DOCSLIB.ORG

Orf Virus Infection in Alaskan Mountain Goats, Dall's Sheep, Muskoxen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Orf Virus Infection in Alaskan Mountain Goats, Dall's Sheep, Muskoxen Tryland et al. Acta Vet Scand (2018) 60:12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8 Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica RESEARCH Open Access Orf virus infection in Alaskan mountain goats, Dall’s sheep, muskoxen, caribou and Sitka black‑tailed deer Morten Tryland1* , Kimberlee Beth Beckmen2, Kathleen Ann Burek‑Huntington3, Eva Marie Breines1 and Joern Klein4* Abstract Background: The zoonotic Orf virus (ORFV; genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmit‑ ted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. Archived tissue samples from 16 Alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, n 8), Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli, n 3), muskox (Ovibos moschatus, n 3), Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus= sitkensis, n 1) and caribou (Rangifer= tarandus granti, n 1), were analyzed.= = = Results: Clinical signs and pathology were most severe in mountain goats, afecting most mucocutaneous regions, including palpebrae, nares, lips, anus, prepuce or vulva, as well as coronary bands. The proliferative masses were solid and nodular, covered by dark friable crusts. For Dall’s sheep lambs and juveniles, the gross lesions were similar to those of mountain goats, but not as extensive. The muskoxen displayed ulcerative lesions on the legs. The caribou had two ulcerative lesions on the upper lip, as well as lesions on the distal part of the legs, around the main and dew claws. A large hairless spherical mass, with the characteristics of a fbroma, was sampled from a Sitka black-tailed deer, which did not show proliferative lesions typical of an ORFV infection. Polymerase chain reaction analyses for B2L, GIF, vIL-10 and ATI demonstrated ORFV specifc DNA in all cases. Sequences from Dall’s sheep formed a separate cluster, comparable to ORFV from domestic sheep. Sequences from the other species were diferent from the Dall’s sheep sequences, but almost identical to each other. Conclusions: This is the frst major investigation of parapoxvirus infections in large Alaskan game species, and the frst report of parapoxvirus infection in caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. This study shows that most of the wild ruminant species in Alaska and from most parts of Alaska, can carry and be afected by ORFV. These fndings call for attention to transmission of ORFV from wildlife to livestock and to hunters, subsistence harvesters, and wildlife biologists. Keywords: Alaska, Caribou, Contagious ecthyma, Dall’s sheep, Deer, Mountain goat, Muskox, Parapoxvirus, Virology, Wildlife, Zoonosis Background and Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand [1]. ORFV Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the genus Para- is distributed worldwide with domestic sheep and goats, poxvirus of the Poxviridae family, which also includes causing contagious ecthyma (CE) (syn. contagious pustu- Bovine papular stomatitis virus, Pseudocowpox virus lar dermatitis, scabby mouth). ORFV produce lesions in the skin and at muco-cutaneous interface at the muzzle, lips, eyelids, anus, prepuce or vulva, and teats as well as *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] in the oral mucosa, such as the tongue and the gingiva, 1 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Infection Biology, UiT- especially associated with erupting teeth [2]. CE typically Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9019 Tromsø, Norway 4 Department of Nursing and Health Sciences‑Vestfold, Faculty starts with a macule at the port of entry, progressing to of Health and Social Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, a papule and pustule. Since ORFV express the proteins 3603 Kongsberg, Norway homologous to endothelial growth factor and vascular Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Tryland et al. Acta Vet Scand (2018) 60:12 Page 2 of 11 permeability factor, both being angiogenesis regulators Te aims of this study were to verify the preliminary CE [3], such lesions becomes highly vascularized and pro- diagnoses in 16 wildlife cases by identifying the causative liferative (“caulifower-like”) and are easily exposed to virus. We also wanted to characterize this zoonotic dis- trauma and bleeding, followed by secondary bacterial ease in wild ruminant game species in Alaska, and con- infections. Chronic CE lesions are thus often presented duct a phylogenetic comparison of the circulating viruses as masses covered by thick crusts (skin) or as prolifera- with known reference viruses of the Parapoxvirus genus. tive masses (mucosa). Histological changes are present in the epithelium as ballooning degeneration, reticular Methods degeneration, marked epidermal proliferation and epi- Clinical cases and sampling dermal micro-abscesses [4]. Fifteen animals (Table 1) that during the period 2002– CE, often referred to as “contagious ecthyma-like” 2012 were hunted, reported dead or euthanized for when lacking a