The Early History of the Niels Bohr Institute
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Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, 1940-1973
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2p300278 No online items Inventory of the Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, 1940-1973 Processed by Ronald S. Brashear; machine-readable finding aid created by Gabriela A. Montoya Manuscripts Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2203 Fax: (626) 449-5720 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org/huntingtonlibrary.aspx?id=554 © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection Inventory of the Ira Sprague 1 Bowen Papers, 1940-1973 Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection Inventory of the Ira Sprague Bowen Paper, 1940-1973 The Huntington Library San Marino, California Contact Information Manuscripts Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2203 Fax: (626) 449-5720 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org/huntingtonlibrary.aspx?id=554 Processed by: Ronald S. Brashear Encoded by: Gabriela A. Montoya © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, Date (inclusive): 1940-1973 Creator: Bowen, Ira Sprague Extent: Approximately 29,000 pieces in 88 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library San Marino, California 91108 Language: English. Provenance Placed on permanent deposit in the Huntington Library by the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection. This was done in 1989 as part of a letter of agreement (dated November 5, 1987) between the Huntington and the Carnegie Observatories. The papers have yet to be officially accessioned. Cataloging of the papers was completed in 1989 prior to their transfer to the Huntington. -
Alexander Karlberg Reciation Classes and Tutorials Lectures High
Alexander Karlberg Merton College, Merton Street, Oxford, OX1 4JD, United Kingdom +44 07784 623555 [email protected] EDUCATION DPhil in Theoretical Physics. University of Oxford, Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theo- retical Physics 2012-Present MSc in Physics. University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute 2010-2012 GPA: 11.9/12 (Top of class) Thesis: Space-Cone gauge and Scattering Amplitudes BSc in Physics. University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute 2007-2010 GPA: 11.9/12 (Top of class) EMPLOYMENT Non-stipendiary Lecturer. Merton College, University of Oxford 2013-Present Graduate Mentor. Merton College, University of Oxford 2012-Present High School Teacher (Arsvikar)˚ . Sankt Annæ Gymnasium 2010-2011 Teaching Assistant. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen 2009-2012 TEACHING Reciation Classes and Tutorials EXPERIENCE Niels Bohr Institute Mechanics Electrodynamics Quantum Mechanics Thermodynamics Mathematical Methods Brush Up for new students Merton College Mathematical Methods Lectures Niels Bohr Institute Thermodynamics (4h) High School Level Sankt Annæ Gymnasium Responsibility for teaching a class of 30 students in preliminary maths (Mat C) with subsequent examination. Supervision Niels Bohr Institute Supervised two first-year projects in 2010 and 2011 respectively. CONFERENCES IPPP Senior Experimental Fellowships Kick-off Meeting (2014) AND SCHOOLS Spaatind 2014 - Nordic Conference on Particle Physics (2014) ATTENDED BUSSTEPP 2013 (summer school) - University of Sussex, Brighton (2013) Higgs Symposium, University of Edinburgh (2013) Spaatind 2013 - Nordic Winter School on Particle Physics (2013) Spaatind 2012 - Nordic Conference on Particle Physics (2012) Niels Bohr Summer Institute - Strings, Gauge Theory and the LHC (2011) CERN summer student (2010) TALKS GIVEN BUSSTEPP student talk (2013). Electroweak ZZjj production at NLO in QCD matched with parton shower in the POWHEG-BOX Kandidatdag (2012). -
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman Louis de Broglie Norman Ramsey Willis Lamb Otto Stern Werner Heisenberg Walther Gerlach Ernest Rutherford Satyendranath Bose Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Eugene Wigner Arnold Sommerfeld Julian Schwinger David Bohm Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein Where discovery meets practice Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQ ST in Baden-Württemberg . Introduction “But I do not wish to be forced into abandoning strict These two quotes by Albert Einstein not only express his well more securely, develop new types of computer or construct highly causality without having defended it quite differently known aversion to quantum theory, they also come from two quite accurate measuring equipment. than I have so far. The idea that an electron exposed to a different periods of his life. The first is from a letter dated 19 April Thus quantum theory extends beyond the field of physics into other 1924 to Max Born regarding the latter’s statistical interpretation of areas, e.g. mathematics, engineering, chemistry, and even biology. beam freely chooses the moment and direction in which quantum mechanics. The second is from Einstein’s last lecture as Let us look at a few examples which illustrate this. The field of crypt it wants to move is unbearable to me. If that is the case, part of a series of classes by the American physicist John Archibald ography uses number theory, which constitutes a subdiscipline of then I would rather be a cobbler or a casino employee Wheeler in 1954 at Princeton. pure mathematics. Producing a quantum computer with new types than a physicist.” The realization that, in the quantum world, objects only exist when of gates on the basis of the superposition principle from quantum they are measured – and this is what is behind the moon/mouse mechanics requires the involvement of engineering. -
I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. -
Reaching for the Stars
