Jerry Sabloff on 30 Years of Complexity

January / February 2014 UPDATE

IN THIS ISSUE

> Drinking & reciprocity 2 > Wolpert’s reality check 2 > SFI In the News 2 > SFI@30: From the editor 2 > Behavior & institutions 3 > Ruben Andrist: Quantum fragility 3 > Infectious notions 3 > SFI@30: Conception to birth 4 > Science symphony 5 > Eggs, bacon, & science 5 > 50 years of the quark 5 > New MOOC: Dynamics & chaos 6 > Award for Project GUTS 6 > Four new SFI trustees 7 > Books by SFI authors 7 > Marking SFI’s 30th year 8 > SFI@30: Co-founder David Pines 8

Q&A: Jerry Sabloff on 30 years of complexity

At the turn of the new year, Institute are important new insights into the nature of standing of complex adaptive systems. So President Jerry Sabloff offers his thoughts complex adaptive systems and the transdisci- they instituted, almost into SFI’s DNA, a about SFI’s outlook for 2014 and beyond. plinary methodologies that SFI has used to transdisciplinary approach – anthropologists explore the emergence and continuing working with computer scientists and In 2014, SFI celebrates its 30th anniversary. Update: Today, with this interview, SFI development of complexity at all scales, from mathematicians and biologists and so on. Watch SFI’s website and publications begins to mark its 30th year. What are SFI’s atoms and cells to human societies. One of This methodology has proven to be incred- for a yearlong celebration of the Institute’s storied history, and for opportunities top achievements, in your mind, since its the great insights of SFI’s founders – the late ibly successful, and it is now widely adopted to be an active member of SFI’s community. founding in 1984? George Cowan, Murray Gell-Mann, David in universities and research centers and SFI’s special 30th anniversary logo (above) was Pines, and their colleagues – was that no funding agencies in this country and around created by graphic designer Michael Vittitow to mark the occasion. Jerry Sabloff: The key contributions, I think, single discipline could achieve a full under- > more on page 7

RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS Spectral redemption: Finding the hidden groupings in networks A persistent problem for mathematicians Detecting communities in real-world network But in sparse networks where each node is HowNew Science. a species New Horiz ons. trying to understand the structures of net- data is important for understanding, for linked to just a few others, as in the case in works is community detection: finding groups example, how fast a disease will spread in one many real-world networks, classic spectral tech- stays relevant as it of related data community and how likely it is for it to cross niques fall short – meaning that unlike statistical 1984-2014 points, or to another community. methods, spectral methods often fail to find changes its world nodes. groupings down to a theoretical limit revealed Traditionally, mathematicians find by Moore and collaborators in a 2011 paper. How complexity evolved in cells is a communities in one of two ways: question as intriguing as it is difficult to statistical inference, a highly The challenge for mathematicians has been, explain. Though we cannot fully solve the iterative method that reassesses then, to find a spectral method that is com- puzzle, we can learn how species give network-wide probabilities at putationally efficient and that reliably finds themselves time to go from random to each step, and spectral analy- groupings down to the theoretical limit. programmed development. A new study sis, a faster “random walk” reveals an optimal switching rate between technique that groups nodes In a recent paper in PNAS aptly titled “Spec- forms of a species as it makes its environ- by focusing on the flow of tral Redemption,” Moore and collaborators ment less livable. information or probability try out a modified spectral method they call through a network. the “non-backtracking operator.” Put simply, “If you’re a bacterium in a beaker, just it specifies that during analysis, information by the process of growing and dividing, Both techniques work well flowing from node to node may not immedi- you’re changing the environment into one for networks with dense ately return from whence it came. that no longer favors you,” explains Eric webs of links between nodes, Libby, an SFI Omidyar Fellow who special- says SFI Professor Cris Moore. “Traditional spectral methods get stuck izes in mathematical microbial evolution. on highly connected nodes, rattling back “You then have two options. One, go and forth between those nodes and their extinct. Two, throw off a mutant that’s Spectrum of the non-backtracking ma- trix indicating the community structure neighbors,” Moore says. “They get confused adapted to the new environment.” of the network being analyzed. > more on page 2 > more on page 5 SFI IN THE NEWS

In a January 6 article in the Santa Fe New Arthur that predicts the digital economy will President Jerry Sabloff discusses the Institute’s about the cultural ingredients of inventive- Mexican, SFI President Jerry Sabloff reviews soon rival the human economy. history, its contributions to complex systems ness, SFI Distinguished Professor Geoffrey three decades of complexity science and science, and his hopes for the Institute’s future. West notes that creativity and social interac- notes the continued need for scientists, In a December 9 essay in New Scientist, tion accelerate in cities, one reason they CEOs, and policy makers to understand the SFI Professor Luis Bettencourt explains how Several publications covered a December generate so many patents. forces that define our world and to think cities are like stars — in one sense, both are paper in Preventive Medicine by a team that beyond the next funding cycle, election, or implosions of interaction — and offers four includes SFI Omidyar Fellow Ben Althouse, In Scientific American on November 6, quarterly earnings report. principles for understanding cities. which found that celebrity cancer diagnoses Jaron Lanier explores the dilemmas of data and resulting media coverage are a more privacy, citing his work with economist and In the Huffington Post on December 12, geri- In a December 2 article in the Santa Fe New powerful motivator in smoking cessation SFI External Professor W. Brian Arthur to atrician Walter Bortz II, M.D. laments the short- Mexican, SFI’s Chris Wood offers perspec- than other cessation-awareness events. understand what happens when users of comings of reductionism, particularly in medi- tives from a recent SFI meeting in Santa Fe personal data pay for that use. cine, and notes SFI’s interest in emergence. about Big Data and predictive analytics and An article published November 28 in the New whether they are a gold mine for business, Statesman about the fortunes and failures of In an October 28 article in the Santa Fe New In a December 12 Forbes article, SFI Trustee science, and government or a serious threat Apple, Google, and Facebook cites Distin- Mexican, SFI Professor Cris Moore explores John Chisholm writes of the tension between to privacy and freedom. guished Professor Geoffrey West and SFI the hidden patterns in music and mathemat- new technologies and their tendency to make research on the life cycles of companies. ics and discusses a special orchestra concert jobs obsolete, citing a 2010 McKinsey Quar- In an interview in the December issue of November 2 at the Lensic Performing Arts terly essay by SFI External Professor W. Brian International Innovation magazine, SFI In a November 25 article in Time magazine Center in Santa Fe.

