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A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics EFI - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (Ed.) Research Report Report on research, innovation and technological performance in Germany 2019 Report, No. 2019e Provided in Cooperation with: Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) Suggested Citation: EFI - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (Ed.) (2019) : Report on research, innovation and technological performance in Germany 2019, Report, No. 2019e, ISBN 978-3-9819468-3-3, Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (EFI), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/204778 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu RESEARCH, INNOVATION EXPERTENKOMMISSION FORSCHUNG AND TECHNOLOGICAL UND INNOVATION PERFORMANCE IN GERMANY REPORT 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 RESEARCH, INNOVATION EXPERTENKOMMISSION FORSCHUNG AND TECHNOLOGICAL UND INNOVATION PERFORMANCE IN GERMANY REPORT 2019 EFI REPORT 2019 We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Dr. Ann-Kristin Achleitner, Prof. Dr. Carsten Agert, Engelbert Beyer, Prof. Dr. Werner Brinker, William Dinkel, Prof. Dr. Christoph von Einem, Prof. Dr. Manfred Fischedick, Prof. Dr. Monika Gross, Bernhard Hecker, Dr. Markus von der Heyde, Andrea Heyn, Oliver Hunke, Oliver Janoschka and the Hochschulforum Digitalisierung team, Dirk Kann- giesser, Dr. Matthias Kölbel, Dr. Ramón Kucharzak, Prof. Dr. Olaf Kübler, Fabian Leipelt, Prof. Dr. Andreas Löschel, Dr. Dietrich Nelle, Prof. Dr. Gudrun Oevel, Prof. Dr. Ada Pellert, Dr. Gisela Philipsenburg, Dr. Johann Pongratz, Prof. Dr. Heinz Riesenhuber, Dr. Ulrich Romer, Dr. Frank Sander, Helena Schulte to Bühne, Prof. Dr. Achim Seifert, Dr. Nina Siedler, Dr. Stephanie Steimann, Dr. Robin Tech, Dr. Rodoula Tryfonidou, Dr. Johannes Velling and Prof. Dr. Achim Wambach. In addition, we would also like to thank all those who helped to prepare the studies on the German innovation system. The Commission of Experts wishes to emphasize that the positions expressed in the report do not necessarily represent the opinions of the aforementioned persons. 4 Members of the Commission of Experts This report is also the result of the highly competent for Research and Innovation (EFI) and dedicated work of the staff of the Commission of Experts’ coordination offce and the staff of the Prof. Dr. Uschi Backes-Gellner Commission Members. University of Zurich, Department of Business Administration, Chair for Business and Personnel Economics Staff of the EFI Coordination Office Prof. Dr. Christoph Böhringer Christine Beyer Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Dr. Jano Costard Department of Business Administration, Dr. Helge Dauchert Economics and Law, Chair of Economic Policy Dr. Dorothee Ihle Dr. Petra Meurer Prof. Dr. Uwe Cantner Antje Michna Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Christopher Stolz Chair of Economics/Microeconomics Pia Katschke (student assistant) Vincent Victor (student assistant) Prof. Dietmar Harhoff, Ph.D. (Chair) Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Staff of the Commission Members Prof. Dr. Katharina Hölzle Dr. Martin Kalthaus, University of Potsdam, Chair of Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship Chair of Economics/Microeconomics Prof. Dr. Monika Schnitzer Patrick Lehnert, (Deputy Chair) University of Zurich, Department of Business Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Administration, Chair for Business and Seminar for Comparative Economics Personnel Economics Valeska Maul, University of Potsdam, Chair of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship Felix Montag, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Seminar for Comparative Economics Lea-Victoria Kramkowski, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Chair of Economic Policy Dr. Myriam Rion, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Dr. Roland Stürz, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Dr. Alexander Suyer, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition 5 EFI REPORT 2019 Table of Contents Foreword 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES A 1 Commentary on current research and innovation policy 20 A 2 Artificial intelligence – The Federal Government’s AI Strategy 27 A 3 Basic research funding structures and publications 32 in international comparison CORE TOPICS 2019 B 1 The role of start-ups in the innovation system 44 B 2 Innovations for the energy transition 62 B 3 Blockchain 80 B 4 Digitalization of tertiary education institutions 92 6 Table of Contents C STRUCTURE AND TRENDS Contents 106 Overview 109 C 1 Education and qualification 111 C 2 Research and development 118 C 3 Innovation behaviour in the private sector 124 C 4 Financing research and innovation 127 C 5 New businesses 130 C 6 Patents 133 C 7 Scientific publications 136 C 8 Production, value added and employment 140 D LISTS 143 7 EFI REPORT 2019 Foreword After a delayed start, the Federal Government has presented numerous plans for research and innovation policy in the new legislative period. The Commission of Experts comments on some of the most signifcant plans in chapter A 1. In the new High-Tech Strategy 2025, the Federal Government has once again committed itself to the target of spending 3.5 percent of gross domestic product on R&D by 2025. However, the funds currently budgeted are not suffcient to meet this target. The Commission of Experts therefore once again calls for the introduction of tax-based support for R&D, focused on SMEs. It also recommends that the Federal Government grants considerable freedom to the proposed Agency for Disruptive Innovations. Unless it is granted independence from political control, the agency will be unable to meet the expectations placed upon it. The Federal Government’s Artifcial Intelligence Strategy (chapter A 2) documents the high regard in which it holds this feld of research. The funding volume of €3 billion (by 2025) appears to be appropriate. The current version of the AI Strategy, however, remains vague on numerous points and must be substantiated without delay. The Commission of Experts expressly warns against adopting a scatter-gun approach to research funding. However, the Commission of Experts considers a wide-ranging transfer of knowledge to be necessary. It supports the systematic expansion of European collaborations so that, as part of the association of EU partner countries, Germany can keep pace with the USA and China as the leading nations in the feld of AI research. In chapter A 3, the Commission of Experts examines the funding structures implemented by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), Germany’s largest research funding organization, and compares them with those of key research funding organizations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the USA. This examination shows that the DFG places strong emphasis on funding programmes intended to foster collaboration and structural development. It also highlights that the average funding provided by the DFG for new single project applications is comparatively low, and the average funding duration relatively short. The Commission of Experts suggests that a review be conducted to examine whether the high weighting given to structural funding formats should be adjusted in favour of single project funding. In chapter B 1, the Commission of Experts acknowledges the importance of start-ups in the innovation system. In Germany, a vibrant start-up scene has developed in recent years that is highly concentrated in regional terms. To promote globally visible start-up ecosystems, it is important not to counteract this geographical concentration but, instead, to expand existing and emerging ecosystems. Start-ups in Germany – particularly those in the growth phase – still have problems in accessing suffcient venture capital. With this in mind, the conditions for private investments in start-ups must be further improved; in particular, incentives should be created to encourage institutional investors to invest more heavily in start-ups. 8 Foreword In chapter B 2, the Commission of Experts investigates the contribution that research and innovation policy can make to the energy transition. Important innovative technologies and business models for decarbonisation of the German energy system are already market-ready, or will be so in the near future. However, their