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Innovative Clusters DRIVERS of NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS Innovative ENTERPRISE, INDUSTRY AND SERVICES « Innovative Clusters DRIVERS OF NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS Innovative The growth potential of countries increasingly depends on the effectiveness of their Clusters innovation systems in creating, diffusing and using knowledge. A large share of market-based or informal knowledge flows occur within industrial clusters that can be seen DRIVERS OF NATIONAL as reduced-form innovation systems. Policies to stimulate innovation at national and local levels must both build on and contribute to the dynamics of innovative clusters. This book INNOVATION SYSTEMS presents a series of papers written by policy makers and academic experts in the field, that demonstrate why and how this can be done in different national contexts. Edited by: Pim den Hertog of Dialogic, Utrecht, Netherlands; Edward M. Bergman of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, Austria; ENTERPRISE, INDUSTRY AND SERVICES David Charles of the Center for Urban and Regional Development Studies in Newcastle, UK. Innovative Clusters FURTHER READING Innovative Networks: Co-operation in National Innovation Systems Innovative People: Mobilising Skills in National Innovation Systems Dynamising National Innovation Systems DRIVERS OF NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS INNOVATION DRIVERS OF NATIONAL All OECD books and periodicals are now available on line www.SourceOECD.org www.oecd.org ISBN 92-64-18706-5 92 2001 08 1 P -:HSTCQE=V]\U[V: Édition 2000 OECD Proceedings Innovative Clusters DRIVERS OF NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: – to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; – to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and – to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14th December 2000). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention). © OECD 2001 Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, tel. (33-1) 44 07 47 70, fax (33-1) 46 34 67 19, for every country except the United States. In the United States permission should be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, (508)750-8400, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA, or CCC Online: www.copyright.com. All other applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this book should be made to OECD Publications, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. FOREWORD Innovation through the creation, diffusion and use of knowledge has become a key driver of economic growth and provides part of the response to many new societal challenges. However, the determinants of innovation performance have changed in a globalising knowledge-based economy, partly as a result of recent developments in information and communication technologies. Innovation results from increasingly complex interactions at the local, national and world levels among individuals, firms and other knowledge institutions. Governments exert a strong influence on the innovation process through the financing and steering of public organisations that are directly involved in knowledge generation and diffusion (universities, public labs), and through the provision of inancial and regulatory incentives. They need a sound conceptual framework and an empirical basis to assess whether and how the contribution of public policy to national innovation performance could be improved. Through a decade of academic research and policy analysis, the National Innovation Systems (NIS) approach has been developed to provide such framework and quantitative information. The OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP), and its Working Party on Technology and Innovation Policy (TIP), have contributed to this development through the NIS project, conducted in two phases. The first phase of the NIS project involved country case studies, the development of internationally comparable indicators and thematic analytical work by six focus groups, including one on clusters. Its results are reported in Managing National Innovation Systems (OECD, 1999) and in Boosting Innovation: The Cluster Approach (OECD, 1999). This work provided new evidence on the systemic nature of innovation, articulated a new rationale for technology policy and identified broad directions for the improvement of national policies. The second and last phase of the NIS project was devoted to deepening the analysis on three themes: clusters; innovative firms and networks; and human resource mobility. The work on clusters was, as was the case in the previous phase, led by the Netherlands, whose Ministry of Economic Affairs hosted in Utrecht a workshop entitled “Do Clusters Matter in Innovation Policy?”. The present publication builds largely on the presentations and discussions in this workshop. The work reported in this publication demonstrates the increasing importance of clusters in determining the innovation performance of firms, nations and regions and in structuring international linkages among national innovation systems. Based on the evaluation of concrete national experiences, it provides useful guidance on how the reality of clusters can be better taken into account in designing and implementing innovation policy. This publication results from a collective work under the efficient leadership of Pim den Hertog of Dialogic, Utrecht (the Netherlands), in close collaboration with Svend Remoe of the OECD Secretariat. It would not have been possible without the competence and efforts of the two other members of the editorial team: Edward M. Bergman of Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration (Austria), and David Charles of the Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies in Newcastle (United Kingdom). 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. In Pursuit of Innovative Clusters Edward M. Bergman, David Charles and Pim den Hertog ...................................... 7 Part I. Learning from Experiences in Advanced Innovation Clusters Chapter 2. The ICT Cluster: The Engine of Knowledge-driven Growth in Finland Laura Paija............................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 3. The Boundaryless Cluster: Information and Communications Technology in Ireland Roy Green, Imelda Duggan, Majella Giblin, Mike Moroney and Leo Smyth......... 47 Chapter 4. The ICT Cluster in Denmark Michael S. Dahl and Bent Dalum ........................................................................... 65 Chapter 5. Innovation Dynamics in the Spanish Telecommunication Cluster: Policy Implications Cristina Chaminade................................................................................................ 91 Chapter 6. ICT Cluster Organisations in Flanders: Co-operation in Innovation in the New Networked Economy Jan Larosse, Patrick Slaets, Jan Wauters, Stephan Bruninx, Peter Simkens and René Wintjes .................................................................................................. 113 Chapter 7. Innovation in an Adolescent Cluster: The Dutch Multimedia Cluster Pim den Hertog, Sven Maltha and Erik Brouwer ................................................. 133 Part II. Learning from Experiences in Mature Clusters Chapter 8. Innovation Styles in Agro-food Production in Norway Johan Hauknes...................................................................................................... 157 Chapter 9. The Construction Cluster in Denmark Michael S. Dahl and Bent Dalum ......................................................................... 179 Chapter 10. Innovation in the Dutch Construction Cluster Pim den Hertog and Erik Brouwer ....................................................................... 203 Chapter 11. An Anatomy of the Swiss Construction Cluster Patrick Vock.......................................................................................................... 229 5 Part III. Applied Analyses and Cluster-based Innovation Chapter 12. Identification of Techno-economic Clusters Using Input-output Data: Application to Flanders and Switzerland Ludo Peeters, Marc Tiri and Adrian Berwert......................................................
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