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Country Report Country Report PEATLAND STATUS AND MANAGEMENT IN THAILAND 1 By 2 Tanit Nuyim I. INTRODUCTION Thailand has a comparatively small area of peatland. It is less than 0.15 % of the total land area of the country and are found in certain areas of the southern provinces. Peatland has unique features and numerous benefits provided directly or indirectly to the country as a whole and to the people living around the peatlands in particular. These environmentally invaluable areas have become the focus of endeavors among the private and the public sector in the conservation and management to obtain optimal benefits. This is reflected in the efforts made by successive governments in the designating peatlands with virgin forests and those deemed potentially restorable as reserve areas. As a consequence, an area of 200-sq. km. of Phru Toe Daeng, a peat swamp in Narathiwat province, has been declared a wildlife sanctuary area. Similarly, the peatland in Thale Noi of Phatthalung province and in Khuan Khreng of Nakhon Si Thammarat province have been designated as Non-Hunting areas. Operation units have been assigned to these areas and strict laws have been reinforced against encroachers. Degraded peatlands have been converted to land settlement cooperatives, where plots of land were distributed to the landless villagers for engaging in the agriculture purposes, e.g. cultivation of oil palm. In addition, the government has also set up the task forces for controlling and preventing forest fires, frequently occurring in the peatland and a major cause of its degradation. A Royal Initiated Project for research and development of peatland was established to ensure that peatland, or the so-called ‘Phru’ in Thai, is maintained and survived. II. PEATLAND DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS OF PEATLAND IN THALAND Peatlands are found mostly in the Southern part of Thailand, particularly in Narathiwat, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Choomphon, Songkhla, Phatthalung, Trang, and Surat Thani. A few of them are found in the East, in the province of Trat, and in the Central, as in Lopburi(Fig 1). However, extensive surveys have not been made to determine the exact areas of peatlands in Thailand. In fact, studies and 1Presented in the workshop on " ASEAN Peatland Management Initiative". 16-17 October 2003, Bogor, Indonesia 2Department of National Park, wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand 2 research on peatland in Thailand started only 15 years ago, and the studies have been confined to certain groups of academics. This has resulted in the information on peatland in this country rather incomplete. The definition of peatland has not been agreed upon and defined to the same standard, thus making the outcomes of the studies to differ in terms of figures and statistics. A study by Vijarnsorn and Panichapong (1987) found that the total area of peatland is 45,034 ha., locating in Narathiwat (26,600 ha.), Nakhon Si Thammarat (12,300 ha.), Choomphon (2,704 ha.), Songkhla (887 ha.), Phatthalung (446 ha.), Pattani (180 ha.), and Trat (1,917 ha.). Other areas of peatlands have not been included in this study, e.g. Khanthulee (Surat Thani), Thoongkhai (Trang), and peatland on mountain ranges such as Doi Inthanon (Chiang Mai), and Hala-bala (Yala and Narathiwat). As for the status of peatland in Thailand, it is found that peatland is covered with primary forests with more than 470 species, some of which are as 40 meters tall. This type of peatland, normally constituting the peat layers of 3.5 meters in thickness and 1-2 meters beneath the surface, is approximately 700-800 years old, and covering a total area of 8,000 ha. It is found in most Toe Daeng peat swamp forest in Narathiwat(Fig 2). Peatlands with thick forests have been subject to forest fires, which cause much damages and loss to original plants species. As a result, original plant species have been replaced with weeds and budding plant species such as Melalueca cajuputi and Macarangca sp. Frequent forest fires have caused the peat to vanish or remain very little and the affected areas become open land, part of which have been encroached upon by settlers. However, not all the open land is arable due to strong acidity in the soil. Peat swamp forests, according to a survey conducted by Jirasak et al. (1991), cover a total area of 64,554 ha.