ASES Standardization Manual

Home , Emergency landing, Takeoff, Water landing

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ASES Standardization Manual

1. Takeoffs And Landings ...... 3 1.1 MANEUVER: Normal Takeoff and Climb...... 4 1.2 MANEUVER: Normal Approach and Landing ...... 5 1.3 MANEUVER: Crosswind Takeoff and Climb ...... 7 1.4 MANEUVER: Crosswind Approach and Landing ...... 9 1.5 MANEUVER: Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb ...... 11 1.6 MANEUVER: Glassy Water Approach and Landing ...... 12 1.7 MANEUVER: Rough Water Takeoff and Climb ...... 14 1.8 MANEUVER: Rough Water Approach and Landing...... 15 1.9 MANEUVER: Confined Area Takeoff and Climb (Straight and Turning) ...... 17 1.10 MANEUVER: Confined Area Approach and Landing ...... 19 2. Operating on The Water ...... 21 2.1 MANEUVER: Step Taxi ...... 22 2.2 MANEUVER: Sailing ...... 23 2.3 MANEUVER: Anchoring ...... 24 2.4 MANEUVER: Docking and Mooring ...... 25 2.5 MANEUVER: Beaching and Ramping ...... 26 3. Emergency Operations ...... 27 3.1 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Emergency Approach and Landing ...... 28 3.2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Engine Failure - Flight ...... 29 3.3 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Emergency Landing Without Engine Power ...... 30 3.4 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Emergency Decent ...... 30 3.5 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...... 31

This manual describes maneuvers and procedures specific to seaplane operations in the Cessna 172. Additional maneuvers to be demonstrated on the Private/Commercial Add-On Rating Exam are found in the ASEL Standardization Manual.

ASES Standardization Manual

1. Takeoffs and Landings

Objective To develop the pilot’s proficiency on takeoffs and landings under a variety of wind and water conditions as well as operating in a confined area.

References  FAA-H-8083-23: Seaplane, Skiplane and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook  FAA-H-8083-3A: Airplane Flying Handbook  Cessna 172 Pilot’s Operating Handbook  Practical Test Standards

ASES Standardization Manual

1.1 MANEUVER: Normal Takeoff and Climb

Objective Safely clear the airplane from the water’s surface, obtain a safe airspeed and establish a best rate of climb.

Description The takeoff and initial climb is made directly into the wind during normal water conditions in a non- confined area.

Teaching Considerations  PAVE Checklist  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction and surface condition. o Effect of density altitude. o Appropriate climb airspeed.  Calculation and use of takeoff performance data.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.  Aborted takeoff before and after liftoff.  Effects of porpoising and corrective action.  Importance of completing checklists.  Methods for checking for traffic used in a high wing aircraft.

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Determine takeoff direction and visual ground reference on far shoreline. 3. 10 degrees flap 4. Ensure water rudders in down position. 5. Clear area with 360° turn. 6. Check safety belts, doors and windows. 7. Announce intentions on appropriate frequency.

Execution 1. Retract water rudders. 2. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying full power. 3. Maintain alignment while accelerating to step. 4. Let airplane fly itself off the surface. 5. Accelerate to Vy. 6. At safe attitude, retract flaps. 7. Trim for climb at Vy.

ASES Standardization Manual

1.2 MANEUVER: Normal Approach and Landing

Objective Safely land the airplane at a minimum speed and proper pitch attitude with no crosswind component.

Description The normal approach and landing is made directly into the wind during normal water conditions in a non- confined area.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and surface condition. o Effect of density altitude on landing distance. o Obstructions or hazards. o Landing performance data and limitations.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.  Effect of flaps on approach and landing.  Effects of porpoising and corrective action.  Timely execution of go-around, if necessary.  Importance of completing checklists.

ASES Standardization Manual

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Identify landing area and touchdown point.

