sought, at the time – mid- 1970s, and late 1980s –, explanations for Brazil’s more autonomous behavior in the time of responsible pragmatism and the universal foreign policy – as it was dubbed by its own founders – in a period when strong limitations for peripheral countries, inherited from the Cold War and international economy, were still in effect. The scientific and even political relevance of the interpretations provided by Moura in his books and articles, and supported by strong theoretical and empirical arguments, would alone constitute a strong invitation to the reading of this thesis. But it must not be forgotten that this interpretation was equally
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