Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages and Vegetation Community Structure in Calluna Vulgaris Heathlands in NW Spain
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© Entomologica Fennica. 11 October 2006 A preliminary investigation of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages and vegetation community structure in Calluna vulgaris heathlands in NW Spain David Cuesta, Angela Taboada, Leonor Calvo & José M. Salgado Cuesta, D., Taboada, A., Calvo, L. & Salgado, J. M. 2006: Apreliminary investi- gation of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages and vegetation community structure in Calluna vulgaris heathlands in NW Spain. — Entomol. Fennica 17: 241–252. We present results of a primary survey of carabid beetles in Calluna vulgaris heathlands in the Cantabrian mountain range, NW Spain. We selected four heathland sites and captured carabids during July–August 2004 by randomly placing 48 pitfall traps per site (192 traps in total). The mature heathland carabid assemblage was mostly characterised by generalist, open habitat species, bra- chypterous and medium-sized species. Several endemic species were also found. Dominant species were the same in the four heathland sites, but differences in the total number of species were due to rarely collected ones. Differences in carabid assemblage composition between heathland sites indicate that care should be taken when selecting aprioriheathland replicates for future research. Results from this study are mainly exploratory, showing that there is a characteristic carabid assemblage for these mature heathlands, different from other shrub com- munities of the same area. Preservation of heathlands in a mature stage would re- quire management practices to avoid its natural evolution to a degenerative phase and the possible disappearance of the adapted carabid species. D. Cuesta, A. Taboada and J. M. Salgado, Department of Animal Biology, Uni- versity of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] L. Calvo, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain. Received 12 December 2005, accepted 6 June 2006 1. Introduction NW Spain, C. vulgaris heathlands are a scarce but characteristic vegetation community that repre- Heathlands dominated by Calluna vulgaris are sents the southern-most location of this type of recognised as a conservation priority by the Euro- heathland in Europe. Historically in this area pean Union’s Directive on Habitats and Species heathlands have been subjected to management (European Commission 1992). This has contrib- practices such as livestock (sheep, goats, cattle uted to an increase in the number of research stud- and horses) grazing in transhumance pastoral ies focusing on this type of habitat as a conserva- systems. Similarly to Western European areas, tion target. In the Cantabrian mountain range, burning and cutting were regularly used to pro- 242 Cuesta et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 17 vide pasture, contributing to maintain and in- on carabid beetles of recent changes in heathland crease the heathland extension (Aerts & Heil traditional management practices and the appear- 1993, Webb 1998). However, during the last de- ance of heathland new disturbances, such as ni- cades traditional management has nearly disap- trogen deposition. This is the case of the Canta- peared due to changes in agricultural practices brian Calluna heathlands. and socio-economical pressures, causing a pro- In this paper we investigate the late summer gressive loss of heathland communities (Bobbink carabid assemblage composition of C. vulgaris 1991, Marrs 1993, Pitcairn & Fowler 1995). Con- heathlands in the Cantabrian mountain range, sequently, heathlands characterised by C. vul- NW Spain, where this type of landscape is threat- garis and other dwarf ericaceous species such as ened by the lack of management. There are sev- Erica tetralix are scarce in the Cantabrian moun- eral carabid faunistic and ecological studies de- tain range today (Calvo et al. 2002). Indeed, as a veloped in different shrub (i.e., Erica, Daboecia result of the lack of management, the remaining and Ulex species) communities of the same area heathland areas range from a mature to a degener- (Vázquez 1990, Gutiérrez & Menéndez 1997, ative state, probably affecting its regenerative po- Gutiérrez et al. 2004, Peláez 2004). But this ex- tential when subjected to new disturbances ploratory study is the first specific work about (Mohamed & Gimingham 1970, Berdowski & carabid beetles in Calluna-dominated heathlands Siepel 1988). of the Iberian Peninsula, considered one of the In general, C. vulgaris heathlands represent a richest areas both in total number of species and man-made landscape (Usher 1992) characterised in endemic species in Europe (Serrano 2003). by a mosaic of different plant growth-phases each The two main constraints of this preliminary of them associated to specific insect communities study were the specific heathland spatial configu- (Gimingham 1985, Gardner 1991). The unusu- ration in the study area (i.e., with small size and ally high