(Table 1). These forests are mostly found in Narathiwat (47.97%) and Nakhon-Si-Thammarat (29.35%). However, the area constitutes only 14% of primary forest, whereas the rest are degraded peat swamp forest. The fact is that the area of peat swamp forests is greater than that of the total peatland in the country. This may due to the fact that part of the present peat swamp forests used to be the peatland areas, with no clear evidence of peat layers remaining. III. USES OF PEATLANDS Peatlands in Thailand provide both direct and indirect uses to the people living around them. The area around the peatland is the fertile ground for local fishery. It is the place where wild products are found such as Metroxylon sagus Rottb, fruit of Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burr., rattan, mushroom, Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin. Peatlands also provide trees for construction and as for fuel purpose. The land in the peatland is used for agricultural purposes such as cultivation of plants, animal raising and other uses, as illustrated in Table 2. Furthermore, it was found that in Nakhon Si Thammarat a certain area of peatland in Khuan Khreng has been used for reforestation of Malaleuca cajuputi, 3 Lopburi Chantaburi Trad Chumporn Phuket Surat-Thani Nakornsri- Thammarat Krabi Puttalung Songkla Trung Pattani Narathiwas Fig. 1 Distribution of peatlands in Thailand N 4 Fig. 2 Distribution of peatswamp forest in Narathiwat province (Source : Veeravaitaya, 2003 and Vijarnsorn, 1996) Table 1. Distribution of peat swamp forest in Thailand region province secondary primary total remark forest (ha) forest (ha) (ha) Southern part Narathiwat 21,992 8,978 30,970 -Toe-daeng 8,403 ha - Bachoe 575 ha NakhonsiThammarat 18,946 - 18,946 Chumphon 3,285 - 3,285 Surat Thanee 1,542 48 1,590 Songkla 4,829 - 4,829 Pattani 1,205 - 1,205 Yala 190 - 190 Trang 86 6 92 Phuttalung 2,768 - 2,768 Phuket 63 - 63 Krabi 47 - 47 Total 54,951 9,032 63,982 South east coast Trat 453 - 453 Rayong 120 - 120 Total 573 - 573 Grand Total 55,523 9,032 64,555 Source : Jirasak, et al. 1999 a promotional scheme with subsidy of 3,000 baht per rai (1600 sq.m.) from the government. The plants thrive well in this area. In other areas, the peat soil has been used as material for preparing seedlings. The excavation of such soil allows O2 to penetrate and expose to pyrite (FeS2), causing a reaction that generates acidity in the soil. 5 Some Peatland area in Thailand of 1,500 ha. is under the jurisdiction of two land settlement cooperatives namely Bachoe Land Settlement Cooperatives Office and Pileng Land Settlement Cooperatives Office in Narathiwat province. Both settlements promoted members to cultivate oil palm. Each participating family was allocated a plot of about 3 ha.; other infrastructures such as roads and water regulating mechanism were provided. Both areas are operated under the cooperative limited arrangement. In addition, more than half of the peatlands in the country have been designated as wildlife sanctuary areas and non-hunting areas. These areas have been used as the places for breeding and habitation of wildlife. The areas also function as the sites for conservation of environment and biological diversity. To promote conservation of nature, the government has constructed nature study trails in the peatlands for people to take a close look at the natural features of the sites. Each year a large number of visitors take part in the eco-tourism by walking along the trails at the Princess Sirindhorn Peatswamp Forest Research and Nature Study Center, located in Sungai Golok district of Narathiwat province, and at Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area in Phatthalung province. Table 2: Multiple uses of peatland in Thailand Direct Uses -Large fishing grounds for villagers -Collecting fruit of Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burr. and other wild fruits such as Dialium patents Bak., rambutan, Rhodomyrtu tomentosa Wight, wild mango, the fruits serving as snack or for sale -Collecting Sago palm leaves, extracting starch from Metroxylon sagus Rottb., gathering larvae from the trunk Metrosylon sagus Rottb. -Collecting wild natural honey -Collecting mushrooms, particularly Melaleuca mushrooms - Lycopodium cernuun Linn. leaves for flower decoration -Young leaves of Nepholepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn and Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. for cooking -Leaves from Licuala sp. can be used to wrap desserts -Grounds for collecting ornamental fish -Source for firewood, processed timber, and trees for general purposes -Source for organic soils used for preparing seedlings -Cultivation plot for plants like oil palm -Source for collecting rare medicinal plants -Large water retention area for irrigating farm land and for household use - Source for collecting seeds of Crytostachys renda Bl. -Source for collecting fragrant flowering plants, ornamental plants, and valuable plants -Animal raising area -Collecting Lepironia articulata and Pandanus sp. -Collecting Lygodium sp. and rattan for making basketry Indirect Uses -Breeding ground and habitation for wildlife species -Serving as large storage area of carbon to regulate global ecology -Source of conservation sites for flora and fauna genes - Serving as large water intake and flood prevention -Minimizing impact of strong wind 6 -Source for study and research -Attractions for eco-tourists IV. PROBLEMS WITH PEATLAND MANAGEMENT Peatland is the place where sediment of peat is loosely formed in the waterlogged area. The soil contains low nutrients for plants and the peatland is subject to risk of forest fire during the dry season.
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