Execution 1. Downwind: o Altitude 500’-1000’ AGL o Survey landing area for obstructions and surface conditions 2. Abeam Touchdown Point: o Carburetor Heat Check o Reduce power to approximately 1500 rpm o Flaps 10 degrees o Airspeed 80 MPH 3. Base: o Flaps 20 degrees o Airspeed 75 MPH 4. Final: o Set Landing Flaps, 30 degrees recommended o Establish Approach Airspeed at 70 MPH o Trim for Stabilized Approach o Check water surface for obstructions or gusts 5. Short Final: o About 20’ AGL Establish Proper Landing (Step) Attitude o Gradually reduce descent rate to achieve 0 FPM upon contact with water 6. After Touchdown: o Reduce Power Smoothly to Idle o Pitch to maintain step attitude o When airplane falls off step maintain full back elevator o Water Rudders Down o Retract Flaps o Carburetor Heat Off o Power between idle to 900 RPM max

ASES Standardization Manual

1.3 MANEUVER: Crosswind Takeoff and Climb

Objective Safely clear the airplane from the water surface, obtain a safe airspeed and establish best rate of climb.

Description The takeoff and initial climb is made with a crosswind component.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction and speed, and surface condition. o Effect of density altitude. o Appropriate climb speed.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.  Effects of porpoising and corrective action.  Aborted takeoff before and after liftoff.  Importance of completing checklists.  Methods for checking for traffic used in a high wing aircraft.

ASES Standardization Manual

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Determine takeoff direction and visual ground reference on far shoreline. 3. Flaps set to 10 degrees 4. Ensure water rudders in down position. 5. Clear area with 360 turn. 6. Check safety belts, doors and windows. 7. Announce intentions on appropriate frequency.

Execution Option #1 – Delayed Retraction of Water Rudders 1. Deflect ailerons into wind. 2. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying 2000 RPM. 3. Maintain alignment while accelerating. 4. At 2000 RPM retract water rudders. 5. Smoothly apply full power. 6. Accelerate to step and lift downwind float off first. 7. Let airplane fly itself off water. 8. Accelerate to Vy maintaining crab angle in wind. 9. At safe attitude, retract flaps. 10. Trim for climb at Vy.

Option #2 – Controlled Weathervane 1. Angle airplane downwind from takeoff direction. Larger angle for higher wind speed. 2. Retract water rudders. 3. Deflect ailerons into wind. 4. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying full power. 5. Let the airplane weathervane onto the takeoff course. 6. Accelerate to step using rudder to maintain takeoff course. 7. Lift downwind float off first. 8. Let airplane fly itself off water. 9. Accelerate to Vy maintaining crab angle in wind. 10. At safe attitude, retract flaps. 11. Trim for climb at Vy.

ASES Standardization Manual

1.4 MANEUVER: Crosswind Approach and Landing

Objective Neutralize wind drift and maintain a straight course during the final approach and touchdown.

Description The crosswind approach and landing is made with a forward crosswind component during normal water conditions in a non-confined area.

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Identify landing area and touchdown point.

ASES Standardization Manual

Execution 1. Downwind:  Altitude 500’-1000’ AGL  Survey landing area for obstructions and surface conditions 2. Abeam Touchdown Point:  Carburetor Heat Check  Reduce power to approximately 1500 rpm  Flaps 10 degrees  Airspeed 80 MPH 3. Base:  Flaps 20 degrees  Airspeed 75 MPH 4. Final: 1. Set Landing Flaps, 30 degrees recommended  Establish Approach Airspeed at 70 MPH  Trim for Stabilized Approach  Check water surface for obstructions or gusts  Establish sideslip to maintain landing course 5. Short Final:  About 20’ AGL establish proper landing (Step) attitude  Gradually reduce descent rate to achieve 0 FPM upon contact with water  Upwind float touches first. Deflect ailerons into wind as downwind float makes contact with surface. 6. After Touchdown:  Deflect ailerons fully into wind  Reduce power smoothly to idle  Pitch to maintain step attitude  When airplane falls off step maintain full back elevator  Water Rudders Down  Retract Flaps  Carburetor Heat Off  Power between idle to 900 RPM max

ASES Standardization Manual

1.5 MANEUVER: Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb

Objective Reduce excessive drag on the floats due to the smooth water surface (surface tension) and reduce slide distance.

