A Survey of Breeding Golden Plover Within the Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA, County Mayo

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Survey of Breeding Golden Plover Within the Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA, County Mayo ISSN 1393 – 6670 N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D W I L D L I F E S ERVICE A SURVEY OF BREEDING GOLDEN PLOVER WITHIN THE WENDUFF EPHIN OMPLEX O /N C SPA, COUNTY MAYO Dave Suddaby & Cathal O’Brien I R I S H W I L D L I F E M ANUAL S 120 National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) commissions a range of reports from external contractors to provide scientific evidence and advice to assist it in its duties. The Irish Wildlife Manuals series serves as a record of work carried out or commissioned by NPWS, and is one means by which it disseminates scientific information. Others include scientific publications in peer reviewed journals. The views and recommendations presented in this report are not necessarily those of NPWS and should, therefore, not be attributed to NPWS. Front cover, small photographs from top row: Limestone pavement, Bricklieve Mountains, Co. Sligo, Andy Bleasdale; Meadow Saffron Colchicum autumnale, Lorcan Scott; Garden Tiger Arctia caja, Brian Nelson; Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, David Tierney; Common Newt Lissotriton vulgaris, Brian Nelson; Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris, Jenni Roche; Raised bog pool, Derrinea Bog, Co. Roscommon, Fernando Fernandez Valverde; Coastal heath, Howth Head, Co. Dublin, Maurice Eakin; A deep water fly trap anemone Phelliactis sp., Yvonne Leahy; Violet Crystalwort Riccia huebeneriana, Robert Thompson Main photograph: Looking towards Slieve Carr, Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA, Dave Suddaby A survey of breeding Golden Plover within the Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA, County Mayo Dave Suddaby & Cathal O’Brien BirdWatch Ireland, Eachléim, Clogher, Ballina, Co. Mayo Keywords: Golden Plover, Skylark, Meadow Pipit, breeding estimates, upland habitat, SPA, County Mayo Ireland Citation: Suddaby, D. & O’Brien, C. (2020) A survey of breeding Golden Plover within the Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA, County Mayo. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 120. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland The NPWS Project Officer for this report was: Seán Kelly ([email protected]) This IWM was edited by Áine O Connor ISSN 1393 – 6670 An tSeirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta agus Fiadhúlra 2020 National Parks and Wildlife Service 2020 An Roinn Cultúir, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta, 90 Sráid an Rí Thuaidh, Margadh na Feirme, Baile Átha Cliath 7, D07N7CV Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, 90 North King Street, Smithfield, Dublin 7, D07 N7CV Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. ii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Survey Area ................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Site Description ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Site Selection ........................................................................................................................................ 3 3 Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Breeding Birds ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Habitat Assessments ........................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 Data Interpretation and Analysis...................................................................................................... 9 4 Results .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Coverage............................................................................................................................................. 11 4.2 Breeding Birds ................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2.1 Golden Plover................................................................................................................................ 11 4.2.2 Skylark and Meadow Pipit .......................................................................................................... 13 4.2.3 Red Grouse .................................................................................................................................... 15 4.3 Habitat Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 15 4.4 Habitat condition and the occurrence of breeding Golden Plover............................................. 16 5 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................... 19 6 Bibliography & Relevant Literature ......................................................................................................... 