virological confrmation, has been animal welfare reasons were subjected to our investiga- reported in many free ranging animal species [5], such tions. Tey had lesions in the mucocutaneous interface as semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus taran- and/or on coronary bands consistent with or suspicious dus) [6–8], captive and wild muskoxen (Ovibos moscha- of CE. One additional animal (Sitka black-tailed deer) tus) [9–11], and red deer (Cervus elaphus) [12, 13]. had lesions consistent with a fbroma, although CE was In Alaska, CE has been described in the domestic sheep mentioned as a diferential diagnosis in the necropsy and goats, as well as in wild Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli), report. Te geographical location of the clinical cases is mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) and muskox [9, depicted in Fig. 1. Te animals were subjected to feld 14]. Severe outbreaks have also been reported in Alaskan dressing, and whole carcasses or body parts were sent to captive muskox [15], and it has been shown experimen- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, Alaska, tally that also moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer for diagnostic investigations. Tissue samples from gross tarandus) calves are susceptible to infection with ORFV lesions were obtained during necropsies, using aseptic isolated from sheep [9]. techniques and stored in Whirl Pac (Nasco, Medesto CA, Since ORFV is zoonotic, these infections represent an USA) or cryogenic vials at − 20 °C or colder. A subset of occupational hazard for people handling afected ani- these frozen tissue samples (20 mg each) was obtained mals, such as veterinarians, sheep herders, hunters and from three diferent areas from each case, from areas game managers [16–18]. In the scientifc literature, one showing gross pathological changes consistent with CE, human case has been reported from Alaska, with ORFV using aseptic techniques to avoid contamination between transmitted from a mountain goat [19]. ORFV is prob- samples. Tese subsamples were subjected to further ably one of the most common poxvirus infection in virological investigations. Additional tissue sections were humans, causing lesions mainly on fngers and hands. preserved in 10% neutral bufered formalin. In most patients, a single papule appears which may develop into a large vesicle or bulla, sometimes being Histopathology hemorrhagic, with a black appearance. Te condition can Formalin fxed tissues were processed routinely, and par- be associated with by local lymphadenopathy and mild afn-embedded sections were cut to 5 μm, and stained fever and is usually mildly painful, but ORFV infections with hematoxylin and eosin at Histology Consulting Ser- may also become generalized and severe, especially in vices Inc. (Everson, WA, USA). immunocompromised persons [20]. Humans are infected through direct contact with infected animals, including Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing wildlife [16, 19]. ORFV infection is well known among DNA was extracted (Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, farmers and the disease is listed as one that people of the USA) from the tissue samples using QIAamp ® DNA Mini Arctic should be aware of through contact with infected Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), with an average output game species [21]. of 94 µg/mL (29–253 µg/mL). Four diferent PCR proto- A large number of game is harvested in Alaska each cols were performed (UiT-Arctic University of Norway) year, by indigenous people as part of their tradition as specifed in Table 2. Extracted DNA from tissue from and culture, and by local and non-resident hunters. In a sheep with CE and verifed ORFV infection was used as 2015, 15,554 Sitka black-tailed deer, 4332 caribou, 256 positive control. Deionized and fltered water was used as muskoxen, 528 mountain goats, and 11 Dall’s sheep were a negative control. reported harvested in Alaska [22], indicating that people, Te PCRs were run in a DNA Termal Cycler PE9700 to a substantial degree, are in close contact with these (PerkinElmer Norge AS, Kristiansand, Norway). Te large game species. PPP 1 and PPP 4 primers targeting the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pending World Record Waterbuck Wins Top Honor SC Life Member Susan Stout Has in THIS ISSUE Dbeen Awarded the President’S Cup Letter from the President