Description The takeoff and initial climb is made in glassy water conditions (little or no wind) in a non-confined area.

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Determine takeoff direction and visual ground reference on far shoreline. 3. Flaps 10 degrees 4. Ensure water rudders in down position. 5. Clear area with 360° turn. 6. Check safety belts, doors and windows. 7. Announce intentions on appropriate frequency.

Execution 1. Retract water rudders. 2. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying full power. 3. Maintain alignment while accelerating to step. 4. On the step, deflect ailerons fully to lift one float out of the water. 5. Use ailerons to hold the float just off the water 6. Use Rudder to maintain course only if necessary. 7. Let airplane fly itself off the surface. 8. Accelerate to Vy. 9. At safe attitude, retract flaps. 10. Trim for climb at Vy.

ASES Standardization Manual

1.6 MANEUVER: Glassy Water Approach and Landing

Objective Safely land the airplane with a proper landing attitude when a loss of depth perception has occurred.

Description The glassy water approach and landing is made during glassy water conditions in a non-confined area.

ASES Standardization Manual

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Identify landing area and touchdown point.

Execution 1. Downwind:  Altitude 500’-1000’ AGL  Survey landing area for obstructions and surface conditions 2. Abeam Touchdown Point:  Carburetor Heat Check  Reduce power to approximately 1500 rpm  Flaps 10 degrees  Airspeed 80 MPH 3. Base:  Flaps 20 degrees  Airspeed 75 MPH 4. Final: 1. Set Landing Flaps, 20 degrees recommended  Establish Approach Airspeed at 70 MPH  Trim for Stabilized Approach  Check water surface for obstructions or gusts 5. Short Final:  Pitch: At 150-200’ AGL establish proper landing (Step) attitude (appx 55 mph)  Power: Use power to gradually reduce descent rate to establish 100-150 FPM descent (Appx 2300 rpm)  Hold and Trim as necessary until water contact is made 6. After Touchdown:  Confirm aircraft is on the surface  Reduce Power Smoothly to Idle  Pitch to maintain step attitude  When airplane falls off step maintain full back elevator  Water Rudders Down  Retract Flaps  Carburetor Heat Off  Power between idle to 900 RPM max

ASES Standardization Manual

1.7 MANEUVER: Rough Water Takeoff and Climb

Objective Protect the airplane from structural damage or wave induced stalls while performing a normal takeoff.

Description The takeoff and initial climb is made during rough (waves close to or breaking) water conditions in a non- confined area.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction and speed, and surface condition. o Current wavelengths (distance between crests) o Effect of density altitude. o Appropriate climb speed.  Common errors  Rotation hydrodynamics in rough water vs flying from step attitude.  Effects of skipping off water prior to rotation  Aborted takeoff before and after liftoff.  Searching and/or waiting for smoother conditions  Rough water caused by wind vs boats  SAFE RULE OF THUMB: avoid water where the height of the wave exceeds 1/10 of the length of the float and/or the wavelength exceeds 1/3 the length of the floats

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity to determine takeoff direction. 2. Configure flaps 10 degrees 3. Ensure water rudders in down position. 4. Clear area with 360° turn, if able. Caution given to upwind to downwind turn in rough waters. 5. Check safety belts, doors and windows. 6. Announce intentions on appropriate frequency.