22 Appendix Habitat Assessment Summaries ............................................................................................. 24 IWM 120 (2020) Golden Plover survey, Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA Executive Summary The Irish breeding population of Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria, a species listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive, was estimated at 134 to 156 pairs following surveys between 2002 and 2004. From those surveys, the Owenduff/Nephin Complex Special Protection Area (SPA) (site code 4098) in County Mayo was identified and designated as an important breeding area for Golden Plover. Further surveys within this SPA in 2005 and 2006 estimated a breeding population of 60 to 67 pairs. These estimates were based on an extrapolation from single survey visits to up to 26 one-kilometre grid squares in both 2005 and 2006. There has been no systematic survey or population estimate for Golden Plover within SPA since these surveys. Robust data on population size, range and habitat use are essential to the development and implementation of effective conservation programmes. This report provides the results of a survey for breeding Golden Plover in the Owenduff/Nephin Complex SPA, based on the most cost-effective approach to providing a population estimate. The survey was completed during the 2019 breeding season using the same 27 one-kilometre grid squares identified and surveyed between 2005 and 2006. This survey followed the same transect routes within each one-kilometre square that were set during those previous surveys. In consideration that any changes in Golden Plover population may be habitat mediated, a repeat of the habitat assessments completed in 2005 and 2006 was also undertaken, using pre-determined 1 m2 quadrats along the established transect routes. Additionally, territorial Skylark Alauda arvensis and Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis were recorded. This survey found five Golden Plover breeding territories within the 27 one-kilometre grid squares surveyed. All were recorded between 19 April and 16 May, and despite surveying through until 21 June 2019, no further territorial birds were detected. These findings indicate a breeding density of 0.25 Apparently Occupied Territories (AOTs) per kilometre-squared (0.25 AOT/km2) across the total surveyed area of the SPA (19.92 km2). Surveys in 2005 and 2006 estimated the density of Golden Plover at 0.37 AOT/km2 and 0.44 AOT/km2, respectively. These density estimates are considerably lower than those from a 2013-2015 survey in the Connemara Bog Complex SPA (1.35 AOT/km2). The results from this survey suggest that the total population of breeding Golden Plover within the repeated surveyed sites has declined by 37.5% (from a maximum eight AOTs in 2006 to five in 2019), and that the density of AOTs has declined by 43% (from a maximum of 0.44 AOT/km2 in 2006 to 0.25 AOT/km2 in 2019). However, these trends should be interpreted with caution as the survey methods differed between periods: two survey visits were completed to each one-kilometre grid square in 2019, while each square received only a single visit in both 2005 and 2006. Due to a lack of high quality data on habitat availability within the SPA, it was not possible to produce a robust estimate of the total breeding Golden Plover population within the SPA. Compared to the habitat assessments completed in 2005 and 2006, this survey found increased cover of shrub/heather in survey squares. As breeding Golden Plover do not utilise extensive or old stands of dense tall heather, the increased heather cover found may have impacted negatively upon the breeding population. This could perhaps, in part, explain the observed decline in the density of breeding Golden Plover pairs, and, if so, may continue to affect populations without changes in land management. While one may have expected an increase in shrub/heather cover to result in decreased Skylark abundance and increased Meadow Pipit abundance, this survey broadly indicated that Skylark increased while Meadow Pipit were stable. There is significant scope
Recommended publications
  • The Irish Mountain Ringlet [Online]
