"Vitenskap I Krig Og Fred"

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«VITENSKAP I KRIG OG FRED » Astrofysikeren Svein Rosseland i norsk forskningspolitikk 1945-1965 Hovedoppgave i historie av Ole Anders Røberg Historisk Institutt Universitetet i Oslo Våren 2000 Forord Denne oppgaven er en av flere hovedfagsoppgaver som er skrevet i tilknytning til Forum for Universitetshistorie ved UiO. Stor takk i denne sammenheng går i første rekke til min veileder, John Peter Collett, som har bidratt med svært omfattende og intensiv veiledning preget av genuin interesse for oppgavens tematiske felt. Det er foretatt visse endringer i oppgaven i forbindelse med opptrykket i Forums hovedoppgaveserie. For det meste dreier det seg om språkrettinger, men i tillegg er også enkelte avsnitt eller kommentarer lagt til for å forklare eller understreke poenger som jeg følte gikk tapt i den opprinnelige teksten. Lite er trukket fra, men enkelte skjemmende «blødmer» har blitt fjernet, om enn ikke alle. Det som står igjen av uferdige eller urimelige resonnementer går helt på min regning, da min veileder Collett gjorde en heltemodig innsats i innspurtsfasen for å rette opp det aller verste både innholdsmessig og språklig. Takk går også til de som på et eller annet nivå har lest hele eller deler av teksten. Blant disse er Ola Storberg, Vilde Høvik, Audun Røberg Jr., Petter Holm Normann, Anne Vaalund og diverse seminardeltakere ved Forum for Universitetshistorie. Takk til Institutt for teoretisk astrofysikk for å ha gitt meg muligheten til å gå igjennom relativt rikholdige men rotete arkiver i instituttets kontorer og kjellerlokaler, og takk til behjelpelig personale ved både Riksarkivet og UiOs arkiver på Blindern. Takk går til Osloforskning for stipend. En stor takk går også til min mor og far, mer for rent økonomisk støtte enn faglig. Takk til min kjære bror og mine gode venner. Den største takken går til Vilde, min lille sol og kone, som for min del har snudd mørke til lys. Ole Anders Røberg Blindern 28. november 2001 2 Innholdsfortegnelse FORKORTELSER ..................................................................................................................................... 6 INNLEDNING ............................................................................................................................................ 9 ASTROFYSIKEREN SVEIN ROSSELAND – BIOGRAFISK SKISSE................................................................... 10 PROBLEMSTILLINGER OG TESER .............................................................................................................. 14 OPPGAVENS FORLØP OG STRUKTUR......................................................................................................... 17 KILDEMATERIALE OG LITTERATUR.......................................................................................................... 18 METODISKE BETRAKTNINGER ................................................................................................................. 21 Del I: Naturvitenskapelig herredømme og forskningspolitisk etablering.................... 25 VITENSKAP BLIR STORPOLITIKK................................................................................................... 27 BIG SCIENCE OG VITENSKAPENS NATUR.................................................................................................. 28 UTVIKLINGEN FORSKNINGSPOLITISK I USA ETTER WWII. ..................................................................... 34 Debatten om regjeringsstøtte til forskning i krigsårenes USA ............................................................. 39 Vannevar Bush og den frie grunnforskningens premisser.................................................................... 40 Utviklingen etter «Science - The Endless Frontier»............................................................................. 42 En faseinndeling av forskningspolitisk etterkrigshistorie i USA .......................................................... 44 UTVIKLINGEN I NORGE ........................................................................................................................... 46 Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt ............................................................................................................. 48 Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelig Forskningsråd............................................................................. 48 Norges Allmenvitenskapelige Forskningsråd og tippemidler til forskningen ...................................... 52 «Vitenskap i krig og fred» – det norske svar på «Science – the endless frontier» ............................... 55 Norske faseinndelinger......................................................................................................................... 58 OPPSUMMERING ...................................................................................................................................... 59 ETABLERINGEN AV EN NORSK ATOMFORSKNING................................................................... 61 MENS KATTEN ER BORTE…..................................................................................................................... 64 Radarparet Hauge og Randers legger grunnlaget for norsk atomforskning........................................ 66 Mange men uklare endemål for atomenergien og forsvaret................................................................. 67 Forsvarsforskningen formaliseres........................................................................................................ 69 SIVILE INNVENDINGER MOT MILITÆR ATOMFORSKNING.......................................................................... 71 Diplomatiske signaler fra forsvarsdepartementet i Storgaten.............................................................. 73 NTNFs Atomutvalg............................................................................................................................... 75 Den forskningspolitiske maktens irrganger - «form follows function» ................................................ 76 ATOMUTVALGETS FORMANN .................................................................................................................. 76 Vitenskap i krig og fred – ifølge professor Rosseland.......................................................................... 81 Atomutvalgets innstilling om kjernefysikken i Norge ........................................................................... 84 Statsråd Hauge skaffer penger til uranmilen ....................................................................................... 86 Mot sivilt styrt atomforskning .............................................................................................................. 93 Plan og byggekomiteen – den virkelige stridsplassen.......................................................................... 95 BYGGEFASE MED ØKONOMISKE KOMPLIKASJONER OG URANMANGEL................................................... 102 Rosselands internasjonale nettverk redder den norske atomforskningen .......................................... 103 Samarbeid med Holland og åpning av reaktoren............................................................................... 105 OPPSUMMERING .................................................................................................................................... 108 SENTRALINSTITUTT FOR INDUSTRIELL FORSKNING ........................................................... 111 SENTRALINSTITUTT FOR NASJONSBYGGING?......................................................................................... 112 NTNF bestemmer å utrede mulighetene for et sentralinstitutt............................................................116 NTNF oppretter et utvalg for utredning av SI.....................................................................................120 Tilsynelatende mangel på vilje og ressurser i industrien....................................................................122 Utvalg for industrielt forskningsinstitutt presenterer sin innstilling...................................................124 SI BLIR OPPRETTET ................................................................................................................................126 Fra gode utsikter til nye stridigheter om lokaliseringen av forskningssenteret..................................128 NTH oppretter sitt eget forskningsinstitutt..........................................................................................130 Rosseland taler for en omfattende sentralisering av forskningsressursene til UiO............................132 FREDSSLUTNING MED NTH OG BYGGING AV SI.....................................................................................134 Byggeperioden frem til åpning............................................................................................................136 Et spørsmål om finansiering...............................................................................................................137 OPPSUMMERING.....................................................................................................................................138 ET SOLOBSERVATORIUM FOR UIO...............................................................................................141 VISJONER FOR ET NYTT OBSERVATORIUM VED UIO...............................................................................141 Det gamle observatoriet og planer om nybygg...................................................................................144 Hvorfor et solobservatorium?.............................................................................................................148
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