Execution 1. Retract water rudders. 2. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying full power. 3. Maintain alignment while accelerating to step taxi 4. To prevent a stall if airplane begins to bounce from wave to wave: apply smooth elevator pressures to set a fairly constant pitch attitude that allows the plane to skim across each successive wave as speed increases. 5. Maintain a positive angle of attack if airplane skips off water prior to reaching flying speed. 6. Rotate, when flying speed is obtained (appx. 50-55mph) 7. Stay in ground effect while accelerating. 8. Accelerate to Vy. 9. At safe attitude, retract flaps. 10. Trim for climb at Vy.

ASES Standardization Manual

1.8 MANEUVER: Rough Water Approach and Landing

Objective Avoid structural damage or wave induced stalls from rough water by minimizing the descent rate and ‘slicing’ through the crests of the waves.

Description The rough water approach and landing is made directly into the wind during rough water conditions. Cross winds should be avoided.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and surface condition. o Current wavelengths (distances between wave crests) o Effect of density altitude on landing distance. o Obstructions or hazards.  Searching and/or waiting for smoother conditions  Rough water caused by wind vs boats  Effect of flaps on approach and landing.  Touchdown pitch attitude & the effects of porpoising and corrective action.  Timely execution of go-around, if necessary.  Common errors  SAFE RULE OF THUMB: avoid water where the height of the wave exceeds 1/10 of the length of the float and/or the wavelength exceeds 1/3 the length of the floats

ASES Standardization Manual

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Identify landing area and touchdown point.

Execution 1. Downwind:  Altitude 500’-1000’ AGL  Survey landing area for obstructions and surface conditions 2. Abeam Touchdown Point:  Carburetor heat Check  Reduce power approximately to 1500 rpm  Flaps 10 degrees  Airspeed 80 MPH 3. Base:  Flaps 20 degrees  Airspeed 75 MPH 4. Final: 1. Set Landing Flaps, 30 degrees recommended  Establish approach airspeed at 70 MPH  Trim for stabilized approach  Check water surface for obstructions or gusts 5. Short Final:  About 20’ AGL establish proper landing (Step) attitude  Gradually reduce descent rate to establish 0 FPM just above surface  Use throttle to control descent and touchdown at calmest spot (Appx 2300 rpm to remain in ground effect)  Trim as necessary 6. After Touchdown:  Confirm aircraft is on the surface  Reduce power smoothly to idle  Pitch to maintain step attitude  If skipping or bouncing from waves is anticipated apply light forward pressure after landing to allow keels to ‘slice’ through the tops of the waves.  When airplane falls off step maintain full back elevator  Carburetor heat off  Retract flaps  Water rudders down  Power between idle to 900 RPM max

ASES Standardization Manual

1.9 MANEUVER: Confined Area Takeoff and Climb (Straight and Turning)

Objective Minimize the slide distance and/or use all available space while safely and efficiently clearing a small (confined) area.

Description The takeoff and initial climb is made using techniques such as:  A step taxi turn to increase airspeed before commencing the final takeoff slide.  Rolling a float off the water to reduce drag.  Using a spiraling climb to gain sufficient altitude to clear all obstacles before departing the area.

ASES Standardization Manual

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Determine takeoff direction and visual ground reference on far shoreline. 3. Flaps retract 4. Ensure water rudders in down position. 5. Clear area with 360° turn. 6. Check safety belts, doors and windows. 7. Announce intentions on appropriate frequency.

Execution 1. Retract water rudders. 2. Set flaps 10 degrees. 3. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying full power.

If takeoff straight ahead: 4. Maintain alignment while accelerating to step. 5. Establish step and roll one float off water to reduce drag. 6. Let airplane fly itself off the surface.

If performing turning takeoff: 3. Once on the step  Reduce power to maintain step taxi speed  Deflect ailerons fully into turn  Use rudder to control rate of turn 4. Roll one float off water to reduce drag 5. Let airplane fly itself off the surface

Once Airborne 7. Accelerate to Vx and maintain until clear of obstacles 8. Accelerate to Vy 9. At safe attitude, retract flaps 10. Trim for climb at Vy

ASES Standardization Manual

1.10 MANEUVER: Confined Area Approach and Landing

Objective Minimize the landing distance while safely clearing any obstacles.

