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Ecology of Mite Phoresy on Mountain Pine Beetles

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Ecology of Mite Phoresy on Mountain Pine Beetles University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-05-04 Ecology of Mite Phoresy on Mountain Pine Beetles Peralta Vázquez, Guadalupe Haydeé Guadalupe Haydeé Peralta Vázquez, A. A. (2018). Ecology of Mite Phoresy on Mountain Pine Beetles (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/31904 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/106622 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Ecology of Mite Phoresy on Mountain Pine Beetles by Guadalupe Haydeé Peralta Vázquez A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA MAY, 2018 © Guadalupe Haydeé Peralta Vázquez 2018 Abstract Phoresy, a commensal interaction where smaller organisms utilize dispersive hosts for transmission to new habitats, is expected to produce positive effects for symbionts and no effects for hosts, yet negative and positive effects have been documented. This poses the question of whether phoresy is indeed a commensal interaction and demands clarification. In bark beetles (Scolytinae), both effects are documented during reproduction and effects on hosts during the actual dispersal are largely unknown. In the present research, I investigated the ecological mechanisms that determine the net effects of the phoresy observed in mites and mountain pine beetles (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. Using flight mills, I found that MPB flight increased with beetle size and body condition but was not modified by mite abundance. Mites were initially more abundant on larger beetles in better condition, but their dispersal success was similar among all hosts. Host dispersal was costly for both host and mites. Beetles lost mass whereas mites exhibited mortality. In the second study, I determined the number and survivorship of all juvenile stages of MPB development and found neutral effects of mites. Although I found a negative effect of mite abundance despite a positive effect of mite presence during host larval stage, there were no further effects during subsequent stages of beetle development. Moreover, I did not find effects of mites on the number or quality of adult beetle offspring. When observing the distribution of phoretic mites and beetle hosts in the field, I found that the range-expanding behavior of MPB might determine symbiont loss at the leading front of beetle expansion. Three mites were common: Tarsonemus ips, Proctolaelaps subcorticalis, and Trichouropoda australis. Of these species, only T. ips was prevalent among all sites. However, both total mite abundance, considering all three species together, and T. ips abundance alone ii were comparatively lower in the new area of MPB expansion. In addition, beetle body condition was similar in both historical and new areas of MPB distribution. Given the results, MPB and its phoretic mites sustain a commensalism and the lower distribution of mites may be a consequence of MPB outbreak dynamics. iii Acknowledgements I express my admiration and gratitude to every person who supported me during the PhD quest. This journey has been meaningful and delightful with you all by my side, thank you vey much! I am profoundly indebted with Dr. Reid for all her patience and guidance during this process. All your insightful discussions and encouragement were the foundations of my academic growth during the time as a PhD. You are in addition an exemplary person for all your great commitment with the environment; there are loads to learn from you. Thank you very much Mary! Thank you to my partner Hadi who patiently and lovingly supported me during this time. Your care gave me the strength to pursue and complete my goals, how could I have finished this without you? Thank you to my parents: their infinite love, trust and values were essential guidance to focus on pursuing this PhD. Thank you for those wonderful days of nature exploration, you planted in me the seed of curiosity and love for it. Thank you to my awesome brothers, Miguel and Alex for their solidarity, fun conversations and their enthusiasm. You guys fill me with optimism and joy. Thank you Goli for all the cooking lessons and love that kept my sanity during times of stress. To the amazing Reid/Cartar laboratory past and present members, thank you for all those incredible moments together discussing life, grad school and politics. Thank you to Leanna Lachowsky, Mathias Kaiser, Megan Evans, Lindsey Zink, Alexandria Farmer, Sarah Johnson, Riley Waytes, Samuel Robinson, Megan Goulding, William Murphy, and Jenn Retzlaff, for iv filling my heart with their camaraderie and solidarity. I am indebted with Kristin Hill, Nina Modeland, Leanna Lachowsky, Mathias Kaiser, Megan Goulding, Carolina Pontes, Mickey Ahn, Tara Rajabi, and Hilary Gazie for their invaluable assistance in the field and the laboratory. I am particularly thankful to Kristin Hill and Nina Modeland for the most amazing summer I have ever had in the Rocky Mountains. I would have not lived the ‘real Canadian experience’ if you were not my partners in crime for all the outdoor activities we did together while doing fieldwork. Huge thank you to the Science workshop people particularly to Ed Cairns for his assistance developing the MPB flight mill system. I am grateful to Louise Hahn for providing laboratory space for my research and teaching endeavors. I am greatly thankful to Lorraine Maclauchlan from BC Government who provided beetle samples from Penticton used in Chapter 4. I am grateful to Bart McAnally from Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development; from Parks Canada: Dave Smith and Jane Park; and from the Pacific Forestry Centre: Gary Roke, who all provided logistical assistance with field sites, beetle wood, research permits and an incredible field crew to get access to and cut beetle infested trees used in in this research. Thank you to John Swann from the Insect Collection of University of Calgary for encouraging my inner entomologist in all the amazing Bioblitzs and for providing assistance in my teaching endeavors. All my gratitude to the candidacy and supervisory committee: Dr. Dave Walter, Dr. Kathreen Ruckstuhl, Dr. Ralph Cartar, Dr. Susan Kutz, Dr. Jeremy Fox, and Dr. Heather Proctor from University of Alberta for contributing with insightful feedback and commentary that improved v this research and manuscript. I am also deeply grateful to Karen Barron, Christine Goodwin and Sophia George who were incredibly helpful with all administrative aspects of the program. Part of this research was funded by a Discovery Grant to Dr. Mary Reid from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), and to myself by an ACA Grant in Biodiversity from the Alberta Conservation Association (ACA). I am profoundly grateful to the generosity of the former Canadian Bureau for International Education (CBIE) and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) in collaboration with the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (SRE) for a Government of Canada Awards-Mexico I received during my first year of PhD and to The Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) for subsequent scholarship support I received to continue my PhD. My appreciation to the Department of Biological Sciences of University of Calgary for all scholarship and awards support I received during these long years of study. Mi respecto y admiración a todos ustedes, Gracias! vi Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 Symbioses ........................................................................................................................ 1 Ecological Determinants of Symbioses ........................................................................... 2 Level of Dependency ....................................................................................................... 3 Mode of Transmission ..................................................................................................... 5 Symbiont Abundance ...................................................................................................... 7 Phoresy ............................................................................................................................ 7 Phoresy in Insects ............................................................................................................ 8 Bark Beetles and Phoretic Symbionts ..........................................................................
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