Nonlinearities From the editor RESEARCH NEWS With this issue we begin the Insti- tute’s 30th year. SFI’s past is rich with Who drinks with whom when? Drinking and reciprocity stories and even legends, and we plan to share much of that lore with you Some groups keep spirits high by taking cally, by analyzing who drinks with whom interest in keeping their shared genes going, over the next 12 months. It starts on turns hosting events or buying the next and how often. explains Hooper. Another is simple reciproc- page 4 of this issue with a peek back rounds of drinks. SFI Omidyar Fellow Paul ity: where kindness is repaid, evolution favors Evolutionary biology holds that social rela- into the Institute’s pre-history, when Hooper, SFI Research Fellow Simon DeDeo, the bond of friendship. tionships can form in a number of ways. One a group of senior scientists imagined and their colleagues recently explored how patterns of reciprocity vary with people’s is by virtue of kinship: related organisms, be During a research trip in Bolivia, Hooper, an a place where they could do research closeness, both geographically and geneti- they slime molds or baboons, have a shared evolutionary anthropologist, and his part- across disciplinary boundaries, nurture ner Ann Hooper Caldwell looked at how emerging disciplines, and venture into reciprocity varied with kinship and distance new theoretical territory. based on a favorite local pastime. Families This was revolutionary thinking, and in villages throughout South and Central at its core was a character of mythic America frequently host parties where proportions. What has struck me, as friends and relatives gather to socialize over I’ve interviewed many of the people rounds of chicha, a lightly alcoholic beer. who were there, is just how easily it By peeling and boiling sweet manioc (a starchy tuber), then chewing boiled pieces to could have gone wrong without the introduce enzymes, women prepare jugs of it unifying force of George Cowan and every few days. his conviction to see this grand experi- ment through. The pair interviewed household members We’ve launched a 30th anniversary of a small Amazonian village of the indig- website at www.santafe.edu/sfi30, enous Tsimane’ tribe twice a week over four where all year you will find storytelling months to see who hosted whom at chicha about SFI’s past. parties, and how often the favor was repaid. None of this work has ever been pos- Using computational analysis techniques de- sible, of course, without the generous veloped by DeDeo, the team found that the support of SFI’s community. The only more related the households, the more often way for the founders to reach the they drank together. (As relatedness is also scientific Nirvana they sought was to a determinant of living proximity, an indirect break the mold, especially the fund- effect of kinship emerges where a household ing mold, that constrained academic ends up partying with neighbors who tend SFI Omidyar Fellow Paul Hooper (center) drinking chicha with Tsimané men. (Image: Ann Hooper Caldwell) and government research freedom. to be kin.) Our 30th anniversary comes with a The study, “Dynamical Structure of a campaign, and Nancy Deutsch and her RESEARCH NEWS Traditional Amazonian Social Network,” Advancement team have put together published in the journal Entropy, also found a number of compelling opportunities a reciprocity signature among friends and for you to get involved. See page 8. Reality check: Can scientists know distant relations: one family hosting another Tanya Elliot, one of SFI’s first Omidyar that they do not know? doubles the chance the second will host the Fellows, succumbed to cancer in No- first within three days. Hooper explains that vember. This news sent reverberations rules of etiquette appear to apply to more What if you knew everything about the Wolpert says he’s always been dissatisfied of sadness through the Institute. She distant bonds, as it’s polite to return the fa- current universe – the state of every single with attempts to use Turing’s result to ana- vor promptly, but closer relations don’t keep was young and talented and she left particle – and all the laws governing the lyze the universe – to do so requires making such score. behind a family. She is deeply missed. universe’s evolution? Endowed with such elaborate assumptions about the compu- To leave a remembrance, please visit knowledge, you could then predict the fu- tational nature of the laws of the universe. “It’s a clear test of the theory of reciprocity, SFI’s website. ture, right? French philosopher Henri Laplace Instead Wolpert uses a different approach to which has been beset by a lot of doubt since We held a special tea for Research thought so. analyze what it would mean for a scientist it was introduced in the early seventies,” says Fellow Simon DeDeo, another of SFI’s to accurately know something about the Hooper. The study’s novel analyses make the Not so, contends SFI inaugural class of Omidyar Fellows, in external universe, whether by observing the findings particularly robust and offer new Professor David Wolpert Q December. If there’s one thing about universe’s present, predicting its future, or methods for future studies, he notes. – not even for the non- Simon, it’s that he can’t leave data remembering its past. chaotic, non-quantum- alone, especially about human behav- mechanical universe that Wolpert’s approach requires no assumptions ior. His brief goodbye speech, appar- Laplace assumed. about the laws of the universe. But it leads > Spectral redemption ently written on the back of a napkin, to an even wilder conclusion than Turing’s: continued from page 1 featured a quantitative analysis of his This unknowability, says simply for there to be a physical reality that own tea drinking. In short, while at Wolpert, is the true contains scientists observing, predicting, and by localized structures in the network rather SFI he estimates he drank 569 gallons nature of reality. With recollecting, there must be unanswerable than finding the large-scale structures we of tea, an average of 400 cups of tea the help of a $50,000 grant from the Foun- questions. care about.” per research paper. All Simon. He’s an dational Questions Institute, an organization excellent science communicator and that funds research on physics, cosmology, He has already used the approach to derive The researchers tested their non-backtracking friend, and I will miss him. Good luck and the underpinnings of reality, he hopes results with tantalizing connections to the method on several networks commonly used Professor DeDeo. to extend his ideas from the realm of theory uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. to benchmark clustering methods. They found and allow them to be validated experimentally. He says he plans to investigate other possible that their method succeeds all the way down Congratulations to past Omidyar Fel- connections. to the theoretical limit, performing as well as low Nathan Collins. He and his wife To understand Wolpert’s claim, start with any algorithm can. It also provides an estimate Theresa Buckley were blessed with a a philosophy classic: “this sentence is not “It would be drop-dead totally cool if the of the number of clusters, helping solve an- boy, Connor Collins, on December 9. true.” If that’s true, then it’s false. If it’s false, laws of quantum mechanics popped out,” other thorny problem in network analysis. then it’s true. Whether it’s true is a ques- he says, though he concedes that’s a long Finally, a recent exchange at SFI: tion without an answer: a mathematical shot. At a minimum, he expects the work to Co-authors include Elchanan Mossel, Joe “When are you due?” Female visitor: chicken-or-egg problem. Early last century, further our understanding of the fundamen- Neeman, and Allan Sly (UC Berkeley); Lenka “February 10, but the standard devia- Alan Turing showed that such unanswerable tal limitations on what we can know about Zdeborová and Florent Krzakala (CNRS, tion is 10 days.” Q questions are inevitable in any sufficiently physical reality. Q France); SFI Postdoctoral Fellow Pan Zhang; – John German, [email protected] powerful computer. and Moore. Q SFI Online CREDITS As part of an October 21 Q&A on the Explor- Multimedia content available at www.santafe.edu Editor: John German ing Politics blog, SFI Professor Paula Sabloff Contributors: Krista Zala, Jenna Marshall, Nathan Collins, says although the ideals of democracy ap- Video: SFI President Jerry Sabloff on Video: Historian George Dyson on Deb Trevino, Erin Kenzie, pear to be globalized, how people see their SFI’s progress in the Templeton Founda- the geniuses who invented the digital Laura Hubert relationships with their governments varies tion-funded project seeking patterns in universe. SFI 2013 Community Lecture Design & production: according to particular perspectives. the emergence of complex human societ- Michael Vittitow, ies. SFI project video Audio: SFI External Professor John Laura Chambliss On October 14 on the BBC Radio program Pepper shows how an understanding VP for Outreach: “The Digital Human,” SFI Distinguished Pro- Video: SFI Distinguished Professor of evolution might suggest new ways Ginger Richardson fessor Geoffrey West helps explore the hopes Geoffrey West on SFI’s progress in the to beat cancer. Santa Fe Radio Café The SFI Update is published and challenges of rapid urbanization including Templeton-funded project seeking the interview bimonthly by the Institute to the sustainability of smart cities. hidden laws underlying complex biologi- keep its community informed. cal and social systems. SFI project video Audio: SFI Research Fellow Simon Please send comments or In Forbes on October 11, Jonathan Haidt DeDeo describes SFI research to find questions to John German and David Sloan Wilson posit that Darwinian Video: SFI External Professor David and explain patterns of human social at [email protected]. evolution is a good starting point for a grand Krakauer on SFI’s progress in the behavior in data from the online en- theory of business, citing research by SFI Templeton-funded project to understand cyclopedia Wikipedia. Santa Fe Radio Follow SFI online at External Professor Herbert Gintis. the evolution of complexity and intelli- Café interview www.santafe.edu gence on earth. SFI project video

RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS How shifts in behavior shape human institutions Ruben Andrist: Whether they’re incremental or cataclysmic, shifts in behavior often prompt feedback ef- Quantum memory fects through social systems. and fragility For example, a wartime labor shortage, post- war economic growth, and a growing sense of gender egalitarianism are a few of the Quantum computers offer a radical leap in interrelated factors that have led women in computing power because quantum bits can Western European countries to work outside exist in parallel states, thus taking on many val- the home. ues at the same time. Theoretically, this means a quantum computer could run all the rows Often, drivers of change in attitudes and of a multiplication table at once rather than behaviors among people, social groups, and computing it row by row, one factor at a time, institutions in turn affect other sources of as classical computers must. governance. These reciprocal relationships are what SFI’s Coevolution of Behaviors and Institutions working group has explored since it started meeting in 1998.

The group gathers again in January at SFI, led by SFI Professor Sam Bowles, head of the Institute’s Behavioral Sciences Program. Par- ticipants include anthropologist Robert Boyd (Arizona State University, SFI Cowan Profes- sor), and economists Larry Blume (Cornell, SFI External Professor), Peyton Young (Oxford), and Herbert Gintis (Central European Univer- sity, SFI External Professor).

Its members study how the institutions that regulate social interactions – such as economic exchange, marital matching, and cooperation and conflict within and between groups – “The beauty of [quantum computing] is that shape the evolution of individual preferences, the brute force is done by the physics and norms, and other motivations, and in turn not by the machine,” says SFI Omidyar Fellow how the resulting individual behaviors shape Ruben Andrist. the evolution of social institutions. But there are many obstacles in the construc- “To sharpen the theory-building process, tion of a true quantum computing system. we address such empirical puzzles as the With his background in statistical physics and innovation, persistence, and demise of institu- spin glass theory, Andrist’s research focuses tions regulating economic activity and the 1942 wartime poster by J. Howard Miller for Westinghouse. Pictured is Geraldine Doyle (1924-2010) at age 17. on the comparison of quantum memories and (Image: Wikimedia Commons) distribution of wealth,” explains Bowles. By how they would allow for error control in a applying methods including empirical cases, quantum computing system. “It turns out the Among the attendees this January are North and South Italy. Presenter Amanda Lea agent-based simulations, and stochastic reason we don’t have quantum computers yet Diego Gambetta, a sociologist from Oxford Robinson, a political scientist at Ohio State evolutionary game theory, they hope to use is that the systems you use to build the quan- with expertise in trust within extra-legal University, will show how collective identity our understanding of these system dynamics tum computer are very fragile,” he says. “If you affects trust and cooperation between to find ways institutions can better serve the systems such as the Mafia; he will present want to be able to control [a quantum system], ethnic groups in her session “The Geography needs of all people, particularly the least well- results of behavioral experiments seeking you have to fiddle with it, touch it, and deal of Ethnic Diversity.” Q off, he says. to understand cultural differences between with any errors.”