    DSC NEWSLETTER VOLUME 32,Camp ISSUE 5 TalkJUNE 2019 Pending World Record Waterbuck Wins Top Honor SC Life Member Susan Stout has IN THIS ISSUE Dbeen awarded the President’s Cup Letter from the President .....................1 for her pending world record East African DSC Foundation .....................................2 Defassa Waterbuck. Awards Night Results ...........................4 DSC’s April Monthly Meeting brings Industry News ........................................8 members together to celebrate the annual Chapter News .........................................9 Trophy and Photo Award presentation. Capstick Award ....................................10 This year, there were over 150 entries for Dove Hunt ..............................................12 the Trophy Awards, spanning 22 countries Obituary ..................................................14 and almost 100 different species. Membership Drive ...............................14 As photos of all the entries played Kid Fish ....................................................16 during cocktail hour, the room was Wine Pairing Dinner ............................16 abuzz with stories of all the incredible Traveler’s Advisory ..............................17 adventures experienced – ibex in Spain, Hotel Block for Heritage ....................19 scenic helicopter rides over the Northwest Big Bore Shoot .....................................20 Territories, puku in Zambia. CIC International Conference ..........22 In determining the winners, the judges DSC Publications Update
    [Show full text]
  • Educator's Guide
    Educator’s Guide the jill and lewis bernard family Hall of north american mammals inside: • Suggestions to Help You come prepared • essential questions for Student Inquiry • Strategies for teaching in the exhibition • map of the Exhibition • online resources for the Classroom • Correlations to science framework • glossary amnh.org/namammals Essential QUESTIONS Who are — and who were — the North as tundra, winters are cold, long, and dark, the growing season American Mammals? is extremely short, and precipitation is low. In contrast, the abundant precipitation and year-round warmth of tropical All mammals on Earth share a common ancestor and and subtropical forests provide optimal growing conditions represent many millions of years of evolution. Most of those that support the greatest diversity of species worldwide. in this hall arose as distinct species in the relatively recent Florida and Mexico contain some subtropical forest. In the past. Their ancestors reached North America at different boreal forest that covers a huge expanse of the continent’s times. Some entered from the north along the Bering land northern latitudes, winters are dry and severe, summers moist bridge, which was intermittently exposed by low sea levels and short, and temperatures between the two range widely. during the Pleistocene (2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago). Desert and scrublands are dry and generally warm through- These migrants included relatives of New World cats (e.g. out the year, with temperatures that may exceed 100°F and dip sabertooth, jaguar), certain rodents, musk ox, at least two by 30 degrees at night. kinds of elephants (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Horned Animals
    Horned Animals In This Issue In this issue of Wild Wonders you will discover the differences between horns and antlers, learn about the different animals in Alaska who have horns, compare and contrast their adaptations, and discover how humans use horns to make useful and decorative items. Horns and antlers are available from local ADF&G offices or the ARLIS library for teachers to borrow. Learn more online at: alaska.gov/go/HVNC Contents Horns or Antlers! What’s the Difference? 2 Traditional Uses of Horns 3 Bison and Muskoxen 4-5 Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats 6-7 Test Your Knowledge 8 Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 2018 Issue 8 1 Sometimes people use the terms horns and antlers in the wrong manner. They may say “moose horns” when they mean moose antlers! “What’s the difference?” they may ask. Let’s take a closer look and find out how antlers and horns are different from each other. After you read the information below, try to match the animals with the correct description. Horns Antlers • Made out of bone and covered with a • Made out of bone. keratin layer (the same material as our • Grow and fall off every year. fingernails and hair). • Are grown only by male members of the • Are permanent - they do not fall off every Cervid family (hoofed animals such as year like antlers do. deer), except for female caribou who also • Both male and female members in the grow antlers! Bovid family (cloven-hoofed animals such • Usually branched.
    [Show full text]
  • Idaho Mountain Goat Management Plan (2019-2024)
    Idaho Mountain Goat Management Plan 2019-2024 Prepared by IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME June 2019 Recommended Citation: Idaho Mountain Goat Management Plan 2019-2024. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, USA. Team Members: Paul Atwood – Regional Wildlife Biologist Nathan Borg – Regional Wildlife Biologist Clay Hickey – Regional Wildlife Manager Michelle Kemner – Regional Wildlife Biologist Hollie Miyasaki– Wildlife Staff Biologist Morgan Pfander – Regional Wildlife Biologist Jake Powell – Regional Wildlife Biologist Bret Stansberry – Regional Wildlife Biologist Leona Svancara – GIS Analyst Laura Wolf – Team Leader & Regional Wildlife Biologist Contributors: Frances Cassirer – Wildlife Research Biologist Mark Drew – Wildlife Veterinarian Jon Rachael – Wildlife Game Manager Additional copies: Additional copies can be downloaded from the Idaho Department of Fish and Game website at fishandgame.idaho.gov Front Cover Photo: ©Hollie Miyasaki, IDFG