DOCSLIB.ORG

References and for Further Reading

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
References and for Further Reading Contents Preface. vii Acknowledgements. ix About the Author . xi Chapter 1 A Short History of Planetary Nebulae. 1 Further Discoveries. 1 The Nature of the Nebulae and Modern Catalogues . 3 Chapter 2 The Evolution of Planetary Nebulae . 7 The Lives of the Stars . 7 Stages in the Life Cycle of a Sun-like Star . 9 The Asymptotic Giant Branch . 10 Proto-Planetary Nebulae and Dust. 12 Interactive Winds. 13 Emissions from Planetary Nebulae. 14 Central Stars. 16 Planetary Envelopes . 17 Binary Stars and Magnetic Fields . 19 Lifetimes of Planetary Nebulae . 21 Conclusion . 21 Chapter 3 Observing Planetary Nebulae . 23 Telescopes and Mountings . 23 Telescope Mounts. 26 Eyepieces. 27 Limiting Magnitudes and Angular Resolution . 29 Transparency and Seeing . 31 Dark Adaptation and Averted Vision . 32 Morphology of Planetary Nebulae . 33 Nebular Filters . 35 Star Charts, Observing and Computer Programs. 38 Observing Procedures. 42 Chapter 4 Photographing Planetary Nebulae. 45 Camera Equipment . 45 Software. 48 Filters for Astrophotography . 49 Contents Shooting . 50 Conclusion . 53 xiii Chapter 5 Planetary Nebulae Catalogues . 55 Main Planetary Nebulae . 56 Additional Planetary Nebulae . 58 Chapter 6 Planetary Nebulae by Constellation. 81 Andromeda. 83 Apus. 85 Aquarius . 87 Aquila . 90 Ara . 103 Auriga . 106 Camelopardalis . 108 Canis Major . 111 Carina . 113 Cassiopeia . 119 Centaurus . 123 Cepheus. 126 Cetus . 129 Chameleon . 131 Corona Australis . 133 Corvus. 135 Cygnus. 137 Delphinus . 154 Draco . 157 Eridanus . 160 Fornax . 162 Gemini. 164 Hercules . 170 Hydra. 174 Lacerta. 178 Leo . 180 Lepus . 182 Lupus . 184 Lynx . 190 Lyra . 192 Monoceros . 195 Musca. 198 Norma . 203 Ophiuchus. 205 Orion . 211 Pegasus . 214 Perseus. 219 Puppis . 225 Pyxis. 229 Sagitta . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Winter Constellations
    Winter Constellations *Orion *Canis Major *Monoceros *Canis Minor *Gemini *Auriga *Taurus *Eradinus *Lepus *Monoceros *Cancer *Lynx *Ursa Major *Ursa Minor *Draco *Camelopardalis *Cassiopeia *Cepheus *Andromeda *Perseus *Lacerta *Pegasus *Triangulum *Aries *Pisces *Cetus *Leo (rising) *Hydra (rising) *Canes Venatici (rising) Orion--Myth: Orion, the great ​ ​ hunter. In one myth, Orion boasted he would kill all the wild animals on the earth. But, the earth goddess Gaia, who was the protector of all animals, produced a gigantic scorpion, whose body was so heavily encased that Orion was unable to pierce through the armour, and was himself stung to death. His companion Artemis was greatly saddened and arranged for Orion to be immortalised among the stars. Scorpius, the scorpion, was placed on the opposite side of the sky so that Orion would never be hurt by it again. To this day, Orion is never seen in the sky at the same time as Scorpius. DSO’s ● ***M42 “Orion Nebula” (Neb) with Trapezium A stellar ​ ​ ​ nursery where new stars are being born, perhaps a thousand stars. These are immense clouds of interstellar gas and dust collapse inward to form stars, mainly of ionized hydrogen which gives off the red glow so dominant, and also ionized greenish oxygen gas. The youngest stars may be less than 300,000 years old, even as young as 10,000 years old (compared to the Sun, 4.6 billion years old). 1300 ly. ​ ​ 1 ● *M43--(Neb) “De Marin’s Nebula” The star-forming ​ “comma-shaped” region connected to the Orion Nebula. ● *M78--(Neb) Hard to see. A star-forming region connected to the ​ Orion Nebula.
