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Jerry Sabloff on 30 Years of Complexity

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Jerry Sabloff on 30 Years of Complexity January / February 2014 UPDATE IN THIS ISSUE > Drinking & reciprocity 2 > Wolpert’s reality check 2 > SFI In the News 2 > SFI@30: From the editor 2 > Behavior & institutions 3 > Ruben Andrist: Quantum fragility 3 > Infectious notions 3 > SFI@30: Conception to birth 4 > Science symphony 5 > Eggs, bacon, & science 5 > 50 years of the quark 5 > New MOOC: Dynamics & chaos 6 > Award for Project GUTS 6 > Four new SFI trustees 7 > Books by SFI authors 7 > Marking SFI’s 30th year 8 > SFI@30: Co-founder David Pines 8 Q&A: Jerry Sabloff on 30 years of complexity At the turn of the new year, Institute are important new insights into the nature of standing of complex adaptive systems. So President Jerry Sabloff offers his thoughts complex adaptive systems and the transdisci- they instituted, almost into SFI’s DNA, a about SFI’s outlook for 2014 and beyond. plinary methodologies that SFI has used to transdisciplinary approach – anthropologists explore the emergence and continuing working with computer scientists and In 2014, SFI celebrates its 30th anniversary. Update: Today, with this interview, SFI development of complexity at all scales, from mathematicians and biologists and so on. Watch SFI’s website and publications begins to mark its 30th year. What are SFI’s atoms and cells to human societies. One of This methodology has proven to be incred- for a yearlong celebration of the Institute’s storied history, and for opportunities top achievements, in your mind, since its the great insights of SFI’s founders – the late ibly successful, and it is now widely adopted to be an active member of SFI’s community. founding in 1984? George Cowan, Murray Gell-Mann, David in universities and research centers and SFI’s special 30th anniversary logo (above) was Pines, and their colleagues – was that no funding agencies in this country and around created by graphic designer Michael Vittitow to mark the occasion. Jerry Sabloff: The key contributions, I think, single discipline could achieve a full under- > more on page 7 RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS Spectral redemption: Finding the hidden groupings in networks A persistent problem for mathematicians Detecting communities in real-world network But in sparse networks where each node is HowNew Science. a species New Horiz ons. trying to understand the structures of net- data is important for understanding, for linked to just a few others, as in the case in works is community detection: finding groups example, how fast a disease will spread in one many real-world networks, classic spectral tech- stays relevant as it of related data community and how likely it is for it to cross niques fall short – meaning that unlike statistical 1984-2014 points, or to another community. methods, spectral methods often fail to find changes its world nodes. groupings down to a theoretical limit revealed Traditionally, mathematicians find by Moore and collaborators in a 2011 paper. How complexity evolved in cells is a communities in one of two ways: question as intriguing as it is difficult to statistical inference, a highly The challenge for mathematicians has been, explain. Though we cannot fully solve the iterative method that reassesses then, to find a spectral method that is com- puzzle, we can learn how species give network-wide probabilities at putationally efficient and that reliably finds themselves time to go from random to each step, and spectral analy- groupings down to the theoretical limit. programmed development. A new study sis, a faster “random walk” reveals an optimal switching rate between technique that groups nodes In a recent paper in PNAS aptly titled “Spec- forms of a species as it makes its environ- by focusing on the flow of tral Redemption,” Moore and collaborators ment less livable. information or probability try out a modified spectral method they call through a network. the “non-backtracking operator.” Put simply, “If you’re a bacterium in a beaker, just it specifies that during analysis, information by the process of growing and dividing, Both techniques work well flowing from node to node may not immedi- you’re changing the environment into one for networks with dense ately return from whence it came. that no longer favors you,” explains Eric webs of links between nodes, Libby, an SFI Omidyar Fellow who special- says SFI Professor Cris Moore. “Traditional spectral methods get stuck izes in mathematical microbial evolution. on highly connected nodes, rattling back “You then have two options. One, go and forth between those nodes and their extinct. Two, throw off a mutant that’s Spectrum of the non-backtracking ma- trix indicating the community structure neighbors,” Moore says. “They get confused adapted to the new environment.” of the network being analyzed. > more on page 2 > more on page 5 SFI IN THE NEWS In a January 6 article in the Santa Fe New Arthur that predicts the