Back Cover Photo: ©Laura Wolf, IDFG Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) adheres to all applicable state and federal laws and regulations related to discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, gender, disability or veteran’s status. If you feel you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility of IDFG, or if you desire further information, please write to: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 25, Boise, ID 83707 or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Federal Assistance, Mailstop: MBSP-4020, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, Telephone: (703) 358-2156. This publication will be made available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact IDFG for assistance. Costs associated with this publication are available from IDFG in accordance with Section 60-202, Idaho Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Antelope, Deer, Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goats: a Guide to the Carpals
    J. Ethnobiol. 10(2):169-181 Winter 1990 ANTELOPE, DEER, BIGHORN SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS: A GUIDE TO THE CARPALS PAMELA J. FORD Mount San Antonio College 1100 North Grand Avenue Walnut, CA 91739 ABSTRACT.-Remains of antelope, deer, mountain goat, and bighorn sheep appear in archaeological sites in the North American west. Carpal bones of these animals are generally recovered in excellent condition but are rarely identified beyond the classification 1/small-sized artiodactyl." This guide, based on the analysis of over thirty modem specimens, is intended as an aid in the identifi­ cation of these remains for archaeological and biogeographical studies. RESUMEN.-Se han encontrado restos de antilopes, ciervos, cabras de las montanas rocosas, y de carneros cimarrones en sitios arqueol6gicos del oeste de Norte America. Huesos carpianos de estos animales se recuperan, por 10 general, en excelentes condiciones pero raramente son identificados mas alIa de la clasifi­ cacion "artiodactilos pequeno." Esta glia, basada en un anaIisis de mas de treinta especlmenes modemos, tiene el proposito de servir como ayuda en la identifica­ cion de estos restos para estudios arqueologicos y biogeogrMicos. RESUME.-On peut trouver des ossements d'antilopes, de cerfs, de chevres de montagne et de mouflons des Rocheuses, dans des sites archeologiques de la . region ouest de I'Amerique du Nord. Les os carpeins de ces animaux, generale­ ment en excellente condition, sont rarement identifies au dela du classement d' ,I artiodactyles de petite taille." Le but de ce guide base sur 30 specimens recents est d'aider aidentifier ces ossements pour des etudes archeologiques et biogeo­ graphiques.
    [Show full text]
  • Bighorn Sheep, Moose, and Mountain Goats
    Bighorn Sheep, Moose, and Mountain Goats Brock Hoenes Ungulate Section Manager, Wildlife Program WACs: 220-412-070 Big game and wild turkey auction, raffle, and special incentive permits. 220-412-080 Special hunting season permits. 220-415-070 Moose seasons, permit quotas, and areas. 220-415-120 2021 Bighorn sheep seasons and permit quotas. 220-415-130 2021 Mountain goat seasons and permit quotas. 1. Special Hunting Season Permits 2. Moose – Status, recommendations, public comment 3. Mountain Goat – Status, recommendations, public comment 4. Bighorn Sheep – Status, recommendations, public comment 5. Questions Content Department of Fish and Wildlife SPECIAL HUNTING SEASON PERMITS White‐Tailed DeerWAC 220-412-080 • Allow successful applicants for all big game special permits to return their permit to the Department for any Agree 77% reason two weeks prior to the Neutral 9% opening day of the season and to have their points restored Disagree 14% 1,553 Respondents • Remove the “once‐in‐a‐lifetime” Public Comment restriction for Mountain Goat Conflict • 223 comments, 1 email/letter Reduction special permit category • General (90 agree, 26 disagree) • Reissue permit (67) • >2 weeks (21) • No change (12) Department of Fish and Wildlife MOOSE • Primarily occur in White‐Tailed DeerNE and north-central Washington • Most recent estimate in 2016 indicated ~5,000 moose in NE • Annual surveys to estimate age and sex ratios (snow dependent) • Recent studies (2014-2018) in GMUs 117 and 124 indicated populations were declining • Poor body condition (adult female) • Poor calf survival • Wolf predation • Tick infestations • Substantial reduction in antlerless permits in 2018 Department of Fish and Wildlife MOOSE RECOMMENDATIONS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Red Deer a Research Review Relevant to Their Management in Scotland
