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Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata ISSN: 2338-8811 Vol. 4 No 2, 2016 36 Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata ISSN: 2338-8811 Vol. 4 No 2, 2016 PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA DI PANTAI PANDAWA, DESA KUTUH, KUTA SELATAN, BADUNG Andryano Febrian Bambar a, 1, I Putu Anoma, 2 1 [email protected], [email protected] a Program Studi S1 Destinasi Pariwisata,Fakultas Pariwisata,Universitas Udayana, Jl. Dr. R. Goris, Denpasar, Bali 80232 Indonesia ABSTRACT Pandawa Beach is one of destination in Bali that be popular and much visited by tourists. Therefore, it is necessary managed by Kutuh Village community well. This study discussed about community participation in tourism development in Pandawa Beach. The method of this study is in-depth interviews, observation and literature study. In determining the informant, the technique that used is purposive sampling. Data analysis used qualitative descriptive. Result from this study is Kutuh Village community participation in decision making.The type of community participation in making decissin is interactive, in tourism program planning ( in tourism facilities development that are self mobilization, in tourism investments that are self mobilization, and in tourism promotion that is intensive ), in sharing profit from tourism activity in Pandawa Beach, and the type of community participation in sharing profit is self mobilization. Keyword : Community Participation, Tourism Development I. PENDAHULUAN agar proses pengembangan dan pembangunan Pariwisata telah menjadi salah satu pariwisata tidak hanya menguntungkan salah sektor yang mempunyai peran penting dalam satu pihak saja. Partisipasi ketiga komponen ini mendatangkan devisa bagi Indonesia. Hal itu juga sangat diharapkan dalam pengembangan dapat dilihat dari Data dari Pusdatin ( Pusat pariwisata di Bali, khususnya di Pantai Data dan Informasi) Kementrian Pariwisata dan Pandawa. Ekonomi kreatif, bahwa pada tahun 2013 Pantai Pandawa adalah salah satu indonesia memperoleh devisa dari kegiatan destinasi wisata yang ada di Bali dan baru Pariwisata sebesar 10,05 miliar dollar AS. berjalan kurang lebih dua tahun. Pantai Untuk tetap mempertahankan eksistensi Pandawa terletak di Desa Kutuh, Kecamatan pariwisata dalam meningkatkan devisa, Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung, berjarak pemerintah melakukan berbagai upaya, dengan kurang lebih 3 km dari Kawasan Wisata Nusa mengeluarkan Undang-Undang Republik Dua dan Pura Uluwatu. Pantai Pandawa Indonesia Nomor 10 tahun 2009 tentang menawarkan pemandangan yang indah dengan kepariwisataan, yang mengamanatkan agar : tebing yang dipapas tegak, pasir putih bersih 1. Sumber daya alam menjadi modal dengan air laut yang hijau kebiruan. Mendekati kepariwisataan,dimanfaatkan secara optimal pantai tebing-tebing kapur tersebut dilubangi melalui penyelenggaraan kepariwisataan dan diukir patung-patung tokoh Pandawa Lima untuk meningkatkan pendapatan nasional. dalam kisah Mahabharata yang terdiri dari 2. Memperluas kesempatan berusaha dan Yudisthira, Bima, Arjuna, Nakula, dan Sadewa. lapangan pekerjaan. Meskipun aktivitas pariwisata di Pantai 3. Mendorong pembangunan kepariwisataan Pandawa baru berjalan dua tahun, Pantai daerah. Pandawa sudah menarik minat wisatawan yang 4. Memperkenalkan dan mendayagunakan daya banyak. Minat wisatawan terlihat dari jumlah tarik wisata dan destinasi. kunjungan wisatawan yang datang ke Pantai Keberhasilan Indonesia dalam Pandawa. Berdasarkan data dari Kepala meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan tidak Penataan Pantai Pandawa, pada tahun 2013 terlepas juga dari peran 3 (tiga) aktor penting jumlah kunjungan wisatawan nusantara dalam pariwisata yaitu pemerintah, swasta dan mencapai 337.991 orang dan jumlah kunjungan masyarakat. Ketiga komponen tersebut wisatawan mancanegara mencapai 80.577 sangatlah penting dalam pengembangan orang. Sedangkan kunjungan wisatawan pariwisata dan diharapakan dapat mancanegara pada tahun 2014 adalah sebesar berkoordinasi dengan baik. Hal ini bertujuan 87.411 orang atau meningkat 8,4% dari tahun 36 Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata ISSN: 2338-8811 Vol. 4 No 2, 2016 2013 dan wisatawan nusantara sebesar c) Partisipasi konsultatif dengan karakteristik 892.814 orang atau meningkat 164% dari masyarakat berpartisipasi dengan cara tahun 2013. konsultasi, tidak ada peluang membuat Peningkatan jumlah kunjungan keputusan bersama, dan professional tidak wisatawan tersebut merupakan sebuah indikasi berkewajiban untuk mengajukan pandangan bahwa Pantai Pandawa sudah mulai dikenal (sebagai masukan ) atau tidak lanjut. baik oleh wisatawan nusantara dan d) Partisipasi intensif memiliki karakteristik mancanegara. Oleh sebab itu Pantai Pandawa masyarakat memberikan korbanan atau mempunyai potensi dalam menarik minat jasanya untuk memperoleh imbalan berupa wisatawan dan tentunya