digital economy will President Jerry Sabloff discusses the Institute’s about the cultural ingredients of inventive- Mexican, SFI President Jerry Sabloff reviews soon rival the human economy. history, its contributions to complex systems ness, SFI Distinguished Professor Geoffrey three decades of complexity science and science, and his hopes for the Institute’s future. West notes that creativity and social interac- notes the continued need for scientists, In a December 9 essay in New Scientist, tion accelerate in cities, one reason they CEOs, and policy makers to understand the SFI Professor Luis Bettencourt explains how Several publications covered a December generate so many patents. forces that define our world and to think cities are like stars — in one sense, both are paper in Preventive Medicine by a team that beyond the next funding cycle, election, or implosions of interaction — and offers four includes SFI Omidyar Fellow Ben Althouse, In Scientific American on November 6, quarterly earnings report. principles for understanding cities. which found that celebrity cancer diagnoses Jaron Lanier explores the dilemmas of data and resulting media coverage are a more privacy, citing his work with economist and In the Huffington Post on December 12, geri- In a December 2 article in the Santa Fe New powerful motivator in smoking cessation SFI External Professor W. Brian Arthur to atrician Walter Bortz II, M.D. laments the short- Mexican, SFI’s Chris Wood offers perspec- than other cessation-awareness events. understand what happens when users of comings of reductionism, particularly in medi- tives from a recent SFI meeting in Santa Fe personal data pay for that use. cine, and notes SFI’s interest in emergence. about Big Data and predictive analytics and An article published November 28 in the New whether they are a gold mine for business, Statesman about the fortunes and failures of In an October 28 article in the Santa Fe New In a December 12 Forbes article, SFI Trustee science, and government or a serious threat Apple, Google, and Facebook cites Distin- Mexican, SFI Professor Cris Moore explores John Chisholm writes of the tension between to privacy and freedom. guished Professor Geoffrey West and SFI the hidden patterns in music and mathemat- new technologies and their tendency to make research on the life cycles of companies. ics and discusses a special orchestra concert jobs obsolete, citing a 2010 McKinsey Quar- In an interview in the December issue of November 2 at the Lensic Performing Arts terly essay by SFI External Professor W. Brian International Innovation magazine, SFI In a November 25 article in Time magazine Center in Santa Fe. Nonlinearities From the editor RESEARCH NEWS With this issue we begin the Insti- tute’s 30th year. SFI’s past is rich with Who drinks with whom when? Drinking and reciprocity stories and even legends, and we plan to share much of that lore with you Some groups keep spirits high by taking cally, by analyzing who drinks with whom interest in keeping their shared genes going, over the next 12 months. It starts on turns hosting events or buying the next and how often. explains Hooper. Another is simple reciproc- page 4 of this issue with a peek back rounds of drinks. SFI Omidyar Fellow Paul ity: where kindness is repaid, evolution favors Evolutionary biology holds that social rela- into the Institute’s pre-history, when Hooper, SFI Research Fellow Simon DeDeo, the bond of friendship. tionships can form in a number of ways. One a group of senior scientists imagined and their colleagues recently explored how patterns of reciprocity vary with people’s is by virtue of kinship: related organisms, be During a research trip in Bolivia, Hooper, an a place where they could do research closeness, both geographically and geneti- they slime molds or baboons, have a shared evolutionary anthropologist, and his part- across disciplinary boundaries, nurture ner Ann Hooper Caldwell looked at how emerging disciplines, and venture into reciprocity varied with kinship and distance new theoretical territory. based on a favorite local pastime. Families This was revolutionary thinking, and in villages throughout South and Central at its core was a character of mythic America frequently host parties where proportions. What has struck me, as friends and relatives gather to socialize over I’ve interviewed many of the people rounds of chicha, a lightly alcoholic beer. who were there, is just how easily it By peeling and boiling sweet manioc (a starchy tuber), then chewing boiled pieces to could have gone wrong without the introduce enzymes, women prepare jugs of it unifying force of George Cowan and every few days. his conviction to see this grand experi- ment through. The pair interviewed household members We’ve launched a 30th anniversary of a small Amazonian village of the indig- website at www.santafe.edu/sfi30, enous Tsimane’ tribe twice a week over four where all year you will find storytelling months to see who hosted whom at chicha about SFI’s past.
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