    [Show full text]
  • Naming the Extrasolar Planets
    Naming the extrasolar planets W. Lyra Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69177, Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Abstract and OGLE-TR-182 b, which does not help educators convey the message that these planets are quite similar to Jupiter. Extrasolar planets are not named and are referred to only In stark contrast, the sentence“planet Apollo is a gas giant by their assigned scientific designation. The reason given like Jupiter” is heavily - yet invisibly - coated with Coper- by the IAU to not name the planets is that it is consid- nicanism. ered impractical as planets are expected to be common. I One reason given by the IAU for not considering naming advance some reasons as to why this logic is flawed, and sug- the extrasolar planets is that it is a task deemed impractical. gest names for the 403 extrasolar planet candidates known One source is quoted as having said “if planets are found to as of Oct 2009. The names follow a scheme of association occur very frequently in the Universe, a system of individual with the constellation that the host star pertains to, and names for planets might well rapidly be found equally im- therefore are mostly drawn from Roman-Greek mythology. practicable as it is for stars, as planet discoveries progress.” Other mythologies may also be used given that a suitable 1. This leads to a second argument. It is indeed impractical association is established. to name all stars. But some stars are named nonetheless. In fact, all other classes of astronomical bodies are named.
    [Show full text]
  • Educator's Guide: Orion
    Legends of the Night Sky Orion Educator’s Guide Grades K - 8 Written By: Dr. Phil Wymer, Ph.D. & Art Klinger Legends of the Night Sky: Orion Educator’s Guide Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………....3 Constellations; General Overview……………………………………..4 Orion…………………………………………………………………………..22 Scorpius……………………………………………………………………….36 Canis Major…………………………………………………………………..45 Canis Minor…………………………………………………………………..52 Lesson Plans………………………………………………………………….56 Coloring Book…………………………………………………………………….….57 Hand Angles……………………………………………………………………….…64 Constellation Research..…………………………………………………….……71 When and Where to View Orion…………………………………….……..…77 Angles For Locating Orion..…………………………………………...……….78 Overhead Projector Punch Out of Orion……………………………………82 Where on Earth is: Thrace, Lemnos, and Crete?.............................83 Appendix………………………………………………………………………86 Copyright©2003, Audio Visual Imagineering, Inc. 2 Legends of the Night Sky: Orion Educator’s Guide Introduction It is our belief that “Legends of the Night sky: Orion” is the best multi-grade (K – 8), multi-disciplinary education package on the market today. It consists of a humorous 24-minute show and educator’s package. The Orion Educator’s Guide is designed for Planetarians, Teachers, and parents. The information is researched, organized, and laid out so that the educator need not spend hours coming up with lesson plans or labs. This has already been accomplished by certified educators. The guide is written to alleviate the fear of space and the night sky (that many elementary and middle school teachers have) when it comes to that section of the science lesson plan. It is an excellent tool that allows the parents to be a part of the learning experience. The guide is devised in such a way that there are plenty of visuals to assist the educator and student in finding the Winter constellations.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Stellar Streams in 6D+1
    Southern Stellar Streams in 6D+1 Ting S. Li Leon Lederman Fellow, Fermilab KICP Associated Fellow, the University of Chicago April 3rd, 2019, KITP, Santa Barbara Credit: Vasily Belokurov and SDSS Credit: Alex Drlica-Wagner and DES Collaborations: DES: Dark Energy Survey 5 S : Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopy Survey OATs: Orphan Aspen Treasury How many streams do we believe are real? Ting S. Li Leon Lederman Fellow, Fermilab KICP Associated Fellow, the University of Chicago April 3rd, 2019, KITP, Santa Barbara Credit: Vasily Belokurov and SDSS Credit: Alex Drlica-Wagner and DES Collaborations: DES: Dark Energy Survey 5 S : Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopy Survey OATs: Orphan Aspen Treasury Milky Way Dwarf Galaxy Discovery Timeline Credit: Keith Bechtol, Alex Drlica-Wagner Milky Way Stellar Stream Discovery Timeline Compiled data at Mostly from galstream https://tinyurl.com/y6gggvee https://github.com/cmateu/galstreams Milky Way Stellar Stream Discovery Timeline Gaia DES/ Gaia PS1/ Gaia PS1 GD-1 SDSS Orphan Sagittarius Palomar 5 Compiled data at Mostly from galstream https://tinyurl.com/y6gggvee https://github.com/cmateu/galstreams New Streams from DES 11 new stream Shipp+2018 + 4 previous known (including 2 from DES) (DES Collaboration) New Streams from Gaia Photometry + Proper Motion Ibata+2019 Milky Way Stellar Stream Discovery Timeline Gaia DES/ Gaia PS1/ Gaia PS1 GD-1 SDSS Orphan Sagittarius Palomar 5 Compiled data at Mostly from galstream https://tinyurl.com/y6gggvee https://github.com/cmateu/galstreams Not Including… • Stellar Overdensity/Cloud: Monoceros, Tri-And, VOD, POD, Her-Aq... Not Including… • Stellar Overdensity/Cloud: Monoceros, Tri-And, VOD, POD, Her-Aq..