But to observe any part of the quantum system RESEARCH NEWS is to destroy the very property of parallelism that makes it powerful. “There is a trade-off Infectious notions: Applying disease dynamics to ideas between you isolating the system and you actu- ally being able to control the system – it is an When Ben Althouse and Laurent Hebert- In the world of ideas, a person being aware of They looked to perhaps the best high-volume, inherent flaw of a quantum computer,” he says. Dufresne attended SFI’s 2012 Complex two complementary or conflicting thoughts publicly available, and massively interconnect- Systems Summer School, they began a pro- simultaneously can result in the ideas boost- ed contemporary network to develop and The method Andrist uses to test the validity ductive collaboration, developing a model of ing each other, or one notion replacing the test its idea models: Twitter. They sampled of quantum layouts is to deduce, from the influenza resistance to antiviral medications. other. As ideas spread through a population, one percent of all tweets from Twitter users interaction of the individual elements, which qubits in the system might be faulty: in other Later, working with SFI Research Fellow this phenomenon is repeated, each idea globally for over a year. The amount of data words, identify faulty elements of the system Simon DeDeo, the team applied the conta- spreading and lingering at various speeds. is staggering: a single 30-minute interval can gion model to social dynamics. yield 75,000 samples. without directly observing them. This allows him to figure out how many qubits, and in Idea modeling breeds its own set of com- “It turns out the models are equally applic- “Twitter is vast,” says Althouse. “There are a what arrangement, would allow programmers plexities distinct from disease modeling; for able to both systems,” explains Althouse, lot of ideas bouncing around, a lot of memes, to store information reliably and correct errors example, one can harbor dozens of ideas who recently joined SFI as an Omidyar Fellow. ideas that come up quickly, hang around, along the way. rather than a strain or two of a pathogen. then go away, so it’s a good place to look at In the biological case, when someone is the replacement of one idea with another.” “A quantum computing system sort of forces treated with antivirals, there’s a chance the A recent SFI working group on the topic, you to do what I wish many of the program- viral strain will develop a mutation that makes From Coinfection to Cultural Dissonance: Following a good deal of brainstorming about mers of the software we use today would have the antiviral ineffective. The infected person New Challenges for Biological and Cultural the best ways to apply epidemiological mod- done: To be mindful at every step of all the then can have two strains: susceptible and Evolution, involving the three researchers ran els to memes, the group is now running simu- possible things that could go wrong and fix resistant. for a month. lations of how contagious ideas spread. Q them as you go.” Q SFI@30

Conception to birth: A gleam in one scientist’s eye Editor’s note: This is the first in a series of Update articles recounting the history of the Santa Fe Institute drawn from, where possible, primary sources. Special thanks to SFI Co-founder in Residence David Pines for his recollections and insights. For a more detailed article and more stories about the Institute’s past, please visit www.santafe.edu/sfi30.

By John German

n George Cowan’s telling, the notion for a Santa some of his own scientific passions. The Council, he The first Institute phone was Fe Institute began to form in the summer of 1956. thought, was an opportunity for scientists to lend a helpful in the Slansky bedroom, recalls IHe had been invited to the Aspen Institute, where hand to policy makers. Given the issues at hand – the Cold Helene, who first heard about the prominent intellectuals from the arts, science, and culture War, AIDS, energy supply – it should have been. idea from Gell-Mann in 1983 dur- gathered for free-form philosophical exchanges. He had ing a senior fellows dinner. “He just participated as the lone scientist in a discussion of But plain talk from scientists was, perhaps, not what explained that it was difficult to literature. the politicians always wanted to hear. In his memoirs get funding for cross-disciplinary The Manhattan Project to the Santa Fe Institute, Cowan science,” she says. “If a physicist For his part, he had chosen to talk about entropy – the lamented that “it soon became clear that scientific factors and a biologist wanted to work tendency of systems to move toward disorder – and what mattered considerably less to the White House staff than together, they would have to insights this principle from thermodynamics might offer political considerations.” request funding from either the about the workings of human society. His talk was not physics or biology department. well received by the other participants, who were more The Cowan Collaborative Government agencies weren’t It was in this context that Cowan, in 1982, convened accustomed to the ideas of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato Murray Gell-Mann, going to fund an institute without than those of Boltzmann. a group of senior fellows at Los Alamos National Lab unknown date a track record. It made a lot of (LANL) for weekly discussions about big problems in sci- sense to me.” Nor was Cowan fully satisfied. Although he was energized ence. These leading thinkers – including Stirling Colgate, by the mingling of perspectives, as a scientist he thought: Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Darragh Nagle, Peter The founders always wanted to name the new center the “This would be an even greater idea if the discussion were Caruthers, and others – typically met in a conference room “Santa Fe Institute.” But a local treatment center for re- driven by facts rather than essays.” outside the office of Sig Hecker, the Lab’s forward-think- covering alcoholics already held claim to the name. In May ing director. 1984 the Institute was incorporated under the alternative Science serving society name “Rio Grande Institute.” (Several months later, Cowan Cowan had always believed the physical sciences held At Cowan’s urging, the discussions centered on a concept purchased the preferred name “Santa Fe Institute” from great promise for solving human problems, and he had for a new education and research institute that would the struggling treatment center for $5,000 and changed good reason. As a promising young chemist before and tackle emerging questions between the traditional aca- the Institute’s name to the “Santa Fe Institute for Science.”) demic disciplines. In summer 1984 there were still many questions, of David Pines, a course. The founders group knew private funding would renowned physicist be needed to foster the independent nature they envi- from the University of sioned for the new center. They knew it would need a Illinois at Urbana- physical presence in Santa Fe, and thus an attractive build- Champaign and an ing and a staff. There was little consensus regarding what advisor to the Lab’s scientific themes the center would tackle. theory division, was invited in early 1983 “Everybody had their favorite topics,” Pines says. “Mine to join the discus- was to have an institution without fiefdoms and to find sions, along with a and bring in people like us, but 30, 40, 50 years younger.” few other frequent LANL collaborators But by far the biggest obstacle, says Pines, was that “we such as mathemati- had no audience.” cian Gian-Carlo Rota from MIT and Bringing in the best radiochemist Tony Herb Anderson offered a possible solution. He suggested Turkevich from the a workshop in Santa Fe with as many top scientists as University of would participate. “The idea was to bounce our idea off Chicago. of people and see what they thought of our game plan,” says Pines. “At the time the con- George Cowan, circa 1987, at the Institute’s then-headquarters in the Cristo Rey Convent, looking through That plan included developing networks of researchers cept was to create a the papers of Stanislaw Ulam. The collection of papers, donated by the Ulam family, were the beginning of around particular cross-disciplinary topics of interest to the the SFI Library. new kind of teaching scientific community. Wrote Cowan: “Herb Anderson said, institution for gradu- ‘Pick out the best people, bring them in, and ask them to during World War II, he was among the scientists at the ate students,” says Pines. “We wanted to attack problems tell us what interests them’…We were picking the people, center of the international race with Nazi Germany to be that cut across many fields, problems like human behavior not the topics.” the first to harness the power of the atom and to wield and cognition. It was all about really good people who that power for socio-political ends. After the war, the were crossing disciplines. We recognized that universities Assuming the rate of acceptance would be low, the organiz- urgency intensified as the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged were ill-equipped to nurture emerging new fields, and we ers extended many invitations. To their surprise, says Pines, in a struggle for technological dominance that would last were thinking about how we could help them grow.” “about 90 percent of the people we asked accepted.” four more decades. The power of prestige To accommodate the larger crowd, the founders asked But in the summer of 1956, in Aspen, his talk on social As a member of the National Academies, Pines knew Santa Fe’s School for Advanced Research for the use of entropy was probably before its time. nearly every leading scientist in America. He soon invited SAR’s meeting room, beginning an informal institutional Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, the Caltech physicist, tie that continues to this day. Two workshops were sched- Statistical mechanics, and probability theory in particular, to the discussions. uled rather than one. had not yet shown scientists new ways to quantify uncertainty in dynamical systems. Among its promises was that The prestige of Pines, Gell-Mann, The week-long workshops, which took place in late a richer understanding of human behavior – what Cowan Anderson, Metropolis, and others October and early November 1984, were titled “Emerging would later call “the daily, messy world of human affairs” would prove to be a key factor in Syntheses in Science.” They are memorialized in a printed – might be within reach of the math-speaking sciences. attracting top minds to the fledg- volume by the same name, SFI’s first tangible scientific ling institute, Cowan later wrote. result. Computers, too, were to become more powerful, and some scientists had begun dreaming of the day they might Pines, whose present-day title is “I would argue that the founding workshops were the simulate highly complex systems, even living systems, in SFI Co-founder In Residence, beginning of SFI,” says Pines. “Before the workshops, we silico. today calls the founders group didn’t know if our institute was going to fly or flop. After the “Cowan Collaborative.” “It the workshops, we knew we were on to something. There The unscience of politics was a truly collaborative effort, was a lot of energy and support. All we needed was a Thus, it wasn’t for nearly 30 more years, in the early David Pines at SFI in 2013 with George guiding our discus- few million dollars, a building, a staff, and a great deal 1980’s, that Cowan took the first tangible steps toward sions,” he says. “He practiced of luck.” Q a pioneering, transdisciplinary research center. He had true leadership. He had the vision, but most of the time been invited to serve on the White House Science Council, he did not talk.” Who were SFI’s founders? Visit www.santafe.edu/s!30 a group of leading scientists charged with advising the for more about some of the people who helped de!ne White House staff and the President. As the discussions continued in Los Alamos, Cowan the Santa Fe Institute. secured a post office box in Santa Fe, P.O. Box 9020, and President Reagan’s administration was engaged in a sci- the founders began to reach out to potential backers in entific (and fiscal) standoff with the Soviets over strategic Santa Fe, Los Alamos, and Albuquerque. Helene Slansky, In the March / April issue of the Update: SFI@30 con- missile defense. Cowan, as a senior fellow at Los Alamos wife of senior fellow Richard Slansky, volunteered to play tinues with “Something from nothing: SFI emerges and National Lab, had been afforded the latitude to pursue an organizational role. synthesizes.” Three ‘Majesty of Music & Mathematics’ concerts thrill Santa Fe crowds