Description The confined area approach and landing is made into a confined area (small waterway and/or obstacles in approach path).

ASES Standardization Manual

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Identify landing area and touchdown point.

Execution 1. Downwind:  Altitude 500’-1000’ AGL  Survey landing area for obstructions and surface conditions 2. Abeam Touchdown Point:  Carburetor heat Check  Reduce power to approximately 1500 rpm  Flaps 10 degrees  Airspeed 80 Knots 3. Base:  Flaps 20 degrees  Airspeed 75 mph 4. Final:  Set landing flaps (30 degrees recommended)  Establish approach airspeed at 65-70 mph  Trim for stabilized approach  Check water surface for obstructions or gusts 5. Upon Clearing Obstacle:  Reduce power to idle  Stabilize airspeed at 65-70 mph and trim 6. Short Final:  Gradually reduce descent rate to establish 0 FPM just above surface using power 7. After Touchdown:  Reduce power smoothly to idle  Pitch to maintain step attitude  When airplane falls off step maintain full back elevator  Water rudders down  Retract flaps  Carburetor heat off  Power between idle to 900 RPM max

ASES Standardization Manual

2. Operating on The Water

Objective To develop the pilot’s proficiency on step taxiing, sailing, anchoring, docking/mooring, beaching and ramping.

ASES Standardization Manual

2.1 MANEUVER: Step Taxi

Objective To maneuver the airplane with positive control while maintaining proper step attitude and taxi speed. Can be done straight ahead or while turning.

Description Step taxi is maneuvering the aircraft on the water at higher than normal speeds at a specific pitch attitude. The speed must be just fast enough that the aircraft can remain on the step but not so fast that it could become airborne. Very similar to a normal takeoff but with a power reduction well before flying speed is obtained. Used to maneuver the aircraft distances that would be time consuming under idle power, before takeoff or after landing.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and water surface condition. Traffic and hazards in the area.  Appropriate power and speed & the effect of flaps on speed and maneuverability.  Use of aileron and rudder to control direction.  Hazards: Downwind to upwind, capsizing, overheating, debris, and porpoising  Common errors

Set-up 1. Identify wind direction and velocity. 2. Determine taxi direction 3. Flaps 10 degrees 4. Ensure water rudders in down position. 5. Clear area with 360° turn. 6. Check safety belts, doors and windows. 7. Announce intentions on appropriate frequency.

Execution 1. Retract water rudders. 2. Hold elevator full back while smoothly applying full power. 3. Maintain alignment while accelerating to step. 4. On the step reduce power to approximately 2200RPM and a speed of 40mph 5. TURNS: Apply full aileron into direction of turn and use rudder to control turn rate.

Completion 1. Reduce power to idle 2. Slowly bring stick full aft 3. Extend water rudders at idle taxi speed.

Tips 1. Avoid downwind to upwind turns 2. Add power in turns to maintain proper speed 3. Cross all wakes at a 45°. If the wake is larger than our own reduce power to idle taxi across. 4. If the aircraft begins to “fall off” the step either promptly add power or reduce to idle and start over.

ASES Standardization Manual

2.2 MANEUVER: Sailing

Objective To maneuver the airplane with positive control with no engine power on the surface.

Description Sailing uses the wind to maneuver the airplane backward toward a downwind destination when high winds do not allow the aircraft to be turned downwind.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and surface condition.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.  Effect of flaps on speed and maneuverability.  Use of aileron and rudder to control direction.

Set-Up 1. Turn engine off (In light winds) 2. Retract water rudders

Execution 1. Use ailerons to induce drag on the wing opposite of the desired direction (Turn the direction you want to sail towards) 2. Use rudder to push the tail in the direction of the turn (opposite direction as ailerons)

Tips 1. To increase in speed extend the flaps and open doors and windows. Remember that an increase in speed results in reduced controllability. 2. To reduce speed retract flaps, close doors and windows and if necessary start the engine and use thrust to control speed. 3. If wind strength/speed is high be cautious of the stern of the float burying in the water. To counteract this use forward elevator and power as necessary.