    [Show full text]
  • Far-Infrared Observations of a Massive Cluster Forming in the Monoceros R2 filament Hub? T
    Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. monr2_hobys˙final˙corrected c ESO 2017 December 5, 2017 Far-infrared observations of a massive cluster forming in the Monoceros R2 filament hub? T. S. M. Rayner1??, M. J. Griffin1, N. Schneider2; 3, F. Motte4; 5, V. K¨onyves5, P. Andr´e5, J. Di Francesco6, P. Didelon5, K. Pattle7, D. Ward-Thompson7, L. D. Anderson8, M. Benedettini9, J.-P. Bernard10, S. Bontemps3, D. Elia9, A. Fuente11, M. Hennemann5, T. Hill5; 12, J. Kirk7, K. Marsh1, A. Men'shchikov5, Q. Nguyen Luong13; 14, N. Peretto1, S. Pezzuto9, A. Rivera-Ingraham15, A. Roy5, K. Rygl16, A.´ S´anchez-Monge2, L. Spinoglio9, J. Tig´e17, S. P. Trevi~no-Morales18, and G. J. White19; 20 1 Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK 2 I. Physik. Institut, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany 3 Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, all´eeG. Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France 4 Universit´eGrenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France 5 Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU { CNRS/INSU { Universit´eParis Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France 6 NRC, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria, Canada 7 Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK 8 Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA 9 INAF { Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy 10
    [Show full text]
  • A Collection of Curricula for the STARLAB Greek Mythology Cylinder
    A Collection of Curricula for the STARLAB Greek Mythology Cylinder Including: A Look at the Greek Mythology Cylinder Three Activities: Constellation Creations, Create a Myth, I'm Getting Dizzy by Gary D. Kratzer ©2008 by Science First/STARLAB, 95 Botsford Place, Buffalo, NY 14216. www.starlab.com. All rights reserved. Curriculum Guide Contents A Look at the Greek Mythology Cylinder ...................3 Leo, the Lion .....................................................9 Introduction ......................................................3 Lepus, the Hare .................................................9 Andromeda ......................................................3 Libra, the Scales ................................................9 Aquarius ..........................................................3 Lyra, the Lyre ...................................................10 Aquila, the Eagle ..............................................3 Ophuichus, Serpent Holder ..............................10 Aries, the Ram ..................................................3 Orion, the Hunter ............................................10 Auriga .............................................................4 Pegasus, the Winged Horse..............................11 Bootes ..............................................................4 Perseus, the Champion .....................................11 Cancer, the Crab ..............................................4 Phoenix ..........................................................11 Canis Major, the Big Dog
    [Show full text]
  • Rules & Requirements for an SBAS Observing Certificate 1. You Must
    Rules & Requirements for an SBAS Observing Certificate 1. You must be a member of the SBAS in good standing to receive a certificate. 2. No Go To or Push To aided attempts will be accepted. Reading charts and star hopping are essential skills in our hobby. (You may use these methods to confirm your findings.) 3. Honor system is in full effect. These lists benefit your knowledge of the sky. Cheating only cheats yourself and the SBAS membership. Observations will be verified against digital planetarium charts. You may be required to answer questions about the objects you observed to verify your work. You may also be asked to show one of these objects at a star party. Once a list is completed, it is assumed you are familiar with every object on that list to the point where you can find it again and describe it to another person. 4. Upon completion of a list, submit the original paper version in person to Coy Wagoner at an SBAS meeting, public star party, or informal observing at the Worley. No digital submissions will be accepted at this time. 5. No observations may overlap. If one object is on two lists, your observations must be done on separate dates/times for credit. Copies of your observing logs will be saved and later compared to additional lists to make sure nothing overlaps. No observations prior to January 1, 2015 will be accepted for credit. 6. Observations should be done on your own. If you observe an object in someone else’s telescope or binoculars, the observation does not count unless you did the work to find it.