In early November, The Santa Fe Symphony and the Santa Fe Institute presented a unique symphony of science. “The Majesty of Music and Mathematics” featured remarks by SFI Professor Cris Moore (top left), a mathematician and computer scientist. Musical selections from The Symphony, conducted by David Felberg, and an expansive overhead multimedia presentation, developed by Moore and Symphony Director Greg Heltman, helped demonstrate Moore’s tour of mathematical patterns in life and music, such as the alluring fractal image known as the Mandelbrot Set (above). The concert was performed three times to packed houses at the Lensic Performing Arts Center in Santa Fe, once to a Saturday night adult crowd and twice to Monday morning audiences (left) of northern New Mexico students. (Images: InSightFoto)

ADVANCEMENT NEWS Breakfasts serve up eggs, bacon, & science SFI has been taking a new approach to reach- using earthquake prediction models. ing its far-ﬂung community lately: breakfast. Ike Nassi, a former executive at tech stalwarts Most recently, SFI External Professor Raissa Apple and SAP, says the latest event was his D’Souza helped serve up eggs, bacon, and third or fourth time coming. “I always walk network science to a few dozen Silicon Valley away with more ideas,” he says, and, perhaps, entrepreneurs and researchers at a December collaborations. Nassi says he’s looking forward SFI event in Palo Alto. to hearing more about D’Souza’s ideas.

D’Souza, a professor of computer science and For her part, D’Souza told the crowd she’s mechanical engineering at UC Davis, spoke eager to learn more about the real-world chal- about the new, often counterintuitive world of lenges those in the tech industry face when network science, a world where more connec- working with interconnected communications, tivity isn’t always better. “Some networking is supply, and electrical power networks. good. Too much is overwhelming,” she told the crowd. SFI VP for Advancement Nancy Deutsch, who Past breakfasts featured such speakers as helps organize the meetings, says she hopes SFI Distinguished Professor Geoffrey West, to expand the breakfasts to East Coast cities then-SFI Faculty Chair Doug Erwin, and SFI and perhaps overseas. “The breakfasts are Science Board member Dawn Song, who gave great ways to extend the message of what attendees a peek at next-generation web se- an SFI approach to science is all about,” she curity tools the UC Berkeley computer scientist says. “They’re more friend-raising than directly is developing. SFI External Professor and UC fundraising opportunities, although we cer- Davis geophysicist John Rundle considered tainly hope the participants will continue to what one could learn about ﬁnancial markets support SFI in meaningful ways.” Q

Gell-Mann honored at Caltech’s ’50 years of the quark’ celebration

SFI Distinguished Fellow and co-founder Murray Pseudomonas fluorescens (Image: Wikimedia Commons) Gell-Mann was honored at the California Institute of Technology December 9 and 10 as part of an event > Staying relevant continued from page 1 celebrating “50 years of the quark.” To see how a species adjusts to the condi- one state favorable to each population type, While at Caltech in the 1950s and 60s, tions it creates, Libby and colleague Paul to see at what switching rates the species Gell-Mann theorized the existence of and Rainey at the New Zealand Institute for flourished. The results surprised them. helped establish the characteristics of Advanced Study looked to Pseudomonas “The best strategy is to produce the kind subatomic particles he named quarks. fluorescens. The free-living bacterium has that’s not good in the current environment He was awarded the Nobel Prize two forms: the smooth type proliferates in a about 10 percent of the time,” says Libby. in physics in 1969 for his work broth, but by doing so uses up the oxygen. That rate is independent of environmental on the theory of elementary A single mutation produces the second factors and is three orders of magnitude particles. wrinkly type, which makes a glue that sticks offspring together. higher than the researchers expected, he SFI Distinguished Professor says. Further, letting some of both types sur- Geoffrey West was among The resulting bacterial mat rises to the vive through an environment switch also led those who spoke at the surface – the only place oxygen is available to a surprising response: one organism will event. Q in a beaker choked by the smooth type. thrive, nearly driving the other to oblivion, (Conversely, as the mat grows and provides then will suddenly collapse and die. stable access to oxygen, wrinkly types ran- Murray Gell-Mann gives a talk domly produce smooth types.) Eventually the Libby reasons that these findings, published during Caltech’s ‘50 years of mat collapses, letting oxygen stream back December 18, 2013 in PLOS ONE, suggest the quark’ celebration in his into the broth. that a simple relationship between organ- honor. (Image: Caltech) isms and environments could provide a pos- Based on this simple life cycle, the research- sible route for the evolution of developmen- ers ran simulations where P. fluorescens tal programs from random mutation-driven drove the environment between two states, change. Q EDUCATION NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS Q&A with dynamics MOOC instructor David Feldman Complex systems pioneer and SFI External Professor John Holland, a member of SFI’s Board of Trustees and Science Board, is among five people select- ed to receive awards from Montana State University for pioneering work in computers, communications, and biodiversity. Holland is awarded the George R. Stibitz Computer and Communica- tions Award.

A positive review of SFI Professor Paula Sabloff’s Does Everyone Want Democracy? Insights from Mongolia in Choice magazine says her book is an essential addition to academic library collec- tions, as well as for those seeking to understand Mongolians’ complex attitudes about democracy. Choice is used by librarians at academic institutions to decide whether to purchase recently published books. Reviews are by scholars in ﬁelds relevant to each book.

SFI Science Board member Thomas F. Rosenbaum has been named President of the California Institute of Technology. Since Janu- ary 2007, Rosenbaum has served as provost at the University of Chi- cago. He is expected to David Feldman take ofﬁce at Caltech in July. Q

Starting this month, College of the Atlantic systems, and so it seemed appropriate that troduction to chaos and dynamical systems, physics and mathematics professor David the next online course offered through the regardless of their mathematical levels. Feldman is offering a free online course: “In- Complexity Explorer project was on chaos troduction to Dynamical Systems and Chaos.” and dynamics. Kenzie: How do you anticipate students will benefit from taking your course? 2014 SFI The course is offered through SFI’s Complex- Kenzie: What kind of student did you have education ity Explorer (www.complexityexplorer.org) in mind when you designed the course? Feldman: My goal is to present an intellectu- beginning January 6, 2014. You can enroll ally honest introduction to the key results and begin taking the course any time during Feldman: I can imagine many types of and big themes and ideas of chaos and program deadlines the eight-week course. students who might be interested in this dynamical systems, and to do so in a general course: someone who has taken Melanie’s enough way so that it is valuable to a wide Undergraduate students - Research The course is a continuation of the successful “Introduction to Complexity” and who range of course participants with different Experiences for Undergraduates summer massive open online course (MOOC) series wants to dig deeper into chaos; someone motivations and goals. internship program, June 8 - August 16, that began with two offerings of SFI External who has heard about the butterfly effect 2014 in Santa Fe: apply by February 7, Kenzie: Have you taught a MOOC before? Professor Melanie Mitchell’s “Introduction to and strange attractors and wants to learn 2014. Complexity.” a little bit about the mathematics behind What interests or excites you about the these phenomena; someone with a back- opportunity? Graduate students - Graduate Work- Feldman recently fielded some questions ground in science or social science who shop in Computational Social Science, Feldman: This is my first MOOC. I have, about the new course from the Complexity is looking for a thematic overview of dy- Modeling, and Complexity, June 22 - July however, taught a course on chaos and Explorer’s Erin Kenzie: namical systems before launching into more 5, 2014 in Santa Fe: apply by February 14, dynamical systems at this level for many advanced study; someone with an interest 2014. Kenzie: Why was this course chosen as a years at College of the Atlantic. This course in complex systems – or anything for that MOOC offering by SFI? How does it fit within has been well received and I have enjoyed matter – who thinks chaos and dynamics High school students - Summer Com- the Complexity Explorer project? teaching it. It has been very satisfying to might relate to their interests and would like plexity and Modeling Program (CAMP), help students discover the important and to find out if that’s the case. July 13 - 25, 2014 in Groton, Massachu- Feldman: Chaos and dynamics are core top- fun surprises that dynamical systems hold, setts: apply by April 21, 2014. Q ics for the study of complex systems. They Kenzie: How much math background is and then to see how they apply these ideas show us that simple, deterministic systems necessary? in their own areas of interest. I’m can produce unpredictable and complex excited to bring chaos and dynam- behavior. Thus, it is possible that complex Feldman: The course will make use of el- ics to a larger audience and to or unpredictable phenomena have simple ementary high school algebra. We will review interact with students of all origins or explanations. One of the key math topics along the way and help will be backgrounds from all over the themes of dynamical systems is that order available in the online discussion forum. There world. Teaching a large online and disorder are not mutually exclusive cat- will be optional assignments for those with a class will be a challenge. I’m a egories; they can exist together in the same more extensive math background. I think the bit nervous about it, since this system and have the same origins. These are course will be accessible and of interest to is a new experience for me, but important lessons for the study of complex almost anyone who wants to gain a solid in- I’m also very excited. Q