    24 November 2014 (original version February 2014) © Peter Eeles Citation: Eeles, P. (2014). The Irish Mountain Ringlet [Online]. Available from http://www.dispar.org/reference.php?id=1 [Accessed November 24, 2014]. The Irish Mountain Ringlet Peter Eeles Abstract: The presence of the Mountain Ringlet (Erebia epiphron) in Ireland has been a topic of much interest to Lepidopterists for decades, partly because of the small number of specimens that are reputedly Irish. This article examines available literature to date and includes images of all four surviving specimens that can lay claim to Irish provenance. [This is an update to the article written in February 2014]. The presence of the Mountain Ringlet (Erebia epiphron) in Ireland has been a topic of much interest to Lepidopterists for decades, partly because of the small number of specimens that are reputedly Irish. The Irish Mountain Ringlet is truly the stuff of legend and many articles have been written over the years, including the excellent summary by Chalmers-Hunt (1982). The purpose of this article is to examine all relevant literature and, in particular, the various points of view that have been expressed over the years. This article also includes images of all four surviving specimens that can lay claim to Irish provenance and some of the sites mentioned in conjunction with these specimens are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 - Key Sites The Birchall Mountain Ringlet (1854) The first reported occurrence of Mountain Ringlet in Ireland was provided by Edwin Birchall (Birchall, 1865) where,
    [Show full text]
  • The Moss Year - 2012– 2012
    New county records – mosses The moss year - 2012– 2012 012 was an exceptional year for vice- Nick Hodgetts and David Holyoak (Lockhart county records, prompted by the et al., 2012). England and Scotland also saw recording deadline for the new edition of increased activity, but the numbers for Wales 2the national bryophyte atlas, and some initial were slightly lower. Once again the new records vetting of the accumulated data. For mosses, have a very wide geographical spread, and with a the number of additions and amendments to the large number of contributors. There are new or Census Catalogue in 2012 was 731, of which updated entries for 119 out of the 153 British 657 were new records or post-1960 updates. and Irish vice-counties, excluding deletions and These break down as shown in the table below. corrections. Even after discounting deletions and bracketings, this represents an increase of a third Additions to the British and Irish list over 2011. This is largely explained by activities in Ireland, especially targeted recording in North The diversity of the British and Irish flora has Cork and South Limerick, the summer meeting been increased by the formal publication of one in Mayo and Sligo, and continuing intensive field newly described species, and three additions work by Rory Hodd and his colleagues. A small to the flora. The new species is Orthotrichum but significant number of the new records were cambrense Bosanquet & F.Lara, discovered in collected in previous decades and were elicited by Carmarthenshire by Sam Bosanquet. It is like O. Mark Hill’s work in validating Atlas data against tenellum but with rounded leaf apices (Bosanquet the Census Catalogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Landscape Names
    Irish Landscape Names Preface to 2010 edition Stradbally on its own denotes a parish and village); there is usually no equivalent word in the Irish form, such as sliabh or cnoc; and the Ordnance The following document is extracted from the database used to prepare the list Survey forms have not gained currency locally or amongst hill-walkers. The of peaks included on the „Summits‟ section and other sections at second group of exceptions concerns hills for which there was substantial www.mountainviews.ie The document comprises the name data and key evidence from alternative authoritative sources for a name other than the one geographical data for each peak listed on the website as of May 2010, with shown on OS maps, e.g. Croaghonagh / Cruach Eoghanach in Co. Donegal, some minor changes and omissions. The geographical data on the website is marked on the Discovery map as Barnesmore, or Slievetrue in Co. Antrim, more comprehensive. marked on the Discoverer map as Carn Hill. In some of these cases, the evidence for overriding the map forms comes from other Ordnance Survey The data was collated over a number of years by a team of volunteer sources, such as the Ordnance Survey Memoirs. It should be emphasised that contributors to the website. The list in use started with the 2000ft list of Rev. these exceptions represent only a very small percentage of the names listed Vandeleur (1950s), the 600m list based on this by Joss Lynam (1970s) and the and that the forms used by the Placenames Branch and/or OSI/OSNI are 400 and 500m lists of Michael Dewey and Myrddyn Phillips.
    [Show full text]
  • The MOUNTAINS of IRELAND