    [Show full text]
  • These Sky Maps Were Made Using the Freeware UNIX Program "Starchart", from Alan Paeth and Craig Counterman, with Some Postprocessing by Stuart Levy
    These sky maps were made using the freeware UNIX program "starchart", from Alan Paeth and Craig Counterman, with some postprocessing by Stuart Levy. You’re free to use them however you wish. There are five equatorial maps: three covering the equatorial strip from declination −60 to +60 degrees, corresponding roughly to the evening sky in northern winter (eq1), spring (eq2), and summer/autumn (eq3), plus maps covering the north and south polar areas to declination about +/− 25 degrees. Grid lines are drawn at every 15 degrees of declination, and every hour (= 15 degrees at the equator) of right ascension. The equatorial−strip maps use a simple rectangular projection; this shows constellations near the equator with their true shape, but those at declination +/− 30 degrees are stretched horizontally by about 15%, and those at the extreme 60−degree edge are plotted twice as wide as you’ll see them on the sky. The sinusoidal curve spanning the equatorial strip is, of course, the Ecliptic −− the path of the Sun (and approximately that of the planets) through the sky. The polar maps are plotted with stereographic projection. This preserves shapes of small constellations, but enlarges them as they get farther from the pole; at declination 45 degrees they’re about 17% oversized, and at the extreme 25−degree edge about 40% too large. These charts plot stars down to magnitude 5, along with a few of the brighter deep−sky objects −− mostly star clusters and nebulae. Many stars are labelled with their Bayer Greek−letter names. Also here are similarly−plotted maps, based on galactic coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evening Sky
    I N E D R I A C A S T N E O D I T A C L E O R N I G D S T S H A E P H M O O R C I . Z N O o l P l u & x r , o w t O N s e a r e C Z , c y o I C g n o s l R I i o d R e h O t r C e y H d m L p E k E a e t e H ( r r o T F G n O f s D o R NORTH a N i s M n E n A t i X O s w A H t o C M T f e . I s h P e t N L S a E , E f s Z P a e r “ e E SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE m A N r i H s O t . M T R t n T Y N e H E i c ” K E ) n W S . a . T Capella T n E U I W B R N The Evening Sky Map W D LYNX E T T FEBRUARY 2011 WH T A h E C FREE* EACH MONTH FOR YOU TO EXPLORE, LEARN & ENJOY THE NIGHT SKY e O S L n K a Y E m R M e A A AURIGA SKY MAP SHOWS HOW A Get Sky Calendar on Twitter S P T l p .
    [Show full text]
  • Supernova Star Maps
    Supernova Star Maps Which Stars in the Night Sky Will Go Su pernova? About the Activity Allow visitors to experience finding stars in the night sky that will eventually go supernova. Topics Covered Observation of stars that will one day go supernova Materials Needed • Copies of this month's Star Map for your visitors- print the Supernova Information Sheet on the back. • (Optional) Telescopes A S A Participants N t i d Activities are appropriate for families Cre with children over the age of 9, the general public, and school groups ages 9 and up. Any number of visitors may participate. Location and Timing This activity is perfect for a star party outdoors and can take a few minutes, up to 20 minutes, depending on the Included in This Packet Page length of the discussion about the Detailed Activity Description 2 questions on the Supernova Helpful Hints 5 Information Sheet. Discussion can start Supernova Information Sheet 6 while it is still light. Star Maps handouts 7 Background Information There is an Excel spreadsheet on the Supernova Star Maps Resource Page that lists all these stars with all their particulars. Search for Supernova Star Maps here: http://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/download-search.cfm © 2008 Astronomical Society of the Pacific www.astrosociety.org Copies for educational purposes are permitted. Additional astronomy activities can be found here: http://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov Star Maps: Stars likely to go Supernova! Leader’s Role Participants’ Role (Anticipated) Materials: Star Map with Supernova Information sheet on back Objective: Allow visitors to experience finding stars in the night sky that will eventually go supernova.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fundamentals of Stargazing Sky Tours South
    The Fundamentals of Stargazing Sky Tours South 01 – The March Sky Copyright © 2014-2016 Mintaka Publishing Inc. www.CosmicPursuits.com -2- The Constellation Orion Let’s begin the tours of the deep-southern sky with the most famous and unmistakable constellation in the heavens, Orion, which will serve as a guide for other bright constellations in the southern late-summer sky. Head outdoors around 8 or 9 p.m. on an evening in early March, and turn towards the north. If you can’t find north, you can ask someone else, or get a small inexpensive compass, or use the GPS in your smartphone or tablet. But you need to face at least generally northward before you can proceed. You will also need a good unobstructed view of the sky in the north, so you may need to get away from structures and trees and so on. The bright stars of the constellation Orion (in this map, south is up and east is to the right) And bring a pair of binoculars if you have them, though they are not necessary for this tour. Fundamentals of Stargazing -3- Now that you’re facing north with a good view of a clear sky, make a 1/8th of a turn to your left. Now you are facing northwest, more or less. Turn your gaze upward about halfway to the point directly overhead. Look for three bright stars in a tidy line. They span a patch of sky about as wide as your three middle fingers held at arm’s length. This is the “belt” of the constellation Orion.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix C a List of the Messier Objects
    Appendix C A List of the Messier Objects DS=DoubleStar OC=OpenCluster GC=GlobularCluster EG = Elliptical Galaxy SG = Spiral Galaxy IG = Irregular Galaxy PN = Planetary Nebula DN = Diffuse Nebula SR = Supernova Remnant Object Common Name Type of Object Location mv Dist. (kly) M1 Crab Nebula SR Taurus 9.0 6.3 M2 GC Aquarius 7.5 36 M3 GC Canes Venatici 7.0 31 M4 GC Scorpius 7.5 7 M5 GC Serpens 7.0 23 M6 Butterfly Cluster OC Scorpius 4.5 2 M7 Ptolemy’s Cluster OC Scorpius 3.5 1 M8 Lagoon Nebula DN Sagittarius 5.0 6.5 M9 GC Ophiuchus 9.0 26 M10 GC Ophiuchus 7.5 13 M11 Wild Duck Cluster OC Scutum 7.0 6 M12 GC Ophiuchus 8.0 18 M13 Great Hercules Cluster GC Hercules 5.8 22 M14 GC Ophiuchus 9.5 27 M15 GC Pegasus 7.5 33 M16 Part of Eagle Nebula OC Serpens 6.5 7 M17 Horseshoe Nebula DN Sagittarius 7.0 5 M18 OC Sagittarius 8.0 6 M19 GC Ophiuchus 8.5 27 M20 Trifid Nebula DN Sagittarius 5.0 2.2 M21 OC Sagittarius 7.0 3 M22 GC Sagittarius 6.5 10 M23 OC Sagittarius 6.0 4.5 135 Object Common Name Type of Object Location mv Dist. (kly) M24 Milky Way Patch Star cloud Sagittarius 11.5 10 M25 OC Sagittarius 4.9 2 M26 OC Scutum 9.5 5 M27 Dumbbell Nebula PN Vulpecula 7.5 1.25 M28 GC Sagittarius 8.5 18 M29 OC Cygnus 9.0 7.2 M30 GC Capricornus 8.5 25 M31 Andromeda Galaxy SG Andromeda 3.5 2500 M32 Satellite galaxy of M31 EG Andromeda 10.0 2900 M33 Triangulum Galaxy SG Triangulum 7.0 2590 M34 OC Perseus 6.0 1.4 M35 OC Gemini 5.5 2.8 M36 OC Auriga 6.5 4.1 M37 OC Auriga 6.0 4.6 M38 OC Auriga 7.0 4.2 M39 OC Cygnus 5.5 0.3 M40 Winnecke 4 DS Ursa Major 9.0 M41 OC Canis
    [Show full text]