EDUCATION NEWS SFI’s Project GUTS receives national award

The Afterschool Alliance and the Noyce programs that target students in fourth GUTS we want to offer Foundation have recognized SFI’s Project through eighth grades, serve students from them the chance to GUTS (Growing Up Thinking Scientifically) populations underrepresented in STEM develop computing with one of two inaugural Afterschool STEM fields, and can demonstrate the impact of and STEM inquiry skills Impact Awards. (STEM stands for science, their programs on students who participate. while strengthening technology, engineering, and mathematics.) the connections they “We are thrilled to receive this national see between comput- The award was announced during the recognition and award,” said Irene Lee, who ing and solving real- Project GUTS Lights On! Afterschool event directs SFI’s K-12 STEM programs, including world problems.” Q in Santa Fe on October 20 – one of 8,000 Project GUTS and GUTS y Girls, as part of events held across the country in October as SFI’s K-12 Learning Lab. “Our students have part of the nationwide rally for afterschool demonstrated that learners as young as STEM and computing programs. middle school age can engage in compu- Angelina Tucker works with tational modeling and scientific inquiry to Josiah Tucker during the October 20, 2013 Lights On! The Afterschool STEM Impact Awards understand and potentially solve problems Afterschool event in Santa recognize outstanding afterschool STEM in their local communities. Through Project Fe. (Image: Melissa Fricek) INSIDE SFI > Sabloff Q&A continued from page 1 the world. That’s not to say Four elected to we were the innovator of transdisciplinary thinking. SFI’s Board of But I think it’s fair to say Trustees that the success in understanding complex adaptive Four people have been elected to SFI’s Board systems through transdisci- of Trustees: plinary approaches has been the major achievement of Andrew Berg is a former the Institute. tax partner at New York law firm Debevoise & This emphasis on complex- Plimpton. His practice ity, along with the transdis- included mergers and ciplinary approach, has led acquisitions, debt restruc- to a number of specific turing, spin-offs, private scientific advancements. SFI equity, and real estate has played a foundational joint ventures. He is an ad- role, for example, in junct professor of law in the graduate division developing and applying of New York University School of Law, where methods for analysis and he teaches advanced partnership taxation. His computational modeling of three-year appointment began November 3, 2013. complex systems such as nonlinear dynamics, Katherine Collins is agent-based modeling, founder and CEO of information theory, From left: Jennifer Dunne, Honeybee Capital, a firm Jerry Sabloff, and Cris Moore machine learning, game focused on research into theory, genetic algorithms, sustainable investing and network community detection, and so should be thinking about, but also what and those who come to work with us on behavioral finance. Previ- forth. Many early and continuing contribu- approaches it should adopt in the coming specific research programs – to new ously she served in numer- tions to what is now called “complexity years. In essence, we’ll be asking ourselves external faculty and resident faculty and ous high-level investment economics” were made here. Foundational whether we should continue along the Science Board members. All the indicators and philanthropy posi- work in applying scaling and metabolic same path, whether we should modify it, or are positive in this regard. The numbers tions at Fidelity Management and Research theories from biology to cities, both whether we should significantly change it. I and quality of applicants to our Omidyar Company. She is author of the forthcoming modern and ancient, was accomplished very much look forward to the outcome of Fellowship and for our Cowan Chair in book, The Nature of Investing. Her three-year here. The list goes on and encompasses that effort, and we’ll be hearing more by Human Social Dynamics have been top appointment began November 3, 2013. progress in many areas, from evolutionary the May 2014 board meeting. notch, for example. So I’m feeling good, but Ian McKinnon is the computation and computational immunol- this is going to be a continuing challenge. president of ZBI Equities, ogy to cultural evolution, innovation, and Update: How would you characterize the L.L.C. and a managing wealth inequality. In these cases and Institute’s health, both scientifically and Another challenge of a different sort is to partner of Ziff Brothers numerous others, the Institute’s scientists fiscally, at this milestone? continue the integration of our terrific new Investments. Since join- and their collaborators played and are Tesuque Campus, generously donated to SFI ing ZBI, he has executed playing a major role. Sabloff: On the scientific side, the Institute late last year by Clare and Eugene Thaw. investments across most is very strong. We’ve come through a We’ve already used it for small working segments of the capital Update: How does the ethos instilled by SFI’s challenging period, given the economic groups and for housing visitors, but we’re markets, including private founders connect to the Institute’s future? situation since October 2008, a period that continuing to find better ways to integrate equity, venture capital, public equity, and has been particularly difficult for nonprofits. it into the daily life of the Institute. certain macro sectors such as sovereign debt. We lost some key resident faculty members His three-year appointment began January 1, during that time, but I’m happy to say we’ve Update: What can we expect to see in 2014. just hired three new resident professors. 2014 with regards to celebrating the Sam Peters is the David Wolpert has joined us on a part-time Institute’s 30th? portfolio manager of basis from Los Alamos National Laboratory. the Legg Mason Capital Both Sidney Redner, currently the chair of Sabloff: You can read all about it in this Management Value Trust issue, but the synopsis is that we have the physics department at Boston Univer- mutual fund and the re- launched a 30th year campaign where we sity, and Michael Lachmann, an evolution- lated Value Equity strategy hope to raise $30 million in the next several ary biologist at the Max Planck Institute, will for institutional investors. years. This could help improve our financial be joining us full-time this summer. They Prior to joining Legg Ma- join the two full-time professors we hired strength, and on a pragmatic level that is very son he served as portfolio last year: Cris Moore and Luis Bettencourt. important. But I think this anniversary is also a manager of the Fidelity Select Health Care This gives me a lot of reason for optimism. good chance to celebrate the people who Fund and the Fidelity Select Medical Equip- participated in our first 30 years and the ment Fund. In 1996 he founded Samuel M. During the economic downturn, we were scientific progress the Institute has helped Peters Investment Advisors, an independent forced to cut back on support for some of make possible, as well as to call attention to advisory firm. His three-year appointment our scientific activities. We’ve seen a our vision for the future of science. [More began November 3, 2013. significant pickup this past year, under the about the campaign on page 8.] The Santa Fe Institute’s Board of Trustees, leadership of Chair of the Faculty Jennifer which has the fiduciary responsibility for the Dunne, in workshops and working groups, Update: Your term as president ends in Institute, oversees SFI’s operations through as well as an increase in the number of 2015 and you have announced your its biannual meetings and its active commit- visitors. The feeling at SFI this past summer intention to retire at that time. What is the tees that offer advice and support to SFI’s was more like the Institute of old, with > more on page 8 leadership. Q Sabloff: SFI has been extraordinarily people, ideas, energy, and a lot of excite- successful at making connections among ment. These are all positive trends. top scientists from many fields, giving them BOOK NEWS the opportunity to gather in Santa Fe and On the fiscal side, clearly we’re better off collaborate on important new insights into than we were in late 2008 and throughout In Cultural Evolution: theoretical entity: Agent_Zero. Grounded Society, Technol- how our world operates – not only today 2009. We’ve been able to pay off the in contemporary neuroscience, this soft- ogy, Language, and but also in the past, and even how it might mortgage on our Cowan Campus that we ware individual, or “agent,” is endowed Religion (MIT Press, function in the future. These insights, I took out in 2009 at the beginning of the with distinct emotional/affective, cognitive/ 2013), co-edited by think, give us hope of finding new ways to economic crisis, so it feels good to be debt deliberative, and social modules. When Peter Richerson and free. But there’s still a long way to go. The multiple agents of this new type move and cope with many of the challenges the world SFI External Professor fiscal environment for SFI in particular, and interact spatially, they collectively generate faces today. Morten Christiansen, a range of dynamics spanning the fields of for nonprofits in this country in general, is leading research- social conflict, psychology, public health, So the simple answer to your question is still extremely challenging. That’s true in ers from theoretical that the approach and the accomplishments terms of general private philanthropy, federal biology, developmen- law, network science, and economics. of SFI’s first three decades have given the grants, Business Network memberships, and tal and cognitive psychology, linguistics, Aid on the Edge of Institute great credibility and respect, both so on. With the economy improving and the anthropology, sociology, religious studies, Chaos: Rethinking in the scientific community and in the wider market up, I think there is reason to be history, and economics come together to academic community. This credibility, I guardedly optimistic, but the budget is still explore the central role of cultural evolution International Coop- think, serves as a foundation for the kinds very tight and there are a number of factors in human affairs. Several SFI researchers and eration in a Complex of research the Institute will be doing and beyond our control that continue to worry us. collaborators are among the contributors. World (Oxford, 2013) the kinds of insights it will attain during the by Ben Ramalingam next three decades. Update: Other than financial, what do you In Agent_Zero: looks at the implica- see as SFI’s biggest challenges for the next Toward Neurocogni- tions of complex In terms of specific directions for the future, few years and beyond? tive Foundations for systems research for SFI’s Board of Trustees has put together a Generative Social international develop- strategic thinking committee, which has Sabloff: By far the major challenge for us is Science (Princeton ment and humanitarian work. Ramalingam produced a set of key questions that all of to continue to attract top scientists at all University Press, draws on and synthesizes the work of SFI’s faculty and staff will be looking at in career levels, from undergraduate students 2014), SFI External numerous SFI scientists and spent time at the coming months to help us focus on not and graduate students to postdocs – those Professor Josh Epstein the Institute researching the book. Q only what major questions the Institute in our groundbreaking Omidyar Fellowship introduces a new T our commitment to pushing the boundaries I think perfectly capture the spirit of SFI and S The words atright,whichanchorour complex adaptivesystems. have built a new approach to science around since who innovators many the to 1984 in days and months leading up to our founding group of scientists who conceived of SFI in the from our first three decades – from the small stories share we’ll months coming the In conversation, andeducation. pressing challenges through collaboration, society’s most explore to continue we as look forward to all that we can accomplish a world hub of complexity science. And we’ll philanthropists who have made the Institute at the visionary scientists, scholars, and on the horizons of science. We’ll look back In 2014, SFI celebrates 30 years of insights cience. New Present at the creation S C D M SFI@30 hree decadesofcomplexity anta FeInstitute o-founder inResidence, avid Y S P T ines H ORY