    Ecologyof RedDeer A researchreview relevant to theirmanagement in Scotland Instituteof TerrestrialEcology Natural EnvironmentResearch Council á á á á á Natural Environment Research Council Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Ecology of Red Deer A research review relevant to their management in Scotland Brian Mitchell, Brian W. Staines and David Welch Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Banchory iv Printed in England by Graphic Art (Cambridge) Ltd. ©Copyright 1977 Published in 1977 by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 68 Hills Road Cambridge CB2 11LA ISBN 0 904282 090 Authors' address: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Hill of Brathens Glassel, Banchory Kincardineshire AB3 4BY Telephone 033 02 3434. The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) was established in 1973, from the former Nature Conservancy's research stations and staff, joined later by the Institute of Tree Biology and the Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa. ITE contributes to and draws upon the collective knowledge of the fourteen sister institutes which make up the Natural Environment Research Council, spanning all the environmental sciences. The Institute studies the factors determining the structure, composition and processes of land and freshwater systems, and of individual plant and animal species. It is developing a Sounder scientific basis for predicting and modelling environmental trends arising from natural or man-made change. The results of this research are available to those responsible for the protection, management and wise use of our natural resources. Nearly half of ITE'Swork is research commissioned by customers, such as the Nature Conservancy Council who require information for wildlife conservation, the Forestry Commission and the Department of the Environment. The remainder is fundamental research supported by NERC.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Fact Sheet: Sika Deer (Cervus Nippon) [email protected] 023 8023 7874
    Species Fact Sheet: Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) [email protected] www.mammal.org.uk 023 8023 7874 Quick Facts Recognition: A medium-sized deer. Has a similar spotted coat to fallow deer in summer, but usually is rougher, thicker, dark grey-brown in winter. Tail is shorter than fallow deer, but with similar white “target” and black margins. Usually has a distinctive “furrowed brow” look, and if seen well, evident white spots on the limbs, marking the site of pedal glands. Males have rounded, not pamate, antlers, looking like a small version of a red deer stag’s antlers. Size: 138-179 cm; Tail length: 14-21cm; Shoulder height 50-120 cm. Weight: Males 40-63kg; females 31-44kg. Life Span: Maximum recorded lifespan in captivity is 26 years; 16 in the wild. Distribution & Habitat Sika are native to SE China, including Taiwan, Korea and Japan. It was introduced to Powerscourt Park, Co Wicklow, Ireland, in 1860, and to London Zoo. Sika then spread to many other parks and escaped or were deliberately released; in some cases they were deliberately released into surrounding woodlands to be hunted on horseback. This resulted in feral populations S England (especially Dorset and the New Forest), in the Forest of Bowland and S Cumbria, and, especially, in Scotland. It is still spreading. Its preference for conifer plantations, especially the thick young stages, has been a big advantage to it. It can reach densities up to 45/km2 in prime habitat. General Ecology Behaviour They typically live in small herds of 6-7 animals, at least in more open habitats, but in dense cover may only live in small groups of 1-3 only.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Fallow Deer (Dama Dama Dama)
    Heredity (2017) 119, 16–26 OPEN Official journal of the Genetics Society www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Strong population structure in a species manipulated by humans since the Neolithic: the European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) KH Baker1, HWI Gray1, V Ramovs1, D Mertzanidou2,ÇAkın Pekşen3,4, CC Bilgin3, N Sykes5 and AR Hoelzel1 Species that have been translocated and otherwise manipulated by humans may show patterns of population structure that reflect those interactions. At the same time, natural processes shape populations, including behavioural characteristics like dispersal potential and breeding system. In Europe, a key factor is the geography and history of climate change through the Pleistocene. During glacial maxima throughout that period, species in Europe with temperate distributions were forced south, becoming distributed among the isolated peninsulas represented by Anatolia, Italy and Iberia. Understanding modern patterns of diversity depends on understanding these historical population dynamics. Traditionally, European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) are thought to have been restricted to refugia in Anatolia and possibly Sicily and the Balkans. However, the distribution of this species was also greatly influenced by human-mediated translocations. We focus on fallow deer to better understand the relative influence of these natural and anthropogenic processes. We compared modern fallow deer putative populations across a broad geographic range using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA loci. The results revealed highly insular populations, depauperate of genetic variation and significantly differentiated from each other. This is consistent with the expectations of drift acting on populations founded by small numbers of individuals, and reflects known founder populations in the north.
