Gender Equality and HIV and AIDS A Challenge for the Education Sector Edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter and Tania Boler Gender Equality, HIV, and AIDS A Challenge for the Education Sector Oxfam GB Oxfam GB, founded in 1942, is a development, humanitarian, and campaigning agency dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. Oxfam believes that every human being is entitled to a life of dignity and opportunity, and it works with others worldwide to make this become a reality. From its base in Oxford in the United Kingdom, Oxfam GB publishes and distributes a wide range of resource materials for development and relief workers, researchers and campaigners, schools and colleges, and the general public, as part of its programme of advocacy, education, and communications. 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Oxfam is a registered charity in England and Wales (no 202918) and Scotland (SCO 039042). Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam International. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of contributors ix Introduction 1 Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler Part 1: Gender, Education, and HIV – Mapping the Challenges 1 Essentialism, equality, and empowerment: concepts of gender and schooling in the HIV and AIDS epidemic 11 Elaine Unterhalter, Tania Boler, and Sheila Aikman 2 Girls’ education and vulnerability to HIV infection in Africa 33 James Hargreaves and Tania Boler 3 Gender inequality in primary education in the context of HIV and AIDS: a challenge for Uganda 45 Doris M. Kakuru 4 Violence against girls: are schools doing enough to protect them against HIV and AIDS? 60 Fiona Leach 5 The gendered impact of AIDS on orphans and education in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 84 Tania Boler Par t 2: Building the Evidence Base to Meet the Challenges 6 The road less travelled: gender-based interventions in the education-sector response to HIV 105 David Clarke 7 ‘One finger cannot kill a louse’ – working with schools on gender, sexuality, and HIV in rural Zambia 129 Gill Gordon 8 Mobilising care: accounts of gender equality, schooling, and the HIV epidemic in Durban, South Africa 150 Elaine Unterhalter, Amy North, Robert Morrell, Deevia Bhana, Debbie Epstein , and Lebo Moletsane 9 Development, gender, HIV and AIDS, and adult education: challenges in Thailand 169 Usa Duongsaa v 10 Engaging the community to promote gender equity among young men: experiences from ‘Yari Dosti’ in Mumbai 184 Sujata Khandekar, Mahendra Rokade, Vilas Sarmalkar, Ravi K. Verma, Vaishali Mahendra, and Julie Pulerwitz 11 Building multi-sectoral partnerships to deliver gendered HIV education in schools: the Nigerian experience 202 Omokhudu Idogho Conclusion: HIV and AIDS and gender – the challenges for empowerment and change 215 Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler Index 222 Acknowledgements An edited collection is always more than the sum of its parts, and this book is no exception. Many teachers, learners, writers, readers, administrators, and activists have contributed to the ideas we have brought together. Unfortunately we cannot list them all, but we want to highlight some particular contributions without which the book would never have gone beyond the sketchy outline the three of us discussed one day in a snatched coffee break between meetings. First and foremost our thanks go to all the authors. They have worked with us over many months, often to tight time schedules, and we very much appreciate their involvement with this project and commitment to our approach. The Beyond Access team are a second group to whom we owe special thanks. The Beyond Access project aims to develop and circulate knowledge about gender equality and education for policy makers, researchers, and practitioners. Sheila and Elaine have co-ordinated the project since 2003, and a number of chapters in this collection were first presented as papers at Beyond Access seminars. We are grateful to all those who helped make Beyond Access happen, and we particularly want to record our thanks to the UK government’s Department for International Development (DFID) for the first phase of our funding and to Chloe Challender,Rajee Rajagopalan,and Amy North,who were so central to the achievements of the project. We owe thanks to all those in Oxfam GB, ActionAid, and the Institute of Education who supported our work on this book through general encouragement, responses to queries, and critical commentaries, particularly our close colleagues Tom Noel, David Archer, Akanksha Marphatia, Debbie Gaitskell, and Jenny Parkes. The book would never have been brought to completion without the support and dedication of the Oxfam Publishing Team, especially Claire Harvey and Katie Allan, Kevan Ray who guided the process,and Jackie Smith for her excellent copy editing.We are enormously grateful for this help, for the insights of the anonymous readers, for the meticulous work done by Amy North and Helen Poulsen as editorial assistants on a number of chapters,and for the attention to detail given by Sophie Crawford in preparing several chapters for publication. Lastly, our families saw each of us through another book project with kindness and good humour. Their warm support sustained our collaboration, and we are enormously grateful for their care and consideration. Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler vii List of contributors Sheila Aikman is Senior Lecturer in Education and Development at the School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia. Prior to this she was Oxfam GB Global Education Adviser,working with Oxfam education programmes across sub- Saharan Africa and Asia. She has researched and written extensively on indigenous education and gender equality in education and co-directed the ‘Beyond Access: Gender, Education and Development’ project with Elaine Unterhalter. De evia Bhana is an Associate Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. She works in the areas of gender, sexuality, HIV,and AIDS. Tania Boler is Head of Research at Marie Stopes International, an international NGO specialising in sexual and reproductive health. Prior to this, she was at UNESCO and ActionAid where she researched and published extensively on the education sector response to HIV and AIDS. Her books include The Politics of Prevention: A Global Crisis in AIDS and Education (with David Archer, 2008, Pluto Press). Dav id Clarke is a freelance consultant currently based in Bangkok, Thailand. He was Senior Education Adviser in the DFID AIDS Team in London before deciding to work independently. He has worked in more than 50 countries and has recently undertaken consultancies on the education response to HIV in India, Indonesia, and Cambodia. Usa Duongsaa is Lecturer at the Faculty of Education, Chiangmai University, Thailand. She is also co-founder of the AIDS Education Programme in Thailand, the Asia-Pacific-based Positive Learning Working Group, and the international non-profit non-government organisation Constellation for AIDS Competence. Debbie Epstein is a Professor at Cardiff University’s School of Social Sciences and is currently training as a psychotherapist. She has published widely in the fields of sexuality, gender, race, and education in the UK and in South Africa.