REACHING FOR THE STARS – supporting excellent research Centers of Excellence 2002-2010 CENTER CENTER LEADER LOCATION Centers established in 2009/2010 Center on Autobiographical Memory Research Dorthe Berntsen Aarhus University Center for Particle Physics & Origin Mass Francesco Sannino University of Southern Denmark Center for Particle Physics Peter Hansen University of Copenhagen Centre for Symmetry and Deformation Jesper Grodal University of Copenhagen Centre for Materials Crystallography Bo Brummerstedt Iversen Aarhus University Center for GeoGenetics Eske Willerslev University of Copenhagen Centre for Quantum Geometry of Moduli Spaces Jørgen Ellegaard Andersen Aarhus University Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Carsten Rahbek University of Copenhagen Centre for Star and Planet Formation Martin Bizzarro University of Copenhagen Centers established in 2007 Center for Research in Econometric Analysis of Time Series Niels Haldrup Aarhus University Center for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling Jens Stougaard Aarhus University Centre for Comparative Genomics Rasmus Nielsen University of Copenhagen Centre for DNA Nanotechnology Kurt Vesterager Gothelf Aarhus University Centre for Epigenetics Kristian Helin University of Copenhagen Centre for Ice and Climate Dorthe Dahl-Jensen University of Copenhagen Center for Massive Data Algorithmics Lars Arge Aarhus University Pumpkin – Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease Poul Nissen Aarhus University Centers established in 2005 Nordic Center for Earth Evolution Don Canfield University of Southern Denmark Centre for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality Ib Chorkendorff Technical University of Denmark Centre for Inflammation and Metabolism Bente Klarlund Pedersen Copenhagen University Hospital Centre for Genotoxic Stress Jiri Lukas The Danish Cancer Society Centre for Social Evolution Jacobus J. Boomsma University of Copenhagen Centre for mRNP Biogenesis and Metaolism Torben Heick Jensen Aarhus University Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures Niels Chr. -
Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
(To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern. -
Enrico Fermi: Genius
ANNIVERSARY Enrico Fermi: genius This year marks the centenary of the birth of Enrico Fermi, one of the giants of 20th- • century science, and one of the last physicists to be both an accomplished experimentalist and an influential theorist. Here, Gianni Battimelli of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" traces the life of a genius. Enrico Fermi was born on 29 September 1901 in Rome to a family with no scientific traditions. His passion for natural sciences, and in particular for physics, was stimulated and guided in his school years by an engineer and family friend, Adolph Amidei, who recognized Fermi's exceptional intellectual abilities and suggested admission to Pisa's Scuola Normale Superiore. After finishing high-school studies in Rome, in 1918 Fermi progressed to the prestigious Pisa Institute, after producing for the admission exam an essay on the characteristics of the propagation of sound, the authenticity of which the commissioners initially refused to believe. Studies at Pisa did not pose any particular difficulties for the young Fermi, despite his having to be largely self-taught using mate rial in foreign languages because nothing existed at the time in Fermi's group discovered the Italian on the new physics emerging around relativity and quantum radioactivity induced by theory. In those years in Italy, these new theories were absent from university teaching, and only mathematicians likeTullio Levi-Civita neutrons, instead of the had the knowledge and insight to see their implications. alpha particles used in the Working alone, between 1919 and 1922, Fermi built up a solid competence in relativity, statistical mechanics and the applications Paris experiments. -
Bibliography
Bibliography F.H. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA, 1986) V. Balashov, Interaction of Particles and Radiation with Matter (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1997) British Journal of Radiology, Suppl. 25: Central Axis Depth Dose Data for Use in Radiotherapy (British Institute of Radiology, London, UK, 1996) J.R. Cameron, J.G. Skofronick, R.M. Grant, The Physics of the Body, 2nd edn. (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI, 1999) S.R. Cherry, J.A. Sorenson, M.E. Phelps, Physics in Nuclear Medicine, 3rd edn. (Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2003) W.H. Cropper, Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2001) R. Eisberg, R. Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1985) R.D. Evans, TheAtomicNucleus(Krieger, Malabar, FL USA, 1955) H. Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J.L. Safco, Classical Mechanics, 3rd edn. (Addison Wesley, Boston, MA, USA, 2001) D. Greene, P.C. Williams, Linear Accelerators for Radiation Therapy, 2nd Edition (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK, 1997) J. Hale, The Fundamentals of Radiological Science (Thomas Springfield, IL, USA, 1974) W. Heitler, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, 3rd edn. (Dover Publications, New York, 1984) W. Hendee, G.S. Ibbott, Radiation Therapy Physics (Mosby, St. Louis, MO, USA, 1996) W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, 4 edn. (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2002) International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), Electron Beams with Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV,ICRUReport35(ICRU,Bethesda, MD, USA, 1984) International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons, ICRU Report 37 (ICRU, Bethesda, MD, USA, 1984) 646 Bibliography J.D. -
Release of Documents Relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg Meeting