ASES Standardization Manual

2.3 MANEUVER: Anchoring

Objective To maneuver the airplane with positive control with no engine power on the surface.

Description Sailing uses the wind to maneuver the airplane backward toward a downwind destination when high winds do not allow the aircraft to be turned downwind.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and surface condition.  Water depth  Holding condition of bottom surface o Sand, rock, reef, etc.  Tidal times  Area traffic and obstructions o A 360 area cleared in case of wind shift

Set-Up 1. Turn engine off 2. Retract water rudders 3. Select appropriate anchor 4. Select appropriate length of rope 5. Use appropriate knot to secure anchor line to the aircraft

Execution 1. Lower anchor with the airplane headed into the wind 2. Allow the airplane to drift backwards 3. Be sure anchor is holding by referencing two points, one further way than the other

ASES Standardization Manual

2.4 MANEUVER: Docking and Mooring

Objective To maneuver the airplane with positive control to a dock or buoy.

Description A successful docking is a combination of maneuvering the seaplane and stopping it safely alongside a dock or buoy.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and surface condition.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.  Alignment of dock relative to wind.  Other airplanes/vessels on dock or vicinity.  Condition of dock.  Water rudder effectiveness.

Set-Up 1. Idle taxi toward dock or buoy 2. Identify wind direction and velocity 3. Plan approach accounting for wind drift and other aircraft/vessels

Execution 1. Turn off avionics 2. Remove and stow seat belts and headset 3. Open door for expeditious egress 4. Approach slowly by reducing power to idle and using carb heat and/or one magneto if necessary 5. Approaching the dock/buoy turn off engine using mixture control 6. Turn off magnetos and battery master 7. Maneuver seaplane parallel to dock using water rudders and momentum 8. Exit seaplane and secure to dock/buoy

ASES Standardization Manual

2.5 MANEUVER: Beaching and Ramping

Objective To maneuver the airplane with positive control onto a beach or seaplane ramp.

Description A successful beaching or ramping is done with the seaplane safely secured or positioned for removal allowing passengers to exit safe and dry.

Teaching Considerations  Planning and orientation. o Wind direction, speed and surface condition.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.

Set-Up 1. Fly over intended beaching area to check for obstructions, condition and debris. 2. Idle taxi towards beach/ramp 3. Identify wind direction and velocity

Execution 1. Turn off avionics 2. Remove and stow seat belts and headset 3. Open door for expeditious egress

If Beaching: 4. Taxi by beach area to survey for obstructions and condition 5. Approach beach at 45° 6. Approach slowly by reducing power to idle and using carb heat and/or one magneto if necessary 7. Approaching the beach turn off engine using mixture control 8. Turn off magnetos and battery master 9. Retract water rudders 10. Secure seaplane using rope to turn pulling empennage onto beach surface just far enough so it won’t float away 11. Secure with anchors as necessary

If Ramping: 4. Approach ramp at 90° 5. Just prior to ramp contact increase power to create bow wave 6. Reduce power to idle and confirm not sliding back 7. Shutdown engine and retract water rudders 8. Turn off magnetos and battery master 9. Consider CG when exiting the aircraft (Aft wt. first)

ASES Standardization Manual

3. Emergency Operations – C172

Objective To develop the pilot’s knowledge of the elements related to emergencies, abnormal procedures, system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the C172. The pilot should be able to analyze various situations and take appropriate action for simulated emergencies and malfunctions in which they may encounter.

Description Emergency procedures are very similar in all single engine aircraft. This covers in detail the various emergencies, abnormal procedures, system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the C172 on floats.