insect diversity (Kirby 1992, Usher patchy distributed fragments) and the short 1992) of heathland depends on traditional man- carabid activity period (i.e., mainly limited to agement practices that contribute to the creation June–September, free of snow) at high mountain- of small-scale mosaics of Calluna stands of dif- ous locations. ferent age and structure and that maximise insect Our aim is to determine if there is a character- diversity especially in case of carabid beetles istic carabid beetle assemblage of this type of (Usher 1992, Usher & Thompson 1993, Gardner heathlands. We also aim to assess if variability in et al. 1997). carabid assemblage composition exists between a The majority of both dry and wet European priori similar mature heathland ecosystems (i.e., heathlands have a distinctive and highly diverse belonging to the same growth-phase) and if this carabid beetle fauna (e.g., Webb 1986, Gardner variability is related to the vegetation characteris- 1991, Usher 1992, Van Essen 1994, Gardner et al. tics of each ecosystem. Vegetation characteristics 1997). (diversity, cover and structure) at either canopy or Carabid beetles are sensitive indicators of understorey layers have been found to affect the habitat alteration caused by management and carabid assemblage composition (e.g., Gardner land-use changes (Rainio & Niemelä 2003, 1991, Gardner et al. 1997, Ings & Hartley 1999, Purtauf et al. 2004, Vanbergen et al. 2005). While Jukes et al. 2001, Latty et al. 2006, Taboada et al. detailed information about carabid responses to unpubl.). However, there is no general consensus forest and grassland management is available on the scale and extend of vegetation effects on (e.g., Koivula 2002, du Bus de Warnaffe & carabid beetles yet (see e.g., Koricheva et al. Lebrun 2004, Haysom et al. 2004, Grandchamp 2000, Brose 2003, Koivula et al. 2003, Thomas et et al. 2005, Latty et al. 2006, Pihlaja et al. 2006, al. 2006). Furthermore, this effects may be indi- Taboada et al. 2006), very little is known about rect and mediated by changes in environmental their responses to heathland management (Usher conditions (e.g., moisture, light, temperature), 1992, McFerran et al. 1995, Telfer & Eversham and may also be species-specific, i.e., affecting 1996, Gardner et al. 1997). The lack of informa- carabid individual species differently (Thomas et tion is especially marked in the case of the effects al. 2006). ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 17 • Carabid beetles in Calluna heathlands 243 2. Materials and methods 2.2. Sampling method 2.1. Study area We used plastic pitfall traps (88 mm depth, 65 mm diameter) to collect the beetles, partly filled with The study area is situated in the Cantabrian 35% alcohol and detergent, and covered by 11 × mountain range, León, NW Spain, where Cal- 11 cm roofs. We believe that alcohol 35% may luna vulgaris heathlands are scarce and patchy have no relevant repellent/attractant effects on distributed. From a climatic viewpoint, this area carabid beetles as only higher concentrations has a Eurosiberian climate (Rivas-Martínez et al. (i.e., 70%) are expected to have a general attrac- 1987) characterised by the absence of a dry peri- tant effect on insects (Woodcock 2005). The aim od in the warm season, the summer, or a dry peri- of adding a few drops of detergent into the pitfall od of less than two months. This area usually traps is reducing surface tension, and increasing presents late snow that remains until the end of trap efficiency (Woodcock 2005). According to May. Mean annual precipitation is 1319.5 mm Pekár (2002), detergent as used here has no repel- and the mean annual temperature is +5.5 ºC. Soils lent/attractant effects on the carabid fauna (see are podsols, although the underlying geology is also Woodcock 2005). Several carabid studies different. have used detergent added to a preservative solu- In this area, four C. vulgaris heathland sites tion to collect the beetles (e.g., Koivula et al. (2–4 ha) were selected (i.e., four heathland inde- 2002, Taboada et al. 2004). pendent replicates). These heathlands are classi- We randomly placed 48 traps per site and 192 fied as Luzulo henriquesii–Betuleto celtibericae traps in total. The average distance between traps communities (Penas et al. 1995), and were lo- was seven metres due to the small size and patchy cated at least 2.5 km apart: San Isidro (site A, distribution of the studied sites. However, dis- 30TUN 3082 47694, 1620 m a.s.l.), Riopinos I tances between sampling points less than 25 (site B, 30TUN 3035 47687, 1660 m), Riopinos metres imply that each trap cannot be considered II (site C, 30TUN 3007 47685, 1560 m) and an independent sampling unit (Digweed et al. Vegarada (site D, 30TUN 2982 47682, 1560 m). 1995). Beetles were collected every 15 days dur- We considered these sites as mature heathland ing July and August 2004, identified using stan- (sensu Watt 1955) as there are no records of re- dard keys (Jeannel 1941–1942, Lindroth 1974, cent burning or cutting practices for the last 40 Trautner & Geigenmüller 1987, Ortuño & Mar- years.