Release of documents relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg meeting DOCUMENTS RELEASED 6 FEBRUARY 2002 The family of Niels Bohr has decided to release all documents deposited at the Niels Bohr Archive, either written or dictated by Niels Bohr, pertaining specifically to the meeting between Bohr and Heisenberg in September 1941. There are in all eleven documents. The decision has been made in order to avoid possible misunderstandings regarding the contents of the documents. The documents supplement and confirm previously published statements of Bohr's recollections of the meeting, especially those of his son, Aage Bohr. The documents have now been organised, transcribed and translated into English at the Niels Bohr Archive. Because of the overwhelming interest in the material, it has been decided that the material should be published in full instead of being made available to scholars upon individual application, as is normal practice at the Niels Bohr Archive. This has been done by placing facsimiles, transcriptions and translations on this website here. An illustrated edition of the transcriptions and translations is published in the journal Naturens Verden, Vol. 84, No. 8 - 9. Reprints can be obtained from the Niels Bohr Archive for USD8/EUR8/DKK50 (prepaid). Release of documents relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg meeting. Document 1. Draft of letter from Bohr to Heisenberg, never sent. In the handwriting of Niels Bohr's assistant, Aage Petersen. Undated, but written after the first publication, in 1957, of the Danish translation of Robert Jungk, Heller als Tausend Sonnen, the first edition of Jungk's book to contain Heisenberg's letter. -
Absolute Zero, Absolute Temperature. Absolute Zero Is the Lowest
Contents Radioactivity: The First Puzzles................................................ 1 The “Uranic Rays” of Henri Becquerel .......................................... 1 The Discovery ............................................................... 2 Is It Really Phosphorescence? .............................................. 4 What Is the Nature of the Radiation?....................................... 5 A Limited Impact on Scientists and the Public ............................ 6 Why 1896? .................................................................. 7 Was Radioactivity Discovered by Chance? ................................ 7 Polonium and Radium............................................................. 9 Marya Skłodowska .......................................................... 9 Pierre Curie .................................................................. 10 Polonium and Radium: Pierre and Marie Curie Invent Radiochemistry.. 11 Enigmas...................................................................... 14 Emanation from Thorium ......................................................... 17 Ernest Rutherford ........................................................... 17 Rutherford Studies Radioactivity: ˛-and ˇ-Rays.......................... 18 ˇ-Rays Are Electrons ....................................................... 19 Rutherford in Montreal: The Radiation of Thorium, the Exponential Decrease........................................... 19 “Induced” and “Excited” Radioactivity .................................... 20 Elster -
Evolving the Structure of Hidden Markov Models Kyoung-Jae Won, Adam Prügel-Bennett, and Anders Krogh
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOL. 10, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2006 39 Evolving the Structure of Hidden Markov Models Kyoung-Jae Won, Adam Prügel-Bennett, and Anders Krogh Abstract—A genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for finding the being imposed faithfully captures some biological constraints, structure of hidden Markov Models (HMMs) used for biological it should not significantly increase the approximation error. As sequence analysis. The GA is designed to preserve biologically the generalization error is the sum of the estimation and approx- meaningful building blocks. The search through the space of HMM structures is combined with optimization of the emis- imation error, imposing a meaningful structure on the HMM sion and transition probabilities using the classic Baum–Welch should give good generalization performance. By automatically algorithm. The system is tested on the problem of finding the optimizing the HMM architecture, we are potentially throwing promoter and coding region of C. jejuni. The resulting HMM has away the advantage over other machine learning techniques, a superior discrimination ability to a handcrafted model that has namely their amenability to incorporate biological information been published in the literature. in their structure. That is, we risk finding a model that “overfits” Index Terms—Biological sequence analysis, genetic algorithm the data. (GA), hidden Markov model (HMM), hybrid algorithm, machine The aim of the research presented in this paper is to utilize learning. the flexibility provided by genetic algorithms (GAs) to gain the advantage of automatic structure discovery, while retaining I. INTRODUCTION some of the benefits of a hand-designed architecture. That is, by IDDEN MARKOV models (HMMs) are probabilistic fi- choosing the representation and genetic operators, we attempt H nite-state machines used to find structures in sequential to bias the search toward biologically plausible HMM architec- data. -
The Establishment of the University Institute of Economics in 1932
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Bjerkholt, Olav Working Paper A turning point in the development of Norwegian economics: The establishment of the University Institute of Economics in 1932 Memorandum, No. 2000,36 Provided in Cooperation with: Department of Economics, University of Oslo Suggested Citation: Bjerkholt, Olav (2000) : A turning point in the development of Norwegian economics: The establishment of the University Institute of Economics in 1932, Memorandum, No. 2000,36, University of Oslo, Department of Economics, Oslo This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/63074 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen