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Rhombohedral Carbonates from Carbonatites of the Khibina Massie

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Rhombohedral Carbonates from Carbonatites of the Khibina Massie 453 The Cannlian Mineralo gist Vol. 34, pp. 453468 (1996) RHOMBOHEDRALCARBONATES FROMCARBONATITES OF THE KHIBINA MASSIE KOLAPENINSULA, RUSSIA ANATOLY N. ZAITSEV Departmentof Minerdogy,University of St.Petersburg, St. Petersbarg 199034, Russin ABSTR,ACT The easternpart of the I(hibina alkaline massif, Kola peninsul4 Russia is made up of ijolite, foyaite, olivine mela:re- phelinite,melanephelinite, phonolite, alkali ftachyte,and rocks ofthe carbonatiteseries. The latter canbe divided into (1) biotite - aegirine- apatiterocks containingless than 507ocarbonate, (2) early and (3) late carbonatitesand (4) carbonats-zeoliteveins. Theserocks are distinguishedby their relative agesand by their major and accessoryminerals. The rock-forming minerals include rhombohedralcarbonates of Ca, Mn, Fe and Mg: calcite, manganoancalcite, dolomite, ankerite,manganoan arkerite, ferroan kutnohorite, ferroan rhodochrosite, manganoan siderite and siderite. Petrographic and cathodoluminescence observationsreveal two textural types of carbonates:primary and secondary(measomatic). The Sr contentis high in pdrnaql minerals,but low in tlose of netasomaticorigin. Values of isotoperatios 613Cin the range-:7.8 to -2,8%o(PDB) and 6180in the range+5.9 to +14.3%o(SMOW) for the rhombohedralcarbonates from tle Khibina carbonatitesand carbonate-zeoliteveins are similar to those from carbonatiteselsewhere. For most sarnples,there is a positive correlation between613C and 6180, which can be explainedby Rayleigh and temperaturefractionation. However, in one type of the late carbonatitesand the carbonate-zeoliteveins, cmbonatesshow wide variatious in theL 6l3C and 6180values; this has been interpretedas loss of heavy C to a gas phase.Field relations, petrographicand cathodoluminescenceobservations suggest that formation of the late carbonatitesand carbonate-zeoliteveins is more likely to have been from a carbohydrothermal(fluid) systemthan from a melt. Keywords: carbonatite,calcite, dolomite, ankerite,kutnohorite, rhodochrosite, siderite, isotope composition,Khibina massif, Russia. SoM:ra,qlRg L,a partie orientale du massif alcalin de Khibina dansla pdninsulede Kola, en Russie,contient une associationd'ijolite, de foyalte, de m6lan6ph6linitei olivine, de m6lan6phdlinite,de phonolite, de fachyte alcaline et de rochescarbonatitiques. Cette dernidre suite se subdivise en (1) roches i biotite + aegyrine + apatite contenantmoins de 507o de carbonate, (2) carbonatitepr6coce, (3) carbonatitetardive, et (4) veines i carbonate+ z6olites.Ces rochesse distinguentpar leurs iges relatifs et leurs mindrauxnajeurs et accessoires.Parmi les min6rauxmajeurs, on trouve les carbonatesrhomboddriques de C4 Mn, Fe et Mg: calcite, calcite manganifdre,dolomite, ark6rite, ark6rits manganifbre,kutnohorite feneuse, rhodocbrosite feneuse,sid6rite manganifbre et sid6rite.Les observationsp€trographiques et par cathodoluminescencer6vblent deux types de textures,indicatives de cristallisationprimaire et de remplacement,respectivement. La teneuren Sr est6levde dans les min6raux primaires,mais faible dansles carbonatessecondaires. Irs rapportsisotopiques de C (613Centre -7,8 et -2.8%oapar rappoft e l'6talonPDB) et de O (6180entre +5.9 et +14,3%oparrapport e l'6talonSMOW) descarbonates rhomboddriques des carbonatites de Khibina et des veines i carbonate-z6ottesressemblent aux valeurs d6termin6e$pour les carbonatitesailleurs. Dans la plupart des 6chantillons,il y a une corr6lation positive enfie 613Cet 6180, qui r6sulteraitd'un fractionnementde Rayleigh et de sa ddpendancesur la temp6ran[e.Toutefois, dans un facidsde carbonatitetardive et dansle casdes veines e carbonale+ zdolites,les carbonatesvarient beaucoupdans leurs rapports 613Cet 6180, variations qui ont 6t6 interpr6t6esen invoquant une perte de C lowd par d6gazage.D'aprbs les relations de terrain, l'6vidence pdtrographiqueet les observationspar cathodoluminescence,les carbonatitestardives et les veines d carbonates+ z6olites se seraientform6es i partir d'une phase fluide riche en gaz carboniqueet en eauplut6t qu'i partir d'un maema. Clraduit par la R6daction) Mots-cl.6s:carbonatite, calcite, dolomite, ank6rite, kutnohorite, rhodocbrosite,sid6rite, composition isotopique, massif de I(hibina" Russie. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/34/2/453/3446895/453.