    The MOUNTAINS of IRELAND PREFACE The appeal of the mountains is, to some extent, a personal and subjective thing: each of us has some particular and individual response to the beauty of the hills. To that extent, this book, which attempts a brief survey of the Irish mountains, is a personal impression. These are the features of the different groups which I myself select as their special characteristics. And with this description of the hills, I have tried to include some account of the history and geology of the mountain country, and to venture to indicate some of the meanings of the Irish place-names. Ireland is not a mountainous country in the ordinary sense of the word. Yet her small groups of mountains dominate the far more extensive plains, and are themselves true mountains and not mere hills. Each range, too, differs from all the rest, so that the Irish highlands include almost all the variations to be found in mountain scenery, from the smooth uplands of the Wicklow hills to the broken rocks of the Reeks at Killarney and the bare quartzite of the Twelve Bens. Mountaineering is still a young sport in Ireland and the hills are not as well known as they should be either to the Irish people themselves or to our visitors. And to the extent that the mountains are not known, this account of them is a signpost to the hills. D.D.O.P.M. August 1955 S L I E V E A U G H T Y Perhaps the most striking impression of these uplands, through which the Shannon has to carve its way from the levels of the Central Plain to the open sea below Limerick, is gained by sailing up from that town to Lough Derg, when the river, and its canalised section above the powerhouse at Ardnacrusha, seem to be leading one into the depths of the hills Mils which are framed by the white concrete bridges spanning the canal section, symmetrical, like a Japanese painting.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Areas (Nhas) for Bryophytes: Selection Criteria
    ISSN 1393 – 6670 N A T I O N A L P A R K S A N D W I L D L I F E S ERVICE Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) for Bryophytes: Selection Criteria Christina Campbell and Neil Lockhart I R I S H W I L D L I F E M ANUAL S 100 Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) for Bryophytes: Selection Criteria Christina Campbell & Neil Lockhart National Parks and Wildlife Service, 7 Ely Place, Dublin, D02 TW98 Keywords: Natural Heritage Area, designation, bryophyte, moss, liverwort, site protection Citation: Campbell, C. & Lockhart, N. (2017) Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) for Bryophytes: Selection Criteria. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 100. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland. The NPWS Project Officer for this report was: Dr Neil Lockhart; [email protected] Irish Wildlife Manuals Series Editors: Brian Nelson, Áine O Connor & David Tierney © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2017 ISSN 1393 – 6670 IWM 100 (2017) Natural Heritage Areas for Bryophytes Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE HILLWALKER Eastwest Mapping Update 23 2013/14 Membership Application Form 24
    Hillwalkers Club December 2013 – February 2014 http://www.hillwalkersclub.com/ Christmas Party Weekend Kilkenny FAQs on page 6 Chasing rainbows on Dingle. Photo: Russell Mills In this edition Hike programme: December 2013 – February 2014 2 Club news, Scotland Easter 2014 5 Christmas Weekend FAQs 6 Wales Easter 2014 7 Tralee and the Dingle Peninsula 8 A Camino tale 11 Committee 2013/14 15 Maritime Alps 16 Winter hillwalking 21 THE HILLWALKER EastWest Mapping update 23 2013/14 membership application form 24 The Hillwalker ● December 2013 – February 2014 1 HIKE PROGRAMME December 2013 – February 2014 MEET: Corner of Burgh Quay and Hawkins St DEPART: Sundays at 10.00 am (unless stated otherwise), or earlier if it is full. TRANSPORT: Private bus (unless stated otherwise) COST: €12.00 (unless stated otherwise) 2nd pick-up point: On the outward journey, the bus will stop briefly to collect walkers at the pick-up point. Should the bus be full on departure from Burgh Quay, this facility cannot be offered. Return drop-off point: On the return journey, where indicated, the bus will stop near the outward pick-up point to drop off any hikers. We regret this is not possible on all hikes. GENERAL HIKE NOTES PARTICIPATION Mountaineering is an activity with a danger of personal injury or death. Participants should be aware of and accept these risks. People who take part in our club activities do so at their own risk and are responsible for their own actions and involvement. CO-ORDINATION If necessary, tickets are given out on Sundays to ensure that participants reserve a bus place as they arrive.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PLACE-NAMES of ARGYLL Other Works by H
    / THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE PLACE-NAMES OF ARGYLL Other Works by H. Cameron Gillies^ M.D. Published by David Nutt, 57-59 Long Acre, London The Elements of Gaelic Grammar Second Edition considerably Enlarged Cloth, 3s. 6d. SOME PRESS NOTICES " We heartily commend this book."—Glasgow Herald. " Far and the best Gaelic Grammar."— News. " away Highland Of far more value than its price."—Oban Times. "Well hased in a study of the historical development of the language."—Scotsman. "Dr. Gillies' work is e.\cellent." — Frce»ia7is " Joiifnal. A work of outstanding value." — Highland Times. " Cannot fail to be of great utility." —Northern Chronicle. "Tha an Dotair coir air cur nan Gaidheal fo chomain nihoir."—Mactalla, Cape Breton. The Interpretation of Disease Part L The Meaning of Pain. Price is. nett. „ IL The Lessons of Acute Disease. Price is. neU. „ IIL Rest. Price is. nef/. " His treatise abounds in common sense."—British Medical Journal. "There is evidence that the author is a man who has not only read good books but has the power of thinking for himself, and of expressing the result of thought and reading in clear, strong prose. His subject is an interesting one, and full of difficulties both to the man of science and the moralist."—National Observer. "The busy practitioner will find a good deal of thought for his quiet moments in this work."— y^e Hospital Gazette. "Treated in an extremely able manner."-— The Bookman. "The attempt of a clear and original mind to explain and profit by the lessons of disease."— The Hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayo Walks County Mayo
    1 Mayo Walks Sample walks are described. The meaning and background to placenames is given. In Irish culture, these describe geology, recall folklore, record history. They can contain words surviving in Scots Gaelic. Scots and Irish Gaelic were carefully kept as one, until the Gaelic Homeland was sundered. Full appreciation of this Brief would need a Gaelic-speaking guide, interacting with the Tour Guide. County Mayo Introduction County Mayo possesses great geographical contrasts for visitors. They may enjoy a variety of experiences, with the ocean as an ever-present backdrop. Awe-inspiring cliffs of the north coast and those on the western edge of Achill Island surely provide the country's finest coastal walks. More inland, the lonely Nephin Beg Range is a world apart from the very public (and rocky) Croagh Patrick. The name, Néifinn Beag , the Lesser Nephin, derives from Nemed . He was the son of Agnoman of Scythia . He sailed to Ireland from the Caspian Sea, in 1731 BC, in the chronology of the Historian, Priest and Poet, Seathrún Cétinn . Mweelrea (Cnoc Maol Réidh – the Smooth, Bare Hill), the highest peak in the county, is challenging. Waymarked routes provide, in all, more than 200km of walks through moorland, forest, farmland, villages and towns. History The earliest settlers were Neolithic farmers. They had occupied the area by c3000 BC. Stone buildings and burial places were mostly enveloped by the subsequent spread of Blanket Bog, a factor mainly of Climate Change. Some 160 Megalithic tombs or dolmens are known. Walkers more commonly encounter forts {duns ( dún – hill fort ) or raths ( ráth – ring fort )} dating from c800 BC to 1000 AD.
    [Show full text]
  • At Last, a US Ambassador for Ireland St
    July 2014 Boston’s hometown VOL. 25 #7 journal of Irish culture. $1.50 Worldwide at All contents copyright © 2014 Boston Neighborhood News, Inc. bostonirish.com At last, a US ambassador for Ireland St. Louis lawyer Kevin O’Malley From Wire ServiceS A Missouri lawyer has been nominated to be the next US ambassador to Ireland. The selection of Kevin O’Malley comes after an unusually long wait by the White House of some 18 months to make the call on the diplomatic post. A prominent trial lawyer in St. Louis and a second- generation Irish American (his grandfather came to the US from Mayo), O’Malley has 35 years of experience in litigation, “specializing in medical negligence cases, federal The Banshee Bar on Dorchester Avenue has become home base for the Boston chapter of the American white collar criminal de- Outlaws, a club that supports the US soccer team now making a run at the World Cup. Above, the scene fense and product liability in the Banshee on June 26 as the US took on Germany in a first round match. defense,” noted the Irish Photo by Bill Forry Times. A prominent community leader in St Louis, he is a Dorchester pub is World Cup Central former officer in the United Kevin O’Malley States Army Reserve and By JacoB aguiar or even no TVs. But that served as a federal prosecutor for 10 years the US Special to the reporter The Banshee is the ‘go-to’ quickly changed because Department of Justice and as assistant US attorney Pandemnonium reigned of the lure of sports.
    [Show full text]
  • Mulranny Tourism Eden Brochure