juga mempunyai intensif atau upah. Masyarakat tidak potensi dalam menghasilkan devisa bagi dilibatkan dalam proses pembelajaran atau negara. Pencapaian tersebut tidak terlepas dari eksperimen yang dilakukan dan masyarakat partisipasi masyarakat Desa Kutuh dalam tidak memiliki andil untuk melanjutkan mengembangkan pariwisata di Pantai Pandawa. kegiatan-kegiatan setelah intensif Partisipasi masyarakat sangatlah penting dalam dihentikan. pengembangan pariwisata di Pantai Pandawa e) Partisipasi fungsional memiliki karakteristik agar masyarakat dapat memperoleh masyarakat membentuk kelompok untuk keuntungan secara langsung dari kegiatan mencapai tujuan proyek, pembentukan pariwisata tersebut, tidak sekadar merasakan kelompok biasanya setelah ada keputusan- euphoria. Menurut Awang (1999), partisipasi keputusan utama yang disepakati, pada adalah keterlibatan aktif dan bermakna dari tahap awal masyarakat tergantung terhadap masyarakat pada tingkatan berbeda, seperti : pihak luar namun secara bertahap 1. Dalam pengambilan keputusan dan menunjukan kemandiriannya. menetukan tujuan-tujuan. f) Partisipasi interaktif memiliki ciri dimana 2. Dalam pelaksanaan program-program secara masyarakat berperan dalam analisis untuk sukarela dan pembagian tugas yang merata. perencanaan kegiatan dalam pembentukan 3. Pemanfaatan hasil dari satu program. penguatan kelembagaan dan cenderung Partisipasi masyarkat Desa Kutuh melibatkan metode interdisipliner yang dalam pengembangan pariwisata di Pantai mencari keragaman perspektif dalam proses Pandawa idealnya mengacu pada pengertian belajar mengajar yang terstruktur dan partisipasi di atas. Selain mengacu pada sistematis. Masyarakat memiliki peran untuk pengertian tersebut, partisipasi masyarakat di mengontrol atas (pelaksanaan) keputusan- Pantai pandawa juga perlu dikaji berdasarkan keputusan mereka, sehingga memiliki andil karakteristik partisipasi. Menurut Pretty ( dalam keseluruhan proses kegiatan. dalam Mowforth dan Munt ; 2000 ), ada tujuh g) Self mobilization (mandiri) memiliki karakteristik partisipasi, yaitu : karakter masyarakat mengambil inisiatif a) Partisipasi pasif atau manipulatif dengan sendiri secara bebas untuk mengubah sistem karakteristik masyarakat diberitahu apa dan nilai-nilai yang mereka miliki. yang sedang telah terjadi, pengumuman Masyarakat mengembangkan kontak dengan sepihak oleh pelaksana proyek tanpa pihak-pihak lain untuk mendapatkan memperhatikan tanggapan masyarakat dan bantuan-bantuan teknis dan sumber daya informasi yang duperlukan terbatas pada yang ada atau yang digunakan. kalangan professional di luar kelompok Pengembangan pariwisata melibatkan tiga sasaran. aktor penting yaitu pemerintah, swasta, dan b) Patisipasi informatif memiliki karakteristik masyarakat lokal. Pengelolahan pariwisata yang dimana masyarakat menjawab pertanyaan- saat ini sedang digalakan di pantai Pandawa pertanyaan penelitian, masyarakat tidak adalah pengelolahan pariwisata berbasis diberi kesempatan untuk terlibat dan masyarakat lokal. Secara umum pariwisata mempengaruhi proses peneletian dan berbasis masyarakat lokal (Community Based akurasi hasil peneletian tidak dibahas Tourism / CBT), merupakan sebuah konsep bersama masyarakat. tentang pemberdayaan masyarakat lokal. Dalam hal ini masyarakat lokal turut 37 Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata ISSN: 2338-8811 Vol. 4 No 2, 2016 berpartisipasi dalam perencanaan, unsur-unsur tertentu. Sebagai informan kunci pengelolahan, dan ikut serta dalam yaitu I Wayan Kasim sebagai Kepala Penataan pengambilan keputusan dan mendapatkan Kawasan Pantai Pandawa, I Wayan Letra selaku keuntungan dari kegiatan pariwisata. Hal ini masyarakat yang juga merupakan staf di tim sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan oleh Nicole penataan Pantai Pandawa, dan Kepala Desa Hausler ( 2009 ) tentang CBT ( Community Kutuh Bapak I Made Purja. Based Tourism ), yaitu : 1. Bentuk Pariwisata yang memberikan III. PEMBAHASAN kesempatan kepada masyarakat lokal untuk Pantai Pandawa terletak di Desa Kutuh, mengontrol dan terlibat dalam manajemen Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung. Berjarak serta pembangunan pariwisata. kurang lebih 3 km dari Kawasan Wisata Nusa 2. Masyarakat yang tidak terlibat langsung Dua dan Pura Uluwatu. Pada awalnya Pantai dalam kegiatan pariwisata juga mendapat Pandawa dikenal sebagai secret beach, karena keuntungan dari kegiatan pariwisata. lokasinya tersembunyi di balik deretan 3. Adanya pemberdayaan secara politis dan perbukitan batu yang hany ditumbui semak demokratisasi serta distribusi keuntungan belukar. Untuk memasuki kawasan ini, harus kepada komunitas yang kurang beruntung di melewati jalan yang diapiti oleh tebing terjal. pedesaan. Sebelum dikenal luas sebagai destinasi Pengelolahan dengan prinsip CBT (Community wisata, dulunya pantai ini dijadikan sebagai Based Tourism) juga sesuai dengan prinsip- tempat budidaya rumput
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