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 454 TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST Ilrmooucuor.r Gmmnar Gsolocv The Kola alkaline province of Russia contains The geological relationshipsin the eastempafi of twenty-four alkaline complexesthat rangein agefrom the Khibina massif are complex (Dudkin et al. 1984, 380 to 360 Ma (Kramm et al. 1.993).The Khibina Zutsev 1992). Strong tectonism has producedwide- massif,364.5 * 4.0 Ma (Kogarkoet al. L98|),located spread brecciation and faulting. Reactions between in the central part of the Kola peninsula (67'48'N, silicate wallrocks and aqueousCO2-bearing fluid have 33"48'E), is one of the best known and most resultedin the formation of variousmetasomatic rocks interesting alkaline-carbonatitecomplexes. It is a (fenites), consisting mainly of albite, biotite and composite pluton @ig. 1A), elliptical in shape and calcite. The unalteredsilicate rocks are representedby concentricallyzoned, consist'ng of variousultrabasic ijolite, foyaite, olivine melanephelinite,melane- and alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites.On the phelinite, phonolite and alkali frachyte (from oldest to basis of field relationships, petrography and youngest). mineralogy,four principal groupsof silicaterock-types are distinguished(Kostyleva-Labuntsova et al. 1978): Silicate rocla ultrama.fic rocks (peridotite, pyroxenite), nepheline syenites (khibinite, foyaite, rischolite), foidolites The ijolite is a fine-grained porphyritic rock (urtite, ijolite, melteigite),and apatite-nephelinerocks. occurring as xenoliths.(5 cm - 20 m) in foyaite. It Numerous dykes of essexite, theralite, teschenite, consists of aegirine-augiteand nepheline with trace olivine melanephelinite,melanephelinite, nephelinite, amountsof tignite, microcline, cancriniteand apatite. camptonite, phonolite and alkali trachyte cut tle The mineralogical and chemical compositionsof complex (Arzamastsevet al. L988). The massif is ijolite, as well as the chemical composition surroundedby a meta$omaticaureole of fenite and of nepheline,are similar to thosein other examplesof hornfels. ijolite at Khibina. The clinopyroxenefrom ijolite from The carbonatitesof the Khibina were discoveredin the easternpart of the massif containsmore Mn, and 1969during explorationdrilling within the easternpart less Ti and Al than that in ijolite elsewherein the of the massif (Fig. 1A), where they are covered by complex (Kostyleva-Labuntsovaet al. 1978, Zutsev alluvium 20 to 90 m thick The carbonatiteshave been et al. L990. describedby Minakov & Dudkin (1974), Minakov Foyaite is the dominant silicate rock in the area et al. (198L) and Dudkin et aI. (1984). studied. It is medium gained and has a massive or In this study, I present new geological, mineral- trachytic texture, and consists of alkali feldspar, ogical and C and O isotopic data concerning nepheline,arfvedsonite and aegirine, with a variable carbonatitesand associatedsilicate rocks. The samples amountof biotite. Accessoryminerals include titanite, investigatedwere collected from drill core;the location apatite, iLaenite, eudialite and astrophyllite. of the drill holes is shownin Fisure 1B. Mineralogical and whole-rock chemical data for 66. 1. $imFlified geologicalmap of the Khibina alkaline massif (A) and drill-hole localities in the areastudied (B). Symbols in A: I foyaite, 2 nepheline syenite, 3 khibinite, 4 urtite, ijolite, melteigite and rischorrite, 5 apatite-nephelinerocks, 6 location of carbonatites;in B: L numberand location of drill holes,2 axeaof greatestdevelopment of carbonatite. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/34/2/453/3446895/453.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 RHOMBOHEDRALCARBONATES FROM CARBONATITE" KHIBINA 455 foyaite from the easternpart of the massifare similar to Both the biotite - aegirine - apatite rocks @AA thosefor foyaite from elsewherein the Khibina massif. rocks) and calcite - biotite - aegirine - apatite Olivine melanephelinite,melanephelinite, phonolite carbonatite(C I) occur mainly at a depth of 1700 m, and alkali trachyte occur as dykes from 10 cm to andthey representapproximately 57o by volume of the 10m wide.A stock-likebody ofphonolite, 150-200 m carbonatiteseries. BAA rocks form veins in silicate across,has also beendocumented in this area@udkin rocks, with thicknessesfrom 0.5 to 2.0 m, but more et al. L984). The geochemistry and mineralogy of often occur as relics (1 cm to 30 cm in size) in the silicate dykes of the Khibina massifwere discussedby carbonatites.The BAA rocks are fine grained and Arzamastsevet al. (1988). homogeneouswhere they contain less than 57o carbonate,and are medium to coarse grained and The carbonatitesertes heterogeneouswhere more that 5-l0%o carbonateis present.Petrographic observations show the presence Ijolite, foyaite and all silicate dyke-rocksare cut by of at least two parageneticmineral associations.The various carbonate-bearingrocls, which have been first associationincludes apatite, aegirine, pyrrhotite assignedto a carbonatiteseries. According to Bulakh & and pyrochlore,and seemsto be primary. The second Ivanikov (1984),rocks ofthe carbonatiteseries include associationis representedby biotite and pyrite, which phoscorite, carbonatite, late quartz-+arbonateveins replace
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