ASES Standardization Manual

3.1 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Emergency Approach and Landing

Objective The objective of a simulated emergency landing is to develop the pilot’s accuracy, judgment, planning, procedures, and confidence when little or no power is available.

Description The airplane is flown from the point of simulated engine failure to where a safe landing could be made utilizing proper emergency cockpit procedures.

Teaching Considerations  Stall and spin awareness.  Best glide and configuration.  Selecting a suitable landing area.  Establishing a stabilized approach.  The use and completion of appropriate Emergency Checklists.  Wind effect on glide distance.  Assessing priorities and division of attention.  Common errors as per the Airplane Flying Handbook and the CFI PTS.

Set-up  Establish and maintain best glide airspeed, with the appropriate configuration for the simulated emergency.  Trim the airplane to maintain best glide airspeed.  Select a suitable landing area within gliding distance.

Execution  Plan and follow a flight pattern to the selected landing area while considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and other factors.  Follow the appropriate Emergency Checklist.  Maintain positive control of the airplane.

Recovery (Go around, if over land)  Conduct a normal go-around procedure.  Recoveries must be made no lower than 1,000 feet AGL unless a stabilized approach and landing can be made in a suitable, safe area.

Water Landing  Confirm aircraft is secure  Plan drift/sail direction  Sail to shore for help

ASES Standardization Manual

3.2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Engine Failure - Flight

Indications/Recognition  A loss of power, engine roughness, and/or abnormal engine instrument readings could lead to an engine failure in cruise flight.

Teaching Considerations  If the engine failure was caused by water in the fuel, it will take a short period of time to be used up. Fuel flow pressure indications will be normal.  Maintain positive aircraft control and situational awareness throughout the emergency.  The use and completion of appropriate Emergency Checklists.

Execution 1. Airspeed– 80 mph 2. Carb heat- On 3. Fuel Selector Valve– BOTH 4. Mixture– RICH (if restart has not occurred) 5. Ignition Switch – BOTH (or START if propeller is stopped)

NOTE: If the propeller is windmilling, the engine will restart automatically within a few seconds. If the propeller has stopped (possible at low speeds), turn the ignition switch to START, advance the throttle slowly from idle and lean the mixture from full rich as required for smooth operation.

ASES Standardization Manual

3.3 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Emergency Landing Without Engine Power

Indication/Recognition  This procedure is appropriate if power is not restored after an engine failure inflight.

Teaching Considerations  Undershooting and overshooting the selected emergency landing area.  The use and completion of appropriate Emergency Checklists.

Execution 1. Airspeed – approximately 80 mph (flaps up) approximately 70 mph (flaps full down) 2. Mixture – IDLE CUT OFF 3. Fuel Selector Valve – OFF 4. Magnetos – OFF 5. Wing Flaps – AS REQUIRED 6. Master Switch – OFF (when landing is assured) 7. Doors – UNLATCH PRIOR TO TOUCHDOWN 8. Seats and Seat Belts – SECURE 9. Touchdown slightly higher than step attitude for a water landing 10. Touchdown at step attitude if landing on land

3.4 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE: Emergency Decent

Indication/Recognition  This procedure is appropriate in cases of smoke and/or fire.

Teaching Considerations  Proper configuration  Recognition of appropriate circumstances when the procedure can and/or should be used  Aircraft Limitations  The use and completion of appropriate Emergency Checklists.

Execution 1. Power- Idle 2. Carb Heat- Hot 3. Pitch- 100 mph 4. Bank- Max 45 degrees 5. Rollout- On specified heading and altitude 6. Recover- Power, mixture as necessary with carb heat Cold

ASES Standardization Manual

3.5 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

Objective  To develop the pilot’s knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the aircraft and environment encountered during the flight.

Description  This section outlines the available emergency equipment and survival gear located in the C172.

Teaching Considerations • Additional personal gear. (i.e., cell phone, credit card) • Personal Floatation Devices. • Required winter clothing. • Survival Kit. • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). • Oar • Fire extinguisher