    Ballycastle 5 A MULRANNY TOURISM INITIATIVE TOURISM MULRANNY A 1 R314 Belmullet Excellence of Destination European A R314 N59 R313 R313 R315 Bangor Bellacorick N59 Crossmolina R294 364 Ballina Maumykelly N59 R iv e r R312 M Slieve Carr o y Blacksod Bay 721 600 N26 500 6 400 300 R315 200 B 100 a n W Ballycroy g o e r 627 s t T e Visitor Centre r r a Nephin Beg n Bunaveela i Slievemore l W Lough 311 a 672 y Nephin 806 Lough NATIONAL 700 Conn E 600 Achill Island Glennamong 500 400 688 Lough Keel PARK G 300 Bunacurry INISHBIGGLE 628 200 Acorrymore Lough N Croaghaun ANNAGH 100 ISLAND A 698 R319 Keel R Birreencorragh R312 G W Pontoon 4 714 100 E e Foxford 300 s Lough 200 400 500 600 B ACHILL t e Cullin SOUND r N26 466 G N n I 588 r Lough W R319 e N59 H a Feeagh P a t E y R319 N Buckoogh N58 W / 452 1 e Claggan Mountain B s Knockletragh t a e n r n g Beltra Mulranny o G Lough r European Destination of Excellence r T e r e a n i w l Ballycroy National Park Céide Fields a y R310 Furnace Lough 524 500 Dublin 400 R317 Corraun Hill 300 R312 St Brendens Rockfleet Burrishoole N5 200 Well Castle Abbey Newport Kildownet 100 3 Castle Church W R311 Achillbeg y a e Island s w t n e e r e n r W G Castlebar a n r y e t s R311 e W N59 MAYO t a Clew Bay e r N60 G 1 N5 GREENWAY WESTERN GREAT N84 Clare Island Westport ˜ Jutting proudly into the Atlantic Ocean, Mayo has a stunningly beautiful, unspoilt 7 R330 CO MAYO MAYO CO environment - a magical destination for visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Brochure
    CoNfereNce brochure ESTABLISHED 1856 KNockraNNy House Hotel & Spa is set iN secluded grouNds oN a hillside overlookiNg the picturesque towN of Westport, with breathtakiNg views of Croagh Patrick aNd Clew Bay’s islaNds to the west aNd the NephiN MouNtaiNs to the North. Family owNed aNd operated by AdriaN & GeraldiNe NooNaN, KNockraNNy House Hotel & Spa has become a byword throughout IrelaNd for its welcome, service aNd cuisiNe, as well as for the excelleNt raNge of facilities available to leisure, spa aNd corporate guests. A 4 Star Deluxe hotel, KNockraNNy House Hotel has 97 rooms iN total, iNcludiNg 13 suites. The welcomiNg atmosphere at KNockraNNy House Hotel begiNs with the opeN log fires iN the receptioN hall, aNd is carried throughout the property with its aNtique furNiture, excelleNt spa facilities, superb cuisiNe aNd frieNdly service, creatiNg a geNuiNe seNse of relaxed warmth aNd hospitality. The locatioN is ideal for those wishiNg to relax iN luxurious surrouNdiNgs, while beiNg close eNough to Westport to eNjoy the charms of oNe of IrelaNd’s most popular aNd cosmopolitaN destiNatioNs, with its wide array of cafes, shops, restauraNts aNd bars. The surrouNdiNg area is rich iN Natural beauty aNd sportiNg activities that cater for every taste, iNcludiNg champioNship golf courses, horse-ridiNg, hill walkiNg, aNgliNg, climb Croagh Patrick aNd sailiNg. The adveNture ceNters located Near Westport are ideal for team-buildiNg activities or for somethiNg eveN more uNique, maNy visitors to the area love the day trips available to Clare IslaNd aNd INishbofiN. High quality food aNd a frieNdly professioNal service are equally as importaNt wheN choosiNg a veNue for your forthcomiNg coNfereNce or eveNt.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atlas of Commercial Geography
    IO?-5 AN ATLAS OF COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY % % "i % ¥ .i. J- >- %t ST'' .T. CAMBRIDGE ^ UNIVERSITY PRESS a^^^^^^^^^^^ggSgfjSjSjSigHiasH^^^^^^^a^^^^^^^^^li^gigaa Dtate Collese of iKgricuUure m Cornell ^Hnibersitp Stfjaca, i5. g. ILibrarp """^'^'>y HF 1023.A4°'"^" Library llMl!™™,f,,°'<=°'"'"ei-cialc Cornell University Library V, The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013803618 AN ATLAS OF COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY ; INTRODUCTION THIS Atlas is specially intended to be used with the for the tropics, but is useful as indicating the significance Elementary Commercial Geography published by the of the great lowland areas which characterise the tem- Cambridge University Press, but it is hoped that such perate zones. a series of maps, illustrating the elementary facts of eco- In the tropics, as mentioned, climatic conditions nomic geography, will be of general use to students. The favour the gi'owth of population rather on the highlands work falls into two broad divisions ; the first containing than the lowlands; but the difficulties of communication maps presenting facts on the world-scale, on which the retard the commercial development of the former areas. teaching of principles may be based ; the second giving a P. 4. In using these maps, it should first be made consistent series of maps for each continent, sufficiently clear that the temperatures shown are reduced to sea- detailed, it is hoped, to be of use for regional stud}'. level, and some idea of the effect of altitude on tempera- The object of this Introduction is to indicate a logical ture given—in general terms, that the latter diminishes method of study, by linking facts together in a natural by 1°F.
    [Show full text]