1399 Hyde Park Road orizons. Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 505.984.8800 celebration for 2014,

www.santafe.edu New

our next 30 years. We can do this because a sustainable and solid financial footing for touch every aspect of the Institute and provide comprehensive fundraising campaign that will are also launching the public phase of a As we mark this important milestone, we connections, opportunity, insights,andhope. complex system that brings together people, of scientificunderstanding.SFIisitsown The The ally curious and talented and curious ally and SFI shaped have that precepts made it the intellectual hub of complex systems research worldwide. and At SFI’s core are exception history the to commitment renewed a through gained scientific fresh gain us helping issues, these of heart the to gets approach transdisciplinary Our problems. — result in a distinctive a in result — was born, a a born, was science to approach signature a which in decades three first our on reflect we 30, turns “As SFI boundaries. We also look ahead to the next 30 years in which we will behold will we which in years 30 next the to ahead look also boundaries.We connections insights “ In early 1983, Nick Metropolis, one of the original Manhattan Project physicists Science,’ thefoundingworkshopsthatlaunchedSFIin1984. Murray Gell-Mann, and me to organize what became ‘Emerging Syntheses in research directions and test our game plan. We agreed, and George asked Herb, fellows, that we convene a group of distinguished colleagues to explore initial A defining moment was a suggestion by Herb Anderson, one of those senior that wastryingtofoundanewkindofeducationalinstitutioninSantaFe. Collaborative,’ agroup ofLosAlamosseniorfellowsledbyGeorgeCowan and afuture SFIScienceBoard member, invitedmetojointhe‘Cowan January / February 2014 science new — insights that, if used wisely, offer offer wisely, used if that, insights — that our scientists make — connections that link fields, ideas, and each other other fields, each ideas, link and that make connections — scientists our that opportunity based on a revolutionary spirit and a dedication to inquiry without without inquiry to dedication a and spirit revolutionary a on based UPDATE people — some of the great scientific minds of our day. for innovative thinking about some of our most pressing pressing most our of some about thinking innovative for

science with the understanding that I would step step that Iwould understanding the with but Iagreed, term. three-year for asecond in 2012then asked stay Iwould if Board the and president, as term for athree-year SFI S president? SFI an for qualities important most the are think you do what and search, presidential the of status egos in science, and that’s a good thing, but but thing, good a that’s and science, in egos strong of lot a are there Finally, community. broader much our in also and Institute the at here staff and scholars of community diverse very a energize to skills people the has who someone need we intangibly, more think, I then And job. the of part key a that’s because fundraising, in experience and success significant had has who someone needs SFI time, same the At tion. in running an organiza experience gained ways of variety a in has who or university, a at provost a or dean, a chair, department a been has least at who experience, administrative with someone be to needs president new the addition, In systems. complex of study the in interest an have to need obviously Candidates beyond. and SFI within both community, scientific the by accepted widely be to have will she or He credentials. scientific strong have to needs president SFI next the foremost and first qualities, of terms In job. easy an not It’s available. person best the find to poised they’re think I School. Medical Harvard of Fontana Walter member] Committee Steering Science and Professor External [SFI by headed committee search strong a together put has Board The position. terrific a is presidency SFI the think I search. the about optimistic very I’m has faced duringmy term. Institute the in light challenges of the my priority top haven’t which been writing, and my research achance to me continue give will to do. That of 2015, summer in the down Iintend which Nancy Deutsch, Vice PresidentNancy Deutsch,Vice forAdvancement Best regards, the coming months. memories and our opportunities with you in the from so many of you who read each issue of of the loyal support that we see each year > abloff:

Sabloff Q&A Update hope Originally I was asked Iwas to to Originally come for improving the human condition. human the improving for . We look forward to sharing our ” continued from page7 Above: Bayes’ Thereom new horizons new

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