    [Show full text]
  • Gallina & Mandujano
    Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 2 (2):116-127, 2009 Special issue: introduction Research on ecology, conservation and management of wild ungulates in Mexico Sonia Gallina1 and Salvador Mandujano1 1 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Ecología Animal, Instituto de Ecología A. C., km. 2.5 Carret. Ant. Coatepec No. 351, Congregación del Haya, Xalapa 91070, Ver. México. E‐mail: <[email protected]>; <[email protected]> Abstract This special issue of Tropical Conservation Science provides a synopsis of nine of the eleven presentations on ungulates presented at the Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Ungulates in Mexico during the Mexican Congress of Ecology held in November 2008 in Merida, Yucatan. Of the eleven species of wild ungulates in Mexico (Baird´s tapir Tapirus bairdii, pronghorn antelope Antilocapra americana, American bison Bison bison, bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis, elk Cervus canadensis, red brocket deer Mazama temama, Yucatan brown brocket Mazama pandora, mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari and collared peccary Pecari tajacu), studies which concern four of these species are presented: Baird’s tapir and the white lipped peccary, which are tropical species in danger of extinction; the bighorn sheep, of high value for hunting in the north-west; and the white-tailed deer, the most studied ungulate in Mexico due to its wide distribution in the country and high hunting and cultural value. In addition, two studies of exotic species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), are presented. Issues addressed in these studies are: population estimates, habitat use, evaluation of UMA (Spanish acronym for ‘Wildlife Conservation, Management and Sustainable Utilization Units’) and ANP (Spanish acronym for ‘Natural Protected Areas’) to sustain minimum viable populations, and the effect of alien species in protected areas and UMA, all of which allow an insight into ungulate conservation and management within the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Habitat Use by Dall Sheep and an Interior
    THESIS HABITAT USE BY DALL SHEEP AND AN INTERIOR ALASKA MAMMAL COMMUNITY Submitted by Jeremy S. Dertien Graduate Degree Program in Ecology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2016 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Paul F. Doherty, Jr. Cameron Aldridge Calvin F. Bagley Copyright by Jeremy Stephen Dertien 2016 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT HABITAT USE BY DALL SHEEP AND AN INTERIOR ALASKA MAMMAL COMMUNITY Anthropogenic disturbances are increasingly recognized for effects on the behavior and physiology of wildlife species. Military training, a potential source of disturbance, has shown mixed behavioral and physiological effects on wildlife, including mountain ungulates. Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) are an important species for hunting and wildlife viewing in Alaska and have shown an aversion to some forms of human disturbance such as direct overflights. Military training is expanding into potential Dall sheep habitat on two training areas of Fort Wainwright, Alaska; Molybdenum Ridge and Black Rapids Training Area. I placed camera traps in expected optimal and sub-optimal Dall sheep habitat to estimate the spatiotemporal habitat use of sheep and to make training recommendations to the U.S. military. Then, I further explored the available data and estimated the habitat use of species in four different mammalian guilds and the co-occurrence of habitat use between apex predators and potential prey species. In Chapter 1, I introduce the impetus for the study, the use of 54 camera traps in respect to mountain sheep, and the overall study design. My cameras captured over 8,000 images of sheep during the continuous 15-month sampling period.
    [Show full text]
  • 67Th Legislature HB 318.2
    67th Legislature HB 318.2 1 HOUSE BILL NO. 318 2 INTRODUCED BY K. HOLMLUND, D. SALOMON, D. BARTEL, D. BEDEY, J. DOOLING, K. WHITMAN 3 4 A BILL FOR AN ACT ENTITLED: “AN ACT REVISING WILD BUFFALO AND WILD BISON LAWS; 5 CLARIFYING THE DEFINITION OF "WILD BUFFALO" OR "WILD BISON"; CLARIFYING THAT THE PER 6 CAPITA FEE DOES NOT APPLY TO CERTAIN DOMESTIC BISON; AMENDING SECTIONS 15-24-921, 81-1- 7 101, 87-2-101, AND 87-6-101, MCA; AND PROVIDING AN IMMEDIATE EFFECTIVE DATE.” 8 9 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MONTANA: 10 11 Section 1. Section 15-24-921, MCA, is amended to read: 12 "15-24-921. Per capita fee to pay expenses of enforcing livestock laws. (1) (a) A per capita fee is 13 authorized and directed to be imposed by the department on all poultry and honey bees, all swine 3 months of 14 age or older, and all other livestock 9 months of age or older in each county of this state. The fee is in addition 15 to appropriations and is to help pay the salaries and all expenses connected with the enforcement of the 16 livestock laws of the state and bounties on wild animals as provided in 81-7-104. 17 (b) A per capita fee may not be imposed on bison owned by a tribal member OR TRIBE and located on 18 fee land or tribal land within the boundaries of a reservation. 19 (2) The per capita fee is due